CN1165527A - 用于惰性气体发泡的聚氨酯泡沫塑料的硅氧烷表面活性剂 - Google Patents

用于惰性气体发泡的聚氨酯泡沫塑料的硅氧烷表面活性剂 Download PDF

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CN1165527A
CN1165527A CN96191069A CN96191069A CN1165527A CN 1165527 A CN1165527 A CN 1165527A CN 96191069 A CN96191069 A CN 96191069A CN 96191069 A CN96191069 A CN 96191069A CN 1165527 A CN1165527 A CN 1165527A
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理查德·M·格尔金
马克·E·哈拉克
李·F·劳勒
格伦·A·米勒
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OSI specialty Holdings
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Lanxess Solutions US Inc
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Abstract

业已发现,当在软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料中将惰性气体用作辅助的发泡剂时,将对用于这种泡沫塑料中的硅氧烷表面活性剂组分产生令人意想不到的要求。当将添加的惰性气体用作发泡剂时,在侧聚醚链中包含大于约37%环氧乙烷的典型的硅氧烷聚环氧烷聚醚共聚物梳型表面活性剂将产生大的泡孔。

Description

用于惰性气体发泡的聚氨酯泡沫塑料的硅氧烷表面活性剂
历史上,许多品级的聚氨酯泡沫塑料是用含氯氟烃(CFC)基的发泡剂进行发泡的,从而降低泡沫塑料的密度,控制泡沫塑料的坚固性并对泡沫塑料进行冷却以使其变形,降解和泡沫塑料可能的着火问题变得最小。关于某些CFCs造成对臭氧层损害的这些世界范围的问题,现已产生了停止生产CFCs的蒙特利尔议定书。
因此,聚氨酯泡沫塑料工业试图用替代的发泡剂(ABAs)来得到相同品级和质量的泡沫塑料。业已鉴定的许多不同的ABAs包括,HCFC-141b,HFC-134a,HFC-22,碳酸烷基酯和戊烷。特别是,在软质块状泡沫塑料中,已使用了包括将丙酮,二氯甲烷,四氯化碳,三氯乙烷,和戊烷用作ABAs的其它的方法。尽管这些方法是行之有效的,但它们还存在着包括可燃性(相对于丙酮和戊烷)和毒性(相对于含氯烃)这样的问题。
对于软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料而言,近年来已开发出了要求将补充添加的惰性气体例如CO2用作部分发泡剂的技术,这种技术被描述于EP0 645 226 A2(在下文中称之为“溶解气体技术”)。将辅助气体作为发泡剂加至该体系中并且与从异氰酸酯和水反应所产生的CO2一起使用。然而,该现有技术只公开了使用液态CO2利用特定设备的块状泡沫塑料反应混合物发泡方法的细节,并没有告知在其中应使用何种硅氧烷表面活性剂。
现有技术确实提出了许多用于聚氨酯泡沫塑料的硅氧烷表面活性剂,但是没有涉及溶解气体技术,这可参见US5,145,879和4,814,409。该标准结构没有提供使泡沫塑料稳定或提供均匀泡孔大小时,一些表面活性剂能工作,而许多这些表面活性剂却不能工作这样的教导。
