CN116546889A - Grease composition - Google Patents
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- CN116546889A CN116546889A CN202180083535.8A CN202180083535A CN116546889A CN 116546889 A CN116546889 A CN 116546889A CN 202180083535 A CN202180083535 A CN 202180083535A CN 116546889 A CN116546889 A CN 116546889A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
- A23D9/00—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings, cooking oils
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L9/00—Puddings; Cream substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
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Abstract
The present invention aims to develop a grease composition which has a low saturated fatty acid content, good feeling upon entry, good heat resistance, and is suitable for spreads, fillings, and the like. The present invention is a fat composition comprising 1.0 to 8 mass% of S3, 5 to 30 mass% of S2U, 35 to 80 mass% of SU2, 5 to 45 mass% of U3, and having a mass ratio (StUU/SU 2) of the content of StUU to the content of SU2 of 0.15 to 0.95. The present invention is the above-mentioned oil and fat composition having a mass ratio (H3/S3) of the content of H3 to the content of S3 of 0.5 or more.
Description
The present application claims the benefit of european patent application EP20383060.9 filed on 12/4/2020.
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of animal feed additives. In particular, it relates to a combination of capsaicin, piperine and gingerol that can be added to animal feed, as well as to animal feed additives and aquaculture feed comprising said combination. The invention also relates to the use of the above combination for improving the quality of aquatic animal meat, such as fish.
Background
Omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) are well known to be beneficial to human health. This is related to the direct intake of sufficient amounts of n-3LC-PUFA and the balanced dietary omega-3/omega-6 PUFA ratio (n-3/n-6 ratio).
However, the general characteristic of the 21 st century western social diet is a significant imbalance in the n-3 to n-6PUFA ratio. Thus, for health reasons, it is strongly recommended to increase the consumption of n-3 LC-PUFAs. Thus, fish and seafood containing high concentrations of n-3 LC-PUFAs such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5 n-3) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6 n-3) and high n-3/n-6PUFA ratios are considered to be an important part of the healthy human diet.
Carnivorous fish species have no physiologically relevant ability to desaturate and extend short chain PUFAs such as LA (linoleic acid, 18:2n-6) and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3) to bioactive and essential LC-PUFAs. However, farmed fish feed originally contained high levels of fish oil, supplying the desired n-3LC-PUFA.
However, the dramatic increase in aquaculture production, accompanied by an increase in demand for fish-based raw materials for feed production and a stagnation or reduction in the supply of fish raw materials, has led to the partial replacement of fish oils in aquaculture feeds by terrestrial animal fat or vegetable oil. This substitution affects the fatty acid composition of the fish, and will have a lower n-3LC-PUFA content and a lower n-3/n-6PUFA ratio than fish fed with fish oil based diet.
Thus, there is a need to find sustainable alternatives for the production of aquaculture feeds, while providing improved nutritional quality to end products such as fish fillets, particularly aquatic animals fed with aquaculture feeds having a relatively low proportion of fish oil.
Disclosure of Invention
The inventors have found that when a combination of capsaicin, piperine and gingerol is added to an aquatic feed, ingestion of the combination has a positive effect on fat metabolism in aquatic animals such as fish.
Surprisingly, it was found that the combination provides an unexpected effect in that when added to an aquaculture feed (comprising fish oil), the levels of total n-3 LC-PUFAs such as EPA, DPA (docosapentaenoic acid, 22:5 n-3) and DHA in the total lipids in aquatic animals fed with such feed (e.g. fish, in particular fish meat) are increased compared to the levels in aquatic animals fed with an unsupplemented feed (i.e. the same feed, but without the combination). In addition, the combination also reduces the total n-6PUFA in fish meat, thereby increasing the n3/n-6PUFA ratio. This allows the amount of fish oil in aquaculture feed to be reduced by partially replacing the fish oil with land animal fat, vegetable oil or both. Thus, supplementing an aquaculture feed with a reduced fish oil (i.e., an aquaculture feed containing a relatively low proportion of n-3PUFA and a high proportion of n-6PUFA, or a relatively high proportion of monounsaturated oleic acid, or a relatively high proportion of saturated fatty acids, or a combination of these characteristics) with the combination results in an aquatic animal that is closer to the balance between n-3 and n-6PUFA seen in fish fed an aquaculture feed with an unreduced fish oil (i.e., wherein the fish oil is not partially replaced with land animal fat or vegetable oil).
Thus, in a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to an animal feed additive for aquatic animals, in particular fish such as sea fish, the additive comprising:
a combination comprising capsaicin-like, piperine, gingerol, and a compound selected from the group consisting of cinnamaldehyde, curcuminoids, and mixtures thereof;
and at least one feed acceptable excipient.
Advantageously, by using this additive, not only is the nutritional quality of the final product, such as fish fillet, improved due to the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, but a reduction in fat deposition is also observed. In addition, improvements in Feed Conversion (FCR) and weight gain were also observed, reflecting positive effects on production yields.
In a second aspect, the present disclosure relates to an aquaculture feed comprising an effective amount of an animal feed additive as defined above for aquatic animals.
The animal feed additives for aquatic animals of the present disclosure may be used to increase the nutritional quality of aquatic animals, i.e. to improve polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and to reduce fat deposition, in particular for aquatic animals fed with fish oil-reduced aquatic feeds (i.e. where the fish oil typically contained in the aquatic feed has been partially replaced by land animal fat or vegetable oil). Fish oil-depleted aquatic feeds are characterized by a relatively low proportion of n-3PUFA and a higher proportion of n-6PUFA, or a relatively high proportion of monounsaturated oleic acid, or a relatively high proportion of saturated fatty acids, or a combination of these characteristics, as compared to non-depleted aquatic feeds.
