CN116509801A - 一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于纳米载药技术领域,具体涉及一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束及制备方法。本发明所述的乏氧响应聚合物为聚乙二醇‑聚赖氨酸‑紫杉醇‑聚苯丙氨酸,先通过开环聚合反应形成聚乙二醇‑聚赖氨酸‑聚苯丙氨酸三嵌段聚合物,再将上述三嵌段聚合物的赖氨酸上的氨基与双硫键偶联化疗药物紫杉醇,再通过聚乙二醇末端的叠氮基团与多肽CREKA或Ni‑Alk末端的炔基通过点击化学反应相连,并通过物理包封将吉西他滨前药包裹在纳米响应胶束的核心之中。所述纳米递药胶束能响应肿瘤微环境释放化疗药物吉西他滨及紫杉醇,还能避免由于外部基质被破坏而造成的肿瘤转移;可穿透胰腺癌外部基质,实现深部化疗药物蓄积。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纳米载药技术领域,具体涉及一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束及制备方法。
背景技术
胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)一直是恶性肿瘤的代表,化疗是常用治疗方法。临床上将吉西他滨作为PDAC的一线治疗药物,但其延长患者生存期的效果欠佳,目前最新的治疗手段是将吉西他滨与白蛋白结合型紫杉醇(nab-PTX)进行联合治疗,然而,该化疗手段的治疗效果仍然非常有限,其原因包括多种,但最关键的因素为肿瘤微环境(tumormicroenvironment,TME)。TME作为肿瘤发生、发展的重要环节,成为区分不同肿瘤的特征之一。
TME包括癌细胞、肿瘤间质中各种其他类型的细胞(包括成纤维细胞、免疫细胞)以及由这些细胞产生并支持癌细胞生长的蛋白质(如纤维连接蛋白fibronectin)。TME具有以下特点:由于基质细胞和癌细胞间的相互联系十分紧密,两者过度生长,因此使得肿瘤部位血管分布不均匀、氧供不足;糖酵解作为肿瘤细胞的主要功能方式,形成低氧-酸性梯度环境;肿瘤组织中位氧分压(pO2)为0~5.3mmHg(0~0.7%),pH为7.2~6.8,pO2和pH从肿瘤外缘到肿瘤深部逐渐降低,而正常胰腺组织的pO2为24.3~92.7mmHg(3.2~12.3%);尽管TME中有丰富的免疫细胞,但通过招募Treg细胞以及促进肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)向M2亚型转化,TME形成了整体的免疫抑制微环境。因此,TME也是肿瘤恶性的外在体现,是肿瘤治疗不可绕开的话题。
TME通过多个方面影响化疗疗效。首先,肿瘤外致密的间质对化疗药物的渗透形成了固有的物理屏障,高浓度的化疗药物难以渗透,导致肿瘤在低浓度化疗药物的浸润下产生获得性耐药。使用解离性化疗药物(如白蛋白结合型紫杉醇白蛋白)能够完全清除基质,但同时会导致内部肿瘤细胞逃逸和转移。此外,高还原环境也影响了吉西他滨的疗效,而吉西他滨的疗效不可避免地受到TME中胞苷脱氨酶(CDA)过表达的影响,导致难以发挥细胞毒性。因此,化疗药物的疗效与TME密切相关。
聚合物胶束递药材料以其能够促进药物在肿瘤区域蓄积的优势,目前已被在提高化疗疗效的研究策略中被广泛运用。近年来,科研工作者们致力于引入模块化设计,通过功能基团的构建,赋予递药材料肿瘤微环境响应的能力。生物高分子材料在功能基团的加持下,能够响应微环境中的多种信号分子如pH、氧分压等,改变材料自身的理化性质,以可控的方式释放药物。因此,结合高分子材料的模块化设计,设计PDAC定制化的递药系统,并能在体内适应PDAC微环境的梯度特征,实现保留外层基质,内部响应递药,并调控内部微环境的精准化疗策略,是实现PDAC的化疗药物高效递送策略之一。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于基于胰腺癌独特的病理特点以及临床技术现状,提供一种能够响应胰腺癌微环境,穿透基质屏障实现药物深部递送的递药系统。基于上述目的,本发明提供一种响应胰腺癌微环境的靶向递送胶束实现深度渗透,以响应低氧/酸性敏感性释放药物,针对胰腺癌肿瘤及其微环境起到精准治疗效果。
本发明基于PDAC微环境的特点,开发了匹配胰腺癌特征的高分子材料T-PEG-pLys(ss-PTX)-pPhe和Ni-PEG-pLys(ss-PTX)-pPhe,并以此为基础制备了聚合物胶束。材料外端修饰硝基咪唑,以其还原敏感特性来实现乏氧响应,随后深度穿透释放药物。聚合物的结构设计如下:以生物可降解的聚乙二醇(PEG)-聚氨基酸为基础骨架,通过二硫键与紫杉醇连接,作为疏水尾端;在PEG的另一端连接硝基咪唑,在形成胶束后硝基咪唑能够暴露在胶束外侧。通过硬脂酸修饰吉西他滨,制备形成脂溶性前药,将前药作为疏水核心封装在胶束内。通过将能够靶向肿瘤基质高表达的纤连蛋白的结合肽(CREKA)与胶束结合,提高胶束靶向PDAC基质的能力。胶束能够在体循环中保持稳定,并在靶向功能分子CREKA肽的作用下靶向肿瘤基质。外端修饰的硝基咪唑能响应乏氧环境,并在乏氧的微环境中还原为氨基咪唑,派生的氨基咪唑在微酸环境中可逐渐质子化,增强胶束对PDAC核心的穿透能力。同时二硫键也在微环境深处的高浓度GSH刺激下裂解,释放出紫杉醇,从而溶解内部基质,促进吉西他滨的深部扩散。在胶束穿透肿瘤的过程中逐步响应乏氧微环境,同时消耗微环境中积累的还原物质,从而改善了微环境内部的氧化还原平衡,进一步减轻了微环境的免疫抑制。递药系统通过对PDAC微环境的匹配治疗,实现了化疗药物的深部递送以及内部微环境的调控。
具体地,本发明涉及一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束,尤其涉及一种通过响应胰腺癌微环境、实现肿瘤部位药物高蓄积并有效穿透基质屏障和增强内部药物递送的制剂设计策略,以达到能够抑制胰腺癌肿瘤生长的疗效。