以前认为,所有在制备常规块状泡沫塑料中使用的硅氧烷表面活性剂对于稳定都用惰性气体发泡的泡沫塑料的泡沫将起很好的作用(即,将给出低的泡沫密度和均匀的泡孔结构)。本发明已发现,只有某些种类的硅氧烷表面活性剂对于在泡沫塑料配方中成泡沫的,这样的泡沫塑料所需的气体在截获和固定时是有效的。令人惊奇的是,业已发现,环氧乙烷总含量(EO)低于硅氧烷中共聚物重量约37%的梳型硅氧烷共聚物在泡沫试验中能始终如一地给出更低的泡沫密度,和比其它更高EO含量的硅氧烷共聚物更好质量的聚氨酯泡沫塑料。由于在绝大多数常规发泡(即不添加惰性气体)的聚氨酯泡沫塑料中较高EO含量的硅氧烷共聚物将起极好的作用,因此,这是令人意想不到的。所述常规发泡的聚氨酯泡沫塑料是在工业软泡沫塑料市场中生产的,并且还认为它们将在都有惰性气体发泡的泡沫塑料中起良好的作用。表面活性剂结构
本发明的硅氧烷表面活性剂具有二甲基硅氧烷骨架,并带有连接的聚环氧烷聚醚侧基,即“梳型”共聚物。在这些共聚物中,Si-C键是水解稳定的,并且,许多这些表面活性剂可用于水胺预混合。可将它们设计成具有阻燃性以用于阻燃泡沫塑料组合物中。本发明的表面活性剂是硅氧烷/聚醚组合物,它们具有如下平均的通式:R-Si(CH3)2O-[Si(CH3)2O-]x-[SiCH3R1O-]a-[SiCH3R2O-]b-[SiCH3R3O-]c-[SiCH3R4O-]d-Si(CH3)2-R;R-Si(CH3)2O-[SiCH3RO]m-(SiCH3[O-(SiCH3RO)m-Si(CH3)2R]O)n-[SiCH3RO]m-Si(CH3)2-R式中,R1,R2和R3=结构式-B-CnH2nO-(C2H4O)e-(C3H6O)f(C4H8O)gZ的聚环氧烷聚醚,式中R1的掺合平均分子量(“BAMW”)在3000-6000克/摩尔并且EO为聚醚的环氧烷含量的20-60%重量;R2的掺合平均分子量(“BAMW”)在800-2900克/摩尔并且EO为聚醚的环氧烷含量的20-60%重量;R3的掺合平均分子量(“BAMW”)在130-800克/摩尔并且EO为聚醚的环氧烷含量的5-100%重量;R4为1-12个碳原子的烷基或芳基,B是由能进行氢化硅烷化的部分衍生得到的,R选自R1,R2,R3和R4;x=40-200;a+b+c+d=y,其中b或c(但不同时)可以为0,d/(a+b+c)=0-1,a+b大于零,y=5-40;m=10-100;n小于或等于4;Z表示-H,1-8个碳原子的烷基或芳烷基基团,-C(O)Z’,-C(O)OZ”或-C(O)NHZ’;Z’表示1-8个碳原子的单官能烷基或芳基基团;e,f和g由聚合物所需的分子量来确定;前提条件是,表面活性剂结构中总的EO含量应低于37%重量。
优选R1含约35-55%重量的EO,特别优选含40%的EO。优选这些部分的BAMW大于3500,更优选大于4000道尔顿。优选R2含约35-55%重量的EO,特别优选含40%的EO。优选这些部分的BAMW为约1100-2300,特别优选为从1400-1600道尔顿。优选R3含少量(小于等于20重量%)或不含环氧丙烷残余物并且BAMW在300-750道尔顿的范围内。
在每个基团中还可以有多于一个的不同的聚醚。例如,共聚物可以由(a)和(b)组成,其中(a)是两种分子量和/或EO含量不同的R1型聚醚(例如,55%EO-4000MW和44%EO-5500MW),(b)是R2型聚醚。此外,在聚醚骨架中,可以用环氧丁烷替代环氧丙烷。该聚醚部分可是线性的或带分支的,并可含有任意数目的碳原子。
烷基侧基(R4)可是烷基基团(1-12碳原子),取代的烷基基团(1-12碳原子),芳基或烷芳基。Z优选为-C(O)CH3或CH3。B优选为烯丙基衍生物,例如丙基或甲基烯丙基衍生物,例如,异丁基。
这类共聚物的制备方法描述于US4,814,409和5,145,879中,在此将这两篇文献引入作为参考。聚氨酯泡沫塑料
将表面活性剂用于根据溶解气体技术进行发泡的泡沫塑料中。该泡沫塑料通常由下列组分组成;它们是,(a)平均每分子含多于两个羟基基团的聚醚多元醇;(b)有机聚异氰酸酯;(c)至少一种用于生产聚氨酯泡沫塑料的催化剂;(d)水;(e)如上定义的表面活性剂;(f)惰性气体。所有这些材料在现有技术中是已知的,如描述于US4,814,409和4,855,329中的那些材料,在此引入这两篇专利作为参考。