Thus, another aspect of the present disclosure relates to the use of a composition as defined above, an animal feed additive for aquatic animals, or an aquaculture feed, i.e. in an aquatic animal fed with a diet comprising said combination (or said animal feed additive), to increase the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid, or the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid, compared to the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in an aquatic animal fed with the same diet without said combination (or said animal feed additive), or both. This aspect may also be formulated as a method for increasing the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid of an aquatic animal, or increasing the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid of an aquatic animal, or both, in an aquatic animal fed a diet comprising said combination (or said animal feed additive), the method comprising feeding an aquatic animal with a diet comprising an effective amount of a combination (or animal feed additive) as defined above or below, compared to the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid of an aquatic animal fed with the same diet without said combination (or said animal feed additive).
Drawings
Figure 1 shows the total lipid content in fish filets (mg/g fish filet (DW) dry weight), marked differences in the top-marked different bars (P < 0.0.5 as assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a graph-based (Tukey's) multiple comparison test).
Figure 2 shows the levels of the various PUFAs in the lipids of the fish fillets (milligrams fatty acids per gram of lipid), i.e. the amount of the various PUFAs per gram of lipid in the fish fillets (in milligrams). In each graph, there was a significant difference in the columns with different superscripts (assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a base multiple comparison test, P < 0.0.5).
Figure 3 shows the total levels of n-3PUFA and n-6PUFA (mg/g lipid) in fish flake lipids. The ratio between n-3/n-6PUFA is indicated on the second (right hand) axis.
Detailed Description
All terms as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, shall be interpreted in their ordinary meaning as known in the art. Other more specific definitions of terms used in this application are set forth below and are intended to apply uniformly throughout the specification and claims, unless a definition explicitly set forth otherwise provides a broader definition.
Capsicum oleoresin is an oily extract of dried, ripe capsicum fruits of capsicum genus plants. Capsaicinoids are considered as active ingredients of capsicum oleoresin. Thus, the oleoresin is typically used as a natural source of capsaicinoids. The amount of capsaicinoid in the capsaicinoid may be from about 5.0% to about 6.6% by weight, such as 5.5% by weight. For the purposes of the present invention, the term "capsaicinoid" refers to capsaicinoids or salts thereof. In particular, the capsaicinoids are selected from capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, pelargonic acid vanillylamide (nonivamide), and mixtures thereof. More specifically, the capsaicinoid is capsaicin.
Black pepper oleoresin is an oily extract of the dry berries of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and is commonly used as a natural source of piperine. The amount of piperine in the black pepper oleoresin may be 34 wt% to 42 wt%, such as about 33 wt% or about 36 wt%.
Ginger oleoresin is an oily extract of the ground dried rhizome of ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and is commonly used as a natural source of gingerol. Gingerol in ginger oleoresin can be about 4% to about 1% by weight, such as about 8% by weight or about 9% by weight.
Turmeric oleoresin is an oily extract of the dried mature rhizome of turmeric (Curuma Longa L), commonly used as a natural source of curcuminoids. The amount of curcuminoids in the margarine resin may be from about 28% to about 38% by weight, for example about 32% by weight. For the purposes of the present invention, the term "curcuminoid" refers to a curcuminoid or a salt thereof. In particular, the curcuminoids are selected from curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin and mixtures thereof. More particularly, the curcuminoid is curcumin.
Capsicum oleoresin, black pepper oleoresin, ginger oleoresin, turmeric oleoresin and cinnamaldehyde are all commercially available.
The term "animal feed additive" as used herein refers to a composition suitable for or intended for addition to animal feed. In the present disclosure, the animal feed additive is for aquatic animals.
The term "aquatic animal" refers to crustaceans such as shrimp, prawn and crab; fish such as porgy, weever, salmon, trout, grouper, carp, tilapia, catfish; molluscs such as clams, oysters, cap shells and abalones; cephalopods, such as octopus, squid and squid; and other invertebrates such as sea cucumbers and sea urchins.
The term "animal feed" refers to a preparation or mixture suitable for or intended to be ingested by an animal. The term "aquaculture feed" or "aquaculture feed" refers to animal feed intended to be ingested by aquatic animals, i.e. artificial or artificial feed in addition to or instead of natural feed.
The expression "effective amount" as used herein refers to any amount sufficient to achieve the desired and/or required effect, i.e., an increase in the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, an increase in the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, or both, in aquatic animals relative to the amount and/or ratio of fatty acids described without the addition of the combination of the present disclosure.
The term "Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)" refers to a measure of the increase in the animal's conversion of feed weight input to a desired output. In animals raised for meat consumption (e.g., shrimp and fish), the output is the weight gain of the animal. FCR is calculated as feed intake divided by weight gain over a specified period. FCR improvement means a decrease in FCR value.
The term "Specific Growth Rate (SGR)" refers to daily weight gain (in%).
The term "weight percent" or "wt%" refers to the weight percent of the ingredient per weight of the total composition, unless otherwise indicated.
The indefinite articles "a" and "an" as used herein are synonymous with "at least one" or "one or more". The definite article "as used herein, unless indicated otherwise, also includes the plural of that noun.
As described above, the animal feed additive for aquatic animals of the present disclosure includes a combination comprising capsaicin-like, piperine, gingerol, and a compound selected from cinnamaldehyde, curcuminoids, and mixtures thereof; and at least one feed acceptable excipient.