每分子该多元醇含有的羟基的平均数至少为稍高于2,通常为2.1-3.5个。该有机聚异氰酸酯至少含有两个异氰酸酯基团,例如二异氰酸酯二甲苯酯(TDI),该泡沫塑料的指数通常为60-130。该催化剂通常是胺如三亚乙基二胺和/或二(2-二甲基氨乙基)醚,和某些金属催化剂,包括锡的有机衍生物,特别是,辛酸或月桂酸的锡化合物。还可将其它添加剂加至聚氨酯泡沫塑料中,从而赋予该泡沫塑料以特定的性能,这些添加剂包括但不局限于着色剂,阻燃剂,和GEOLITE Modifer泡沫塑料添加剂(从OSi Specialties,Inc.(Danbury,CT)购得)。该惰性气体是,在高压下溶于泡沫塑料配方中但在常压下将从溶液中逸出(即发泡)的气体。这样的气体如CO2,但也可以使用氮,空气,或其它常用的气体,包括如甲烷和乙烷这样的烃气体。
该表面活性剂应是上面所得到的那些,并且用量应为总反应混合物的0.05-5%重量,优选为0.2-1.5%重量。
通过将这些配料混合在一起并置于高压下(即至少大于大气压),以致使该惰性气体溶解在发泡混合物中而制备该泡沫塑料。然后,通过释放能在发泡体系的核心部位形成气泡并因此起发泡剂作用的气体的压力而使该混合物闪蒸。这能生产出降低密度的泡沫塑料。为了在本发明中更完整的说明所需的方法和设备,请参见EP0 645 226 A2,在此引入该文献作为参考。
该泡沫塑料的泡孔结构是均匀的,而用更高EO含量的所有先前的表面活性剂将生产出不均匀泡孔的结构。此外,在这些泡沫塑料中,该泡沫塑料的泡孔大小始终是小于用更高EO含量表面活性剂制备的泡沫塑料,即每厘米多于7个泡孔。用途
根据本发明生产的聚氨酯可用于与常规聚醚聚氨酯相同的领域。例如,本发明的泡沫塑料可有益的在织物内衬,垫层,垫子,垫片,地毯底层,包装,衬垫,密封层,热绝缘体等的制造中应用。
实施例1-5
对若干种表面活性剂进行试验,以确定在所有CO2发泡的聚氨酯泡沫塑料中它们是否可接受。作为本发明一部分而提出的预言性测试方法是这样一种方法,其中空气用常规的聚醚多元醇进行机械发泡,并确定所得泡沫的密度。然后,在基于它们产生低密度多元醇泡沫的能力的各种表面活性剂之间,对它们进行对比。根据该数据,然后可确定用溶解气体技术制得的聚氨酯泡沫塑料中的这些表面活性剂性能间的相互关系。
紧接着的步骤如下:将6盎司的苯乙烯杯(Dart#6J6)置于天平上并校正至“零”。用待发泡的多元醇装至该杯中,装至顶部(测视线)并记录重量。将待评估的多元醇和表面活性剂加至压辊中并以在KITCHENAID混炼机(Model number KSM90)中设定的最大速度发泡5分钟,所述混炼机装有K45号不锈钢混合压辊和不锈钢丝刷打浆机。然后,将一新杯置于该天平上,校正至零并将新鲜的泡沫倒入该杯中,如前所述,将该杯装填至相同的水平,然后记录所用的发泡混合物的重量。泡沫密度以发泡混合物的重量除以未发泡混合物的重量来计算。
所用的表面活性剂如下,其中,M是(CH3)3SiO1/2-,D1是-O1/2Si(CH3)2O1/2-,D”是-O1/2Si(CH3)R′O1/2-,并且R’、R1、R2或R3为:表面活性剂#1=MDxD”yM,式中R’由两种不同的乙酰氧基封端的聚醚(BAMW为1250克/摩尔,EO总含量为38%重量)组成。表面活性剂#2=MDxD”yM,式中R’由三种不同的乙酰氧基封端的聚醚组成。将聚醚a和聚醚b混合在一起,使平均分子量为2100。然后,以[聚醚a+聚醚b]/聚醚c的比值为1.6将该掺混物与聚醚c混合。该总EO含量为30%重量。表面活性剂#3=MDxD”yM,式中R’由两种不同的甲基封端的聚醚(BAMW为2100克/摩尔,EO总含量为22%重量)组成。表面活性剂#4=MDxD”yM,式中R’由三种不同的甲基封端的聚醚组成。将聚醚a和聚醚b混合在一起,使平均分子量为3100。然后,以[聚醚a+聚醚b]/聚醚c的比值为1.05将该掺混物与聚醚c混合。该总EO含量为32%重量。结果列于下表1中。表1-表面活性剂中环氧乙烷含量对多元醇泡沫密度的影响