In one embodiment:
the amount of capsaicinoids is from 0.1 wt% to 1.0 wt%, or from 0.2 wt% to 0.7 wt%,
The amount of piperine is from 0.025 to 0.25 wt%, or from 0.1 to 0.2 wt%,
the amount of gingerol is from 0.002% to 0.05% by weight, or from 0.01% to 0.04% by weight, and
the amount of cinnamaldehyde is from 0.5 wt% to 3.0 wt%, or from 0.75 wt% to 2.5 wt%, for example 2.0 wt%, and
the amount of curcuminoids is from 0 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, or from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, or from 1.0 wt.% to 2.5 wt.%, for example from 1.5 wt.%,
or alternatively, the process may be performed,
the amount of cinnamaldehyde is from 0 wt% to 3.0 wt%, or from 0.5 wt% to 3.0 wt%, or from 0.75 wt% to 2.5 wt%, for example 2.0 wt%, and
the amount of curcuminoids is 0.5 to 3.0 wt%, or 1.0 to 2.5 wt%, such as 1.5 wt%,
wherein the weight percentages are relative to the total weight of the animal feed additive.
In another embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, the capsaicinoid is selected from capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, pelargonic acid vanillylamide, and mixtures thereof, and the capsaicinoid is selected from curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, and mixtures thereof.
In another embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, the capsaicinoid is capsaicin. In another embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, the curcuminoid is curcumin.
In one embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, the amount of cinnamaldehyde is 0.5 wt% to 3.0 wt%, and the amount of curcuminoid is 0 wt%.
In another embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, the amount of curcuminoids is 0.5 wt% to 3.0 wt% and the amount of cinnamaldehyde is 0 wt%.
In another embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, the animal feed additive for aquatic animals comprises capsaicin-like, piperine, gingerol and cinnamaldehyde, wherein the amount of capsaicin-like is 0.25 wt% to 1.0 wt%, or 0.35 wt% to 0.85 wt%, e.g., 0.62 wt%, the amount of piperine is 0.025 wt% to 0.25 wt%, or 0.04 wt% to 0.2 wt%, e.g., 0.13 wt% or 0.14 wt%, relative to the total weight of the animal feed additive; the amount of gingerol is 0.002 to 0.04 wt%, or 0.005 to 0.03 wt%, for example 0.02 wt%; the amount of cinnamaldehyde is 0.5 wt% to 3.0 wt%, or 0.75 wt% to 2.5 wt%, for example 2.0 wt%; in particular, the amount of curcuminoids is 0 wt%.
In another particular embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the particular embodiments defined above, the animal feed additive for aquatic animals comprises capsaicin, piperine, gingerol, and curcuminoids, wherein the amount of capsaicin is 0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt%, or 0.15 wt% to 0.4 wt%, for example 0.26 wt%, relative to the total weight of the animal feed additive; the amount of piperine is 0.04 wt% to 0.2 wt%, or 0.06 wt% to 0.16 wt%, for example 0.11 wt%; the amount of gingerol is 0.01 to 0.05 wt%, or 0.015 to 0.04 wt%, for example 0.03 wt%; the amount of curcuminoids is 0.5 wt% to 3.0 wt%, or 1.0 wt% to 2.5 wt%, for example 1.5 wt%; the amount of cinnamaldehyde was 0 wt%.
As described above, capsaicinoids are commonly commercialized in the form of capsicum oleoresin, piperine is commercialized in the form of black pepper oleoresin, gingerol is commercialized in the form of ginger oleoresin, and curcuminoids are commercialized in the form of turmeric oleoresin.
Thus, in another embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, in the animal feed additive for aquatic animals of the invention, the capsaicinoid is provided in the form of a capsicum oleoresin; piperine is provided in the form of black pepper oleoresin; gingerol is provided in the form of ginger oleoresin, and curcuminoids, if present, are provided in the form of turmeric oleoresin.
The amount of each oleoresin in the animal feed additive will depend on the content of its corresponding active ingredient. In particular, knowing the content of active ingredient in the corresponding commercial oleoresin, the expert will know the amount of each oleoresin to be added to the feed additive to obtain the desired weight percentage of each active ingredient.
Thus, this embodiment may also be formulated as an animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined above, said animal feed additive comprising:
a combination, the combination comprising
-capsicum oleoresin as source of capsaicinoids, in particular, wherein the oleoresin is in an amount providing an amount of capsaicinoids as defined above;
-black pepper oleoresin as a source of piperine, in particular wherein the oleoresin is in an amount providing an amount of piperine as defined above;
-ginger oleoresin as source of gingerol, in particular wherein said oleoresin is an amount providing the amount of gingerol as defined above; and
cinnamaldehyde, in particular in an amount as defined above; or, alternatively, turmeric oleoresin as a source of curcuminoids, in particular, wherein the oleoresin provides an amount of curcuminoids as defined above;
And at least one feed acceptable excipient.
Thus, in one particular embodiment, the amount of capsicum oleoresin is from about 1.8 wt% to about 18 wt%, the amount of black pepper oleoresin is from about 0.07 wt% to about 0.7 wt%, the amount of ginger oleoresin is from about 0.02 wt% to about 0.6 wt%, and the amount of turmeric oleoresin is from about 1.5 wt% to about 9.4 wt%.
The animal feed additive for aquatic animals of the present disclosure may be added to an animal feed composition to obtain an aquaculture feed comprising capsaicin-like, piperine, gingerol and as additional components a compound selected from the group consisting of cinnamaldehyde, curcuminoids and mixtures thereof.
Thus, the aquaculture feed of the present disclosure comprises: a) An animal feed composition for aquatic animals, in particular an aquaculture feed composition comprising fish oil in an amount of for example 1 to 25 wt.%, relative to the total weight of the aquaculture feed, more in particular an aquaculture feed comprising fish oil in which the fish oil has been partially replaced by land animal fat or vegetable oil; and b) an effective amount of an animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined above and below.
In one embodiment of the aquaculture feed of the present disclosure, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, the amount of animal feed additive for aquatic animals in the aquaculture feed is from 0.025 wt% to 0.30 wt%, or from 0.05 wt% to 0.25 wt%, or from 0.10 wt% to 0.20 wt%, or from 0.10 wt% to 0.15 wt% relative to the total weight of the aquaculture feed. In a particular embodiment, the amount of the animal feed additive for aquatic animals is 0.15 wt% relative to the total weight of the aquaculture feed.
The recommended diet formulation varies for each species of aquatic animal, e.g., each species of fish. Thus, in one embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, the aquaculture feed of the present disclosure comprises an amount of added oil of 3 to 35 wt%, for example 30 wt%, relative to the total weight of the aquaculture feed, wherein the added oil comprises fish oil, as well as animal fat, vegetable oil, or both. As an example, the amount of fish oil in the aquaculture feed may be 1 to 25 wt% relative to the total weight of the aquaculture feed.
The amount of oil added depends on the aquatic animal being raised. As an example, the amount of oil added in a standard sea bream or sea bass culture feed is 10 wt% to 16 wt%, wherein the amount of oil added may be, for example, 3 wt% to 12 wt%; the amount of oil added in standard salmon (salmonid) farming feed is 17 to 35 wt%, for example 25 wt%, wherein the amount of fish oil may be for example 4 to 35 wt%, or 10 to 25 wt%.
The combinations or animal feed additives for aquatic animals of the present disclosure are particularly effective when added to an aquatic feed product in which a portion of the fish oil contained therein has been replaced with terrestrial animal fat or vegetable oil.
Thus, in one embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, the aquaculture feed comprises fish oil and land animal fat or vegetable oil, or both. Land animal fats or vegetable oils contain lower levels of n-3 PUFAs and higher levels of n-6 PUFAs, or a relatively higher proportion of monounsaturated oleic acid, or a relatively higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, or a combination of these characteristics.
In another particular embodiment of the aquaculture feed of the present disclosure, optionally in combination with one or more features of the particular embodiments defined above, up to 90 wt%, such as 5 wt% to 90 wt%, or 15 wt% to 75 wt%, or 25 wt% to 60 wt%, of the total amount of fish oil has been replaced by the same weight of land animal fat, vegetable oil, or both.
In particular, the fat replacing fish oil is added in the form of a terrestrial animal fat, more particularly a mammalian fat such as tallow and lard (e.g. refined tallow and/or lard).
As described above, the aquatic animals may be crustaceans, fish, molluscs, cephalopods, and other invertebrates such as sea cucumbers and sea urchins. In particular, the aquatic animal is a fish, more particularly a sea fish.
The animal feed additives and aquaculture feeds for aquatic animals of the present disclosure may be prepared by conventional methods known to those skilled in the art, such as the methods described in the examples. Aquaculture feeds are most often produced in the form of pellets manufactured by pelleting or extrusion.
As an example, a method of preparing an aquaculture feed as defined above and below may comprise the steps of: an animal feed additive comprising capsaicinoids, piperine, and gingerols, optionally cinnamaldehyde or curcuminoids, or mixtures thereof, is manufactured and then mixed with an animal feed composition for aquatic animals.
As one example, the method of manufacturing an animal feed additive comprises: the active mixture is prepared by mixing ingredients comprising capsaicin-like, piperine, gingerol and ingredients comprising compounds selected from cinnamaldehyde, curcuminoids or mixtures thereof, and then further mixing with other feed acceptable excipients comprising at least one carrier, an antioxidant, an emulsifier and a fat base material, and finally atomizing the whole composition in, for example, a spray-cooled atomizer, thereby obtaining the fat-coated encapsulated form of the animal feed additive.
In particular, the active mixture may be obtained by mixing capsicum oleoresin as a source of capsaicinoids, black pepper oleoresin as a source of piperines, ginger oleoresin as a source of gingerols, and a component selected from cinnamaldehyde, turmeric oleoresin as a source of curcuminoids, or mixtures thereof.
Furthermore, an animal feed additive obtainable by the method as defined above also forms part of the present invention. All embodiments of the methods of the present invention contemplate providing all combinations of all embodiments and combinations of the animal feed additives of the present invention.
In one embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the specific embodiments defined above, the animal feed additive for aquatic animals of the invention is in encapsulated form in a fat coating.
Examples of feed acceptable ingredients or additives include vegetable fats and oils, such as hydrogenated palm oil or soybean oil; antioxidants, such as BHT; emulsifying agents, such as lecithin or fatty acids esterified with glycerol; and binders, such as colloidal silica.
As another example, the ingredients of a feed composition for aquatic animals may be mixed in, for example, a mixer, and then the mixture may be mixed with the feed additive in the form of a powder, and then extruded or pressed to form granules. Alternatively, the feed composition may be converted into pellets by extrusion or compression, and then a feed additive according to the present disclosure comprising water or an edible oil, such as a vegetable oil, may be coated on the pellets, in particular in the amounts defined above, to obtain the final animal feed.
Animal feed compositions to which the combination of animal feed additives of the present disclosure can be added are commercially available.
As one example, an animal feed composition for aquatic animals may comprise one or more components selected from the group consisting of: proteins including fish meal and vegetable meal, carbohydrates including starch, lipids including fish oil, terrestrial animal fat and vegetable oil, vitamins, amino acids, and other allowed feed additives and feed materials.
Throughout the specification and claims the word "comprise" and variations of the word, are not intended to exclude other technical features, additives, components or steps. Furthermore, the word "comprising" encompasses the case of "consisting of … …".
The following examples and figures are provided as illustrations and are not intended to limit the invention. Furthermore, the invention covers all possible combinations of the specific and preferred embodiments described herein.
Examples
Commercially available capsicum oleoresin containing 5.5 wt% capsaicin, black pepper oleoresin containing 33 wt% piperine, ginger oleoresin containing 8 wt% gingerol, turmeric oleoresin containing 32 wt% curcuminoids, and cinnamaldehyde were used.