                           多元醇1的泡沫密度实施例   表面活性剂    总EO%    1phr*   2phr*1           无          --        0.95      --2           Surf#1      38        0.75      0.73           Surf#2      30        0.46      0.374           Surf#3      22        0.53      0.415           Surf#4      32        0.56      0.43*phr=多元醇部分对配方的其余部分。如表中所述,为了固定在空气中并因此产生良好的泡沫,在22-32%EO的表面活性剂与38%EO的表面活性剂的能力之间存在着显著的对比。实施例6-9 CO2发泡的泡沫塑料生产线试验
在装有能将CO2用作辅助发泡剂的体系的泡沫塑料生产线上进行这些试验。所用的该体系与EP0 645 226 A2中所述的体系类似。所研究的泡沫塑料是列于下表2中的常规配方。
用每厘米的泡孔数和总的泡孔均匀性来区分性能差别(见表2)。一般来说,希望较多的每厘米泡孔数(约大于7),和高的均匀度(约小于或等于3)。所测量的IFD是压痕力偏转。IFD25%是用50平方英寸的压针脚将合适大小的泡沫塑料试样压至其原始高度25%的深度所需的力,而IFD65%是将相同泡沫塑料压至其原始高度65%的深度所需的力,两者均根据ASTM-3574进行测量。在这些场合,希望较低的IFD。对于每个试样,均确定泡孔大小(通常指的是泡沫塑料的“结构”)并用Nopco透气性装置测量通过泡沫塑料的透气性(将背压调节至0.5英寸水柱并读取每分钟标准立方英尺的空气流量)。落球回弹是对泡沫塑料回弹力的量度。落球回弹是钢球从泡沫塑料表面回弹高度相对于原始落高的百分数。例如,如果钢球从离泡沫塑料表面上方10英寸处落下,回弹至该表面以上6英寸处,那么该落球回弹为60%。压缩形变是对泡沫塑料从压缩变形恢复的量度。10%的压缩形变指的是,当将1英寸的试样压缩至0.1英寸并在高温储存一特定时间时,泡沫塑料恢复至其原始高度的90%。在除去变形力后1/2小时进行测量。准确的步骤可在ASTM-3574中找到。
在本试验中所用的化学试剂如下:多元醇1=ARCOL多元醇16-56,由Arco Chemical Co.提供多元醇2=3500mw,EO/PO三醇,含10%内EO催化剂1=辛酸亚锡;催化剂2=由OSi Specialties以NIAX催化剂A-1出售的胺催化剂;催化剂3=由OSi Specialties以NIAX催化剂A-33出售的胺催化剂;和MD-145=可从Shell购得的交联剂。表2   配方
  组分               量(份)
  多元醇2             95
  MD-145              5
  水                  4.8
  CO2                3
  催化剂2             0.087
  催化剂3             0.173
  催化剂1             可变
  硅氧烷表面活性剂    可变