Diet containing feed additives a or B as shown in table 1 was tested.
TABLE 1
The amounts of capsaicinoids contained in capsicum oleoresin, piperine contained in black pepper oleoresin, gingerol contained in ginger oleoresin, and curcuminoids contained in turmeric oleoresin are shown in table 2 below.
TABLE 2
Wt% is relative to the total amount of additives.
* The average values appearing in the raw material specification.
Six experimental diets were tested. Table 3 shows the amounts of fish oil, mammalian fat, feed additive A and feed additive B in the diets tested, wherein diets A0.5, A1.0, A1.5 and B1.0 were supplemented with the specified amounts of feed additives A and B tested based on NC formulation.
TABLE 3 Table 3
| Component (wt.%) | PC | NC | A0.5 | A1.0 | A1.5 | B1.0 |
| Fish oil | 11.5 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 |
| Mammalian fat | - | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Feed additive A | - | - | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.15 | - |
| Feed additive B | - | - | - | 0.10 |
In table 3:
-PC-positive control diet, commercial diet mimicking oplegnathus manihot containing fish meal, fish protein hydrolysate, feather meal hydrolysate, pig blood meal, poultry meal, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, canola meal as major protein source, and fish oil as major fat source;
NC-negative control diet, identical in composition to PC diet, but with 45% of the fish oil replaced by terrestrial animal fat, designated as mammalian fat, in particular fatty acids rich in palmitic acid (16:0, 23.8%), stearic acid (18:0, 14.4%), oleic acid (18:1 n-9, 39.5%) and linoleic acid (18:2 n-6,9.4%);
-a0.5 diet-NC diet +0.5g/kg (0.05 wt%) feed additive a;
-a1.0 diet-nc+1.0 g/kg (0.1 wt%) of feed additive a;
-a1.5 diet-nc+1.5 g/kg (0.15 wt%) of feed additive a; and
-B1.0 diet-nc+1.0 g/kg (0.1 wt%) feed additive B.
In addition, PC and NC formulations were supplemented with specific vitamins, crystalline amino acids and inorganic phosphates to avoid any nutritional deficiency, the target composition for both formulations was 46% crude protein, 16% crude fat, 20.5MJ/kg total energy.
The diet is produced by extrusion. The powder ingredients and feed additives A or B were mixed with NC formulation in a double screw mixer (500L type, TGC Extrusion, france) and ground (below 400 μm) in a micro-pulverizer hammer mill (SH 1 type, hosokawa-Alpine, germany). Diet (pellet size: 4.0 mm) was produced by a twin screw extruder (model BC45, clExtral, france) with a screw diameter of 55.5 mm. The extruded pellets were dried in a vibrating fluid bed dryer (model DR100, TGC Extrusion, france). After cooling, the oil was added after extrusion by vacuum coating (PG-10 VCLAB model, dinnissen, netherlands).
The composition of the experimental diet is shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 composition of fish feed
| PC | NC | A0.5 | A1.0 | A1.5 | B1.0 | |
| Moisture, percent | 5.8±0.0 | 5.6±0.0 | 6.0±0.0 | 5.1±0.0 | 5.2±0.0 | 5.2±0.0 |
| Ash, percent | 7.9±0.1 | 7.8±0.0 | 7.8±0.0 | 7.9±0.1 | 8.0±0.0 | 7.8±0.0 |
| Crude protein, percent | 45.9±0.1 | 45.9±0.1 | 45.9±0.1 | 45.9±0.0 | 46.0±0.0 | 45.9±0.1 |
| Crude fat,% | 16.2±0.1 | 16.4±0.1 | 16.3±0.1 | 16.3±0.0 | 16.2±0.0 | 16.2±0.1 |
| Total energy, MJ/kg | 20.5±0.1 | 20.6±0.0 | 20.5±0.1 | 20.6±0.0 | 20.6±0.1 | 20.6±0.0 |
| % of total fatty acids | ||||||
| 14:0 | 6.91 | 4.61 | 4.85 | 4.30 | 4.55 | 4.66 |
| 15:0 | 0.55 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.41 |
| 16:0 | 21.47 | 23.79 | 24.89 | 21.89 | 22.86 | 23.52 |
| 17:0 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.7 |
| 18:0 | 4.63 | 8.98 | 9.46 | 8.77 | 9.20 | 9.37 |
| 20:0 | 0.44 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
| Total SFA | 35.34 | 39.49 | 41.38 | 36.90 | 38.57 | 39.51 |
| 16:1n-7 | 7.57 | 4.77 | 4.82 | 5.11 | 5.26 | 5.13 |
| 18:1n-7 | 2.91 | 2.36 | 2.66 | 2.47 | 2.50 | 2.49 |
| 18:1n-9 | 15.80 | 25.33 | 25.09 | 25.64 | 25.55 | 25.35 |
| 20:1n-9 | 1.81 | 1.17 | 1.15 | 1.25 | 1.24 | 1.21 |
| 22:1n-11 | 1.74 | 1.14 | 0.89 | 1.26 | 1.05 | 1.06 |
| 24:1 | 0.44 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.27 |
| Total MUFA | 30.62 | 35.33 | 35.15 | 36.29 | 36.16 | 35.80 |
| 18:2n-6 | 5.74 | 8.54 | 8.60 | 8.40 | 8.48 | 8.48 |
| 18:3n-6 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
| 20:4n-6 | 0.88 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.57 |
| Total n-6PUFA | 7.08 | 9.37 | 9.39 | 9.29 | 9.38 | 9.35 |
| 18:3n-3 | 1.05 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.89 |
| 20:5n-3 | 13.65 | 6.22 | 6.01 | 7.14 | 7.06 | 6.74 |
| 22:5n-3 | 1.57 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.81 |
| 22:6n-3 | 9.60 | 4.82 | 4.58 | 5.41 | 5.24 | 5.03 |
| Total n-3PUFA | 25.99 | 13.93 | 12.37 | 15.73 | 14.18 | 13.60 |
| n-3/n-6PUFA | 3.67 | 1.49 | 1.32 | 1.69 | 1.51 | 1.45 |
| ARA/EPA | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| DHA/EPA | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.75 |
No fatty acid of <0.25% was present. Values are mean ± standard deviation (n=2). For fatty acids, only a single analysis was performed.
As can be seen from the data in table 4, replacing 45% of the fish oil with mammalian fat resulted in a significant change in the fatty acid composition of the tested fish feed. The primary effect is an increase in Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA) levels associated with an increase in palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0); an increase in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels caused by the content of oleic acid (18:1n-9); and significant changes in the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the n-3 and n-6 series, resulting in a significant drop in the n-3/n-6PUFA ratio.
However, in the total lipid of the fish oil replacement diet, all long chain PUFAs of the n-6 and n-3 series (LC-PUFAs, C.ltoreq.20) were all reduced, including arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3).
Example 1
The effect of supplementing the above-mentioned feed additives a and B on the growth performance of the gold head sea bream fed with diet having high levels of refined animal fat was evaluated as follows.
1. Growth performance test
1.1. Test animals
The experimental species in the test was sea bream (Sparus aurata). The fish were stored at the research facility for more than 6 months during which they were fed standard commercial feed.
1.2. Conditions of investigation
At the beginning of the experiment, three groups of 40-tailed average Initial Body Weight (IBW) of 84.7±3.8g of the head sea bream were allocated to 18 circular water tanks (volume: 1000L). The tank is located outdoors, supplies open flowing aerated seawater (water flow: 5.0L/min; dissolved oxygen >6.9 mg/L), and is under natural photoperiod conditions during winter and spring periods (one month to five months). The water temperature fluctuates between 11.3 and 19.6 ℃ (average 16.2±1.9 ℃), with an average water salinity of 35.1psu.
1.3. Feeding and sampling
During the period of 112 days, each repeat tank was fed one of the six diets. The fish were fed manually twice daily (10.00 and 16.00 points) during the weekend period (10.00 points) to significant satiety with maximum attention to avoiding feed loss. Throughout the experiment, the dispensed feed was quantified. Anesthetized fish were weighed in groups at the beginning of the experiment, on days 29, 59, 92 and 112.
2. Analysis method
Experimental diets were ground prior to analysis. The following procedure was used for chemical composition analysis of diets: after drying at 105 ℃ for 24 hours, the dry matter was analyzed; analysis of ash by combustion at 550 ℃ for 12 hours; crude protein (n×6.25) was analyzed by flash combustion techniques followed by gas chromatographic separation and thermal conductivity detection (LECO FP 428); fat was analyzed by dichloromethane extraction (Soxhlet); the total energy was analyzed in an adiabatic pressure tank calorimeter (adiabatic bomb calorimeter) (IKA).
Fatty acid analysis of mammalian fats and experimental diets was performed by standard gas chromatography, such as that explained in example 2 below.
3. Evaluation criteria for growth and nutrient utilization
IBW (g): initial average body weight.
FBW (g): final average body weight.
Specific growth rate, SGR (%/day): (Ln FBW-Ln IBW). Times.100/day.
Feed conversion, FCR: roughage intake/weight gain.
Feed intake, FI (% BW/day): (roughage intake/(ibw+fbw)/2/day) ×100.
Protein efficiency ratio, PER: wet weight gain/crude protein intake.
4. Statistical analysis
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of triplicate replicates. And performing single-factor analysis of variance on the data. Prior to ANOVA, the values in% are subjected to an arcsine square root transformation. Statistical significance was checked at a probability level of 0.05. All statistical tests were performed using IBM SPSS V21 software.
5. Results
Table 5 below reports the growth performance, feed conversion rate and protein efficiency ratio data of sea bream fed for 112 days with various experimental diets.
After experimental feeding for 112 days, the overall growth performance of the PC diet (simulating commercial fish oil feed) fed fish was considered satisfactory and was within the normal range of the golden head sea bream fed with water temperatures fluctuating between 11.3 and 19.6 ℃ (average 16.2±1.9 ℃). During the first 15 days of the experiment, the average water temperature was 13 ℃ (11.3 to 14.9 ℃), a very customary condition for feeding and growing fish.
In the best performance treatment (PC), the fish showed a 1.9-fold increase in its initial body weight. The Feed Conversion Rate (FCR) in the treatment varied between 1.24 and 1.43, indicating generally suitable feeding practices.
The conclusions drawn from the experimental data are:
-Negative Control (NC) with 45% fish oil replaced by mammalian fat resulted in a significant decrease in FBW, SGR and PER and an increase in FCR compared to Positive Control (PC) with 100% fish oil. However, this negative effect of mammalian fat cannot be directly linked to lower feed intake rates.
NC diet supplemented with 1.5g/kg additive A (A1.5 diet) showed a final body weight similar to PC. Furthermore, when expressed in terms of specific growth rates, we note that supplementation of additives in the a1.0, a1.5 and B1.0 diets resulted in growth rates similar to those found in PC treatment.
The additive supplementation employed in the a0.5, a1.0, a1.5 and B1.0 diets resulted in a reduction of FCR compared to NC treatment, similar to that found in PC treatment. In contrast, supplementation with additives in the a0.5, a1.0, a1.5 and B1.0 diets resulted in an increase in Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) to a level similar to that found in PC treatment and higher than that observed in NC treatment.
Example 2
The effect of supplementing the above feed additives A and B on lipid and fatty acid analysis of the sea bream flake samples was evaluated at the end of the growth test, i.e., after 112 days (see section 1,1.3, example. Feeding and sampling).