  二异氰酸甲苯酯      110(index)表3-泡沫塑料数据:实施例                  6      7      8      9硅氧烷表面活性剂#       2      3      4      1量,phr                 1.2    1.4    1.5    1.4催化剂1,phr            0.14   0.14   0.15   0.14泡沫塑料性能密度,kg/m3            16.3   16.7   16.1   16.3IFD,25%,N            147    128    144    131IFD,65%,N            304    270    304    300Nopco,cfm              3.1    4      4.4    3.8落球回弹,%            135    36     42     4090%压缩形变,%        7.4    9.4    5.9    7.7泡孔/cm                 12     16     11     6均匀性*                3      2      3      5*排名1=所有泡孔的大小相同,排名5=泡孔大小分布较宽
表3示出了总共四种不同的表面活性剂。它们表示其中EO含量从22-38%的一系列产品。三种EO含量小于38%的表面活性剂给出了低的多元醇泡沫密度(小于0.6@1phr的用量,实施例3,4和5)并在CO2发泡的生产实验(实施例6,7和8)中产生良好至优异的泡沫塑料。EO含量大于37%的表面活性剂(Surf#1)将生产出质量最差的泡沫塑料,即,所得到的泡沫塑料含有许多粗大的泡孔和针孔。该泡沫塑料的质量很差,因此认为该试验是失败的。当使用EO含量在22和32%之间的不同的硅氧烷表面活性剂时,将大大地改善泡沫塑料的泡孔质量。因此,令人意想不到的是,与作为辅助发泡剂的CO2一起用于制备软质块状泡沫塑料的硅氧烷表面活性剂要求低的EO含量。

Claims (23)

1,一种稳定聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法,其特征在于,(a)用加压惰性气体使聚氨酯泡沫塑料发泡;(b)向该泡沫塑料配方中添加环氧烷基含量低于37%重量的聚环氧烷聚醚聚硅氧烷梳型共聚物表面活性剂。
2,根据权利要求1的方法,其中,该表面活性剂具有选自下面通式结构的结构:R-Si(CH3)2O-[Si(CH3)2O-]x-[SiCH3R1O-]a-[SiCH3R2O-]b-[SiCH3R3O-]c-[SiCH3R4O-]d-Si(CH3)2-R;R-Si(CH3)2O-[SiCH3RO]m-(SiCH3[O-(SiCH3RO)m-Si(CH3)2R]O)n-[SiCH3RO]m-Si(CH3)2-R式中,R1,R2和R3=结构式-B-CnH2nO-(C2H4O)e-(C3H6O)f(C4H8O)gZ的聚环氧烷聚醚,式中R1的平均分子量在3000-6000克/摩尔并且EO为聚醚的环氧烷含量的20-60%重量;R2的平均分子量在800-2900克/摩尔并且EO为聚醚的环氧烷含量的20-60%重量;R3的平均分子量在130-800克/摩尔并且EO为聚醚的环氧烷含量的5-100%重量;R4为1-12个碳原子的烷基或芳基,B是由能进行氢化硅烷化的部分衍生得到的,R选自R1,R2,R3和R4;x=40-200;a+b+c+d=y,其中b或c(但不同时)可以为0,d/(a+b+c)=0-1,a+b大于零,y=5-40;m=10-100;n小于或等于4;Z表示-H,1-8个碳原子的烷基或芳烷基基团,-C(O)Z’,-C(O)OZ”或-C(O)NHZ’;Z’表示1-8个碳原子的单官能烷基或芳基基团;e,f和g由聚合物所需的分子量来确定;前提条件是,表面活性剂结构中总的EO含量应低于37%重量。
3,根据权利要求2的方法,其中,R1是35-55%重量的EO。
4,根据权利要求3的方法,其中,R1的平均分子量大于3500道尔顿。
5,根据权利要求2的方法,其中,R2是35-55%重量的EO。
6,根据权利要求5的方法,其中,R2的平均分子量为1100-2300道尔顿。
7,根据权利要求2的方法,其中,R3是小于或等于20%重量的环氧丙烷残余物。