Two complete fillets taken from each fish were peeled (3 fish were taken from each of three fish tanks in one form, each treatment n=9), and then fillets from each fish were chopped together and split into two sub-samples: one for determining moisture content (dry weight) and the second fresh for lipid analysis.
The samples were extracted for total lipid by homogenization in chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) containing 0.01% Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and quantified gravimetrically after evaporation of the solvent under nitrogen flow and then drying in vacuo overnight. The total lipid was purified at-20deg.C in chloroform/methanol (2:1, 10mg ml -1 ) Until final analysis.
From the total lipids by using 2ml of 1% H 2 SO 4 The methanol solution was acid-catalyzed transesterification with 1ml of toluene to prepare Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), which were then extracted and purified. FAME was isolated and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography (Fisons GC8600, carlo Erba, milan, italy) using a 30m 0.32mm capillary column (CP wax 52CB, chrompak, london, UK) with on-column injection at 50deg.C and flame ionization detection at 250deg.C. Hydrogen was used as carrier gas (2.0 ml min -1 Constant flow), the sample injection is on-column sample injection, the temperature program is 40 ℃ for min -1 From 50 ℃ to 180 ℃ and then at 2 ℃ for min -1 To 225 ℃. The individual fatty acids were identified by comparison with well-characterized fish oils and well-known standards (Supelco) and by comparison with the standard on methyl groupsThe reaction coefficient of the internal standard 21:0 fatty acid added prior to transfer was quantified.
The results are shown in Table 6 below.
TABLE 6 composition of fish fillet lipids and Fatty Acids (FA)
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As can be seen from table 6, partial replacement of fish oil by mammalian fat resulted in a significant increase in fat deposition in the fillets (mg fat per gram dry weight of fillets), which was counteracted by feed additives a and B (see also fig. 1).
Tested feed additives a (diets a1.0 and a 1.5) and B significantly affected the fillet fatty acid composition in a way that did not reflect the fatty acid composition of the diets (table 6). Some unexpected results were observed at the SFA level (little unaffected by fish feed or additive supplementation), but the major impact involved n-3 and n-6PUFA composition.
Both of these additives significantly alter the PUFA composition of the lipids in the fish fillets when added to Negative Control (NC) feed. In summary, the additive was able to counteract the effects of containing fat in mammals and to approximate the fat profile of fillets to fish fed Positive Control (PC) feed containing 100% fish oil. In particular, partial replacement of fish oil with mammalian fat in NC feeds of the present invention results in a significant increase in the level of C18 PUFAs, i.e. both LA and ALA, in total lipid compared to PC treatment, while LC-PUFAs, including ARA, EPA, DPA and DHA, in total lipid are significantly reduced. However, supplementation of NC with feed additives a and B partially reversed these effects by lowering LA and Ala levels in the total lipid and increasing ARA, EPA, DPA and DHA levels in the total lipid in fillets of fish fed these diets. In addition, a pronounced dose response was observed for feed additive a, with the effect being more pronounced at higher doses. The results are shown in Table 6 (see also FIG. 2).
It is also notable that the feed additives a and B affect the balance between n-3 and n-6 in the fillet lipid in a positive way from the health point of view of the fish and the consumer. Specifically, the levels of total n-3PUFA and the total n-6PUFA were increased and therefore the n-3/n-6PUFA ratio was higher in fish fillets fed the feed supplemented with the additive compared to fish fillets fed NC feed. As observed for individual PUFAs, supplementation of fish feed with additives a and B with reduced fish oil allowed the balance between n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in the fillet lipid to be made closer to that found in PC treatment (see table 6, fig. 3).
Example 3
Similar assays were performed, but with the following additives:
TABLE 2
Wt% is relative to the total amount of additives.
* The average values appearing in the raw material specification.
The results were similar to those obtained in example 1 and example 2.
For the sake of completeness, various aspects of the invention are set out in the following numbered clauses:
clause 1. A combination comprising capsaicinoids, piperine, and gingerols, and optionally a compound selected from the group consisting of cinnamaldehyde, curcuminoids, and mixtures thereof
Clause 2. The combination according to clause 1, wherein the capsaicinoids are selected from capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, pelargonic acid vanillylamide, and mixtures thereof, and wherein the curcuminoids are selected from curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, and mixtures thereof.
Clause 3. The combination of clause 1 or 2, wherein the capsaicinoid is capsaicin.
Clause 4 an animal feed additive for aquatic animals comprising a combination as defined in any of clauses 1 to 3 and at least one feed acceptable excipient.
Clause 5 the animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to clause 4, comprising:
0.1 to 1.0% by weight of capsaicinoids,
0.025% to 0.25% by weight piperine,
0.002 to 0.05% by weight of gingerol,
0 to 3.0% by weight of cinnamaldehyde, and
from 0% to 3.0% by weight of curcuminoids,
wherein the weight percentages are relative to the total weight of the animal feed additive.
Clause 6. The animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to clause 5, comprising capsaicin-like, piperine, gingerol and cinnamaldehyde, wherein the amount of capsaicin-like is 0.25 to 1.0 wt%, the amount of piperine is 0.025 to 0.25 wt%, the amount of gingerol is 0.002 to 0.04 wt%, and the amount of cinnamaldehyde is 0.5 to 3.0 wt%, relative to the total weight of the animal feed additive.
Clause 7. The animal feed additive for aquatic animals of clause 5, comprising capsaicinoids, piperine, gingerols, and curcuminoids, wherein the amount of capsaicinoids is 0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt%, the amount of piperine is 0.04 wt% to 0.2 wt%, the amount of gingerols is 0.01 wt% to 0.05 wt%, and the amount of curcuminoids is 0.5 wt% to 3.0 wt%, relative to the total weight of the animal feed additive.
Clause 8 the animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to any of clauses 4 to 7, which is in the encapsulated form of a fat coating.
Clause 9. An aquaculture feed comprising: a) An animal feed composition for aquatic animals comprising fish oil and b) an effective amount of an animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined in clauses 4 to 8.
Clause 10. The aquaculture feed of clause 9, wherein the amount of the animal feed additive for aquatic animals is 0.025 to 0.30 weight percent, such as 0.15 weight percent, relative to the total weight of the aquaculture feed.
Clause 11. The aquaculture feed of clause 9 or 10, comprising the added oil in an amount of 3 to 30 weight percent, wherein the added oil comprises fish oil, and animal fat, vegetable oil, or both.
Clause 12. The aquaculture feed of clause 11, wherein at most 90 wt%, such as 5 wt% to 90 wt%, or 15 wt% to 75 wt%, or 25 wt% to 60 wt%, of the total amount of fish oil is replaced with the same weight of land animal fat, vegetable oil, or both.
Clause 13. An animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined in clauses 4 to 8 or an aquaculture feed of clauses 9 to 12, wherein the aquatic animals are fish, in particular sea fish.
The use of a combination as defined in clauses 1 to 3, an animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined in clauses 4 to 8, or an aquaculture feed as defined in clauses 9 to 12, to increase the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipids of an aquatic animal, to increase the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipids of an aquatic animal, or both.
Clause 15 the use according to clause 12, wherein the aquatic animal is a fish, particularly a sea fish.
Claims (15)
1. An animal feed additive for aquatic animals, the additive comprising:
a combination comprising capsaicin-like, piperine, gingerol, and a compound selected from the group consisting of cinnamaldehyde, curcuminoids, and mixtures thereof;
and at least one feed acceptable excipient.
2. An animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to claim 1, comprising:
the amount of capsaicinoids is from 0.1% to 1.0% by weight,
the amount of piperine is from 0.025% to 0.25% by weight,
the amount of gingerol is from 0.002% to 0.05% by weight,
and
The amount of cinnamaldehyde is from 0.5 to 3.0% by weight, and
the amount of curcuminoids is from 0% to 3.0% by weight,
Or alternatively
The amount of cinnamaldehyde is from 0% to 3.0% by weight, and
the amount of curcuminoids is from 0.5 to 3.0 wt%,
wherein the weight percentages are relative to the total weight of the animal feed additive.
3. An animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to claim 1, wherein the capsaicinoid is selected from capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, pelargonic acid vanillylamide, and mixtures thereof, and wherein the curcuminoid is selected from curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, and mixtures thereof.
4. An animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to claims 1 to 3, wherein the amount of capsaicinoids is 0.2 to 0.7 wt%; the piperine is present in an amount of 0.1 wt% to 0.2 wt%; and the gingerol is present in an amount of 0.01 to 0.04 wt%.
5. An animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising capsaicinoids, piperine, gingerol, and cinnamaldehyde, wherein the amount of capsaicinoids is 0.25 to 1.0 wt%, the amount of piperine is 0.025 to 0.25 wt%, the amount of gingerol is 0.002 to 0.04 wt%, and the amount of cinnamaldehyde is 0.5 to 3.0 wt%, and the amount of curcuminoids is 0 wt%, relative to the total weight of the animal feed additive.
6. An animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising a capsaicinoid, piperine, gingerol, and curcuminoid, wherein the amount of capsaicinoid is 0.1 to 0.5 wt%, the amount of piperine is 0.04 to 0.2 wt%, the amount of gingerol is 0.01 to 0.05 wt%, and the amount of curcuminoid is 0.5 to 3.0 wt%, and the amount of cinnamaldehyde is 0 wt%, relative to the total weight of the animal feed additive.
7. An animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to claims 1 to 6 wherein:
-capsaicinoids are provided in the form of capsicum oleoresin;
-piperine is provided in the form of black pepper oleoresin;
the gingerol is provided in the form of ginger oleoresin, and
-curcuminoids, if present, are provided in the form of turmeric oleoresin.
8. An animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to any one of claims 1 to 7 in encapsulated form coated with fat.
9. An animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the aquatic animals are fish, in particular sea fish.
10. An aquaculture feed comprising: a) An animal feed composition for aquatic animals comprising fish oil and b) an effective amount of an animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined in claims 1 to 8.
11. An aquaculture feed according to claim 10, wherein said animal feed additive for aquatic animals is present in an amount of 0.025 to 0.30 wt%, such as 0.15 wt%, relative to the total weight of the aquaculture feed.
12. The aquaculture feed of claim 10 or 11, comprising an amount of added oil of 3 to 30 wt%, wherein said added oil comprises fish oil, and animal fat, vegetable oil, or both, and wherein the amount of fish oil in said aquaculture feed is 1 to 25 wt% relative to the total weight of the aquaculture feed.
13. Aquaculture feed according to claim 12, wherein at most 90 wt%, such as 5 to 90 wt%, or 15 to 75 wt%, or 25 to 60 wt%, of the total amount of fish oil is replaced by the same weight of land animal fat, vegetable oil or both.
14. Use of an animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined in claims 1 to 9 or an aquaculture feed as defined in claims 10 to 13, in an aquatic animal fed with a diet comprising said combination or said animal feed additive, to increase the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid, the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid, or the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid, as compared to the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid, or the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid, in an aquatic animal fed with the same diet without said combination or said animal feed additive.
15. Use of a combination comprising a capsaicinoid, piperine, gingerol, and a compound selected from the group consisting of cinnamaldehyde, curcuminoids, and mixtures thereof, to increase the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, or increase the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, as compared to the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, or both, in aquatic animals fed a diet comprising the combination or the animal feed additive, in aquatic animals fed the same diet without the combination or the animal feed additive.
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