8,根据权利要求7的方法,其中,R3的平均分子量在300-750道尔顿。
9,根据权利要求2的方法,其中,R4是1-12个碳原子的烷基基团,1-12个碳原子的取代的烷基基团,芳基或烷芳基基团。
10,根据权利要求2的方法,其中,Z是-C(O)CH3或CH3
11,根据权利要求2的方法,其中,B是烯丙基衍生物或甲基烯丙基衍生物。
12,根据权利要求2的方法,其中,聚硅氧烷选自(a)。
13,根据权利要求2的方法,其中,聚硅氧烷选自(b)。
14,根据权利要求1的方法,其中,泡沫塑料是用二氧化碳发泡的。
15,一种将包含聚环氧烷聚醚聚硅氧烷梳型共聚物的表面活性剂加至用加压惰性气体发泡的聚氨酯泡沫塑料配方中的使用方法,所述共聚物的环氧乙烷含量小于37%重量。
16,根据权利要求15的方法,其中,该表面活性剂具有选自下面通式结构的结构:R-Si(CH3)2O-[Si(CH3)2O-]x-[SiCH3R1O-]a-[SiCH3R2O-]b-[SiCH3R3O-]c-[SiCH3R4O-]d-Si(CH3)2-R;R-Si(CH3)2O-[SiCH3RO]m-(SiCH3[O-(SiCH3RO)m-Si(CH3)2R]O)n-[SiCH3RO]m-Si(CH3)2-R式中,R1,R2和R3=结构式-B-CnH2nO-(C2H4O)e-(C3H6O)f(C4H8O)gZ的聚环氧烷聚醚,式中R1的平均分子量在3000-6000克/摩尔并且EO为聚醚的环氧烷含量的20-60%重量;R2的平均分子量在800-2900克/摩尔并且EO为聚醚的环氧烷含量的20-60%重量;R3的平均分子量在130-800克/摩尔并且EO为聚醚的环氧烷含量的5-100%重量;R4为1-12个碳原子的烷基或芳基,B是由能进行氢化硅烷化的部分衍生得到的,R选自R1,R2,R3和R4;x=40-200;a+b+c+d=y,其中b或c(但不同时)可以为0,d/(a+b+c)=0-1,a+b大于零,y=5-40;m=10-100;n小于或等于4;Z表示-H,1-8个碳原子的烷基或芳烷基基团,-C(O)Z’,-C(O)OZ”或-C(O)NHZ’;Z’表示1-8个碳原子的单官能烷基或芳基基团;e,f和g由聚合物所需的分子量来确定;前提条件是,表面活性剂结构中总的EO含量应低于37%重量。
17,根据权利要求16的方法,其中,R1是35-55%重量的EO。
18,根据权利要求17的方法,其中,R1的平均分子量大于3500道尔顿。
19,根据权利要求16的方法,其中,R2是35-55%重量的EO。
20,根据权利要求19的方法,其中,R2的平均分子量为1100-2300道尔顿。
21,根据权利要求16的方法,其中,R3是小于或等于20%重量的环氧丙烷残余物。
22,根据权利要求21的方法,其中,R3的平均分子量在300-750道尔顿。
23,根据权利要求16的方法,其中,R4是1-12个碳原子的烷基基团,1-12个碳原子的取代的烷基基团,芳基或烷芳基基团。
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CN102617862A (zh) * 2011-01-26 2012-08-01 赢创高施米特有限公司 含有高分子量聚醚基团的聚硅氧烷-聚醚嵌段共聚物及它们作为制备聚氨酯泡沫的稳定剂的用途
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ATE209664T1 (de) 2001-12-15
EP0797606B1 (en) 2001-11-28
DE69617392D1 (de) 2002-01-10
NO972197D0 (no) 1997-05-13
US5525640A (en) 1996-06-11
KR970707196A (ko) 1997-12-01

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