为实现上述发明目的,本发明提供以下技术方案:
本发明提供一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束,所述乏氧响应递药胶束由结构简式如式Ⅰ所示的聚合物Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe和结构简式如式Ⅱ所示的聚合物T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe均匀混合后,包载吉西他滨前药构成;所述吉西他滨前药的结构简式如式Ⅲ。
优选的,所述一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束中,聚合物Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe和聚合物T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe以4:1的质量比例进行均匀混合;经HPLC测定,吉西他滨前药载药量为2.3%,紫杉醇载药量为7.6%;所述胶束的平均粒径为77.0±6.3nm;zeta电位为-2.4~-0.5mV。
本发明中,经核磁共振氢谱测试得到所述Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe、T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe中聚乙二醇链段、包含赖氨酸的链段、苯丙氨酸链段的摩尔比为1:8:15。
本发明中,所述T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe中包含一段末端带炔基的多肽序列CREKA,结构简式如式一所示,所述多肽是一段可以与纤维连接蛋白特异性结合的多肽段。
本发明中,所述的乏氧响应聚合物为聚乙二醇-聚赖氨酸-紫杉醇-聚苯丙氨酸,先通过开环聚合反应形成聚乙二醇-聚赖氨酸-聚苯丙氨酸三嵌段聚合物,再将上述三嵌段聚合物的赖氨酸上的氨基与双硫键偶联化疗药物紫杉醇,再通过聚乙二醇末端的叠氮基团与多肽CREKA或Ni-Alk末端的炔基通过点击化学反应相连,并通过物理包封将吉西他滨前药包裹在纳米响应胶束的核心之中。
本发明还提供上述适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将2-硝基咪唑溶于丙酮中,并搅拌加入K2CO3,充氮气保护,在0℃下搅拌0.5h;随后加入溴丙炔-丙酮溶液;将反应升温到20-35℃并且搅拌进行反应,采用薄层色谱法监测反应的进行;经过后处理得到淡黄色油状化合物Ni-Alk。通过炔基的修饰最终能够使2-硝基咪唑具有与聚合物相连的化学位点。
所述反应的过程如式Ⅳ所示:
优选的,步骤(1)所述2-硝基咪唑、溴丙炔、K2CO3的摩尔比为1:1:(1~10)。
优选的,步骤(1)所述反应的时间为8-16h;所述TLC的流动相为乙酸乙酯:石油醚体积比1:1、Rf=0.5;反应完成后,用乙酸乙酯-水体系萃取除去杂质,粗产物经硅胶柱层析纯化,所述硅胶柱层析的流动相为乙酸乙酯:石油醚体积比1:1。
(2)a.用N6-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸和三光气按照Fuchs-farthing法合成Lys(Z)-NCA,反应温度为50-70℃;反应过程如式Ⅴ所示。
优选的,步骤(2)a中所述N6-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸与三光气的摩尔比为2.5:1。
进一步优选的,步骤(2)a中按照Fuchs-farthing法合成Lys(Z)-NCA的具体步骤为:称取N6-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸、三光气于反应瓶内,高纯氩气保护,加入无水四氢呋喃,50℃加热反应,待恢复至室温后,依次经过滤、重结晶、离心得到白色块状固体Lys(Z)-NCA。
b.用L-苯丙氨酸和三光气按照Fuchs-farthing法合成Phe-NCA,反应温度为50-70℃。优选的,步骤(2)b所述L-苯丙氨酸与三光气的摩尔比为2:1,反应式如式Ⅵ所示:
(3)将步骤(2)所述的Lys(Z)-NCA、Phe-NCA与N3-PEG-NH2在无氧条件下于40-60℃下进行开环聚合反应,得到N3-PEG-pLys(Cbz)-pPhe,反应式如式Ⅶ所示;然后将N3-PEG-pLys(Cbz)-pPhe与TFA(三氟乙酸)在HBr/HOAc溶液中于室温进行脱保护基反应,得到N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe,反应式如式Ⅷ所示。
优选的,步骤(3)中所述Lys(Z)-NCA、Phe-NCA与N3-PEG-NH2的摩尔比为12:(20~30):1。
进一步优选的,步骤(3)中所述开环聚合反应的具体步骤:将N3-PEG-NH2(0.5g,0.1mmol)置于两口瓶中,加入Lys(Z)-NCA 395mg(1.2mmol),抽真空并充氩气保护,加入无水DMF(50mL)作为溶剂,在50℃下搅拌反应;待反应进行48h后向反应液中加入Phe-NCA580mg(3.0mmol),并补充无水DMF 20mL,在同样的温度下继续反应48h;反应结束后将反应液于室温中静置,并转入MW=3.5k的透析袋中,置于5L的去离子水中透析24h,中间每间隔8h换一次水;透析后的产物经过冷冻干燥得到乳白色固体状N3-PEG-pLys(Cbz)-pPhe。
(4)
a.将二硫代二丙酸和紫杉醇在20-35℃下反应,得到白色固体状PTX-ss-COOH;反应式如式Ⅸ所示:
优选的,步骤(4)a中所述二硫代二丙酸与紫杉醇的摩尔比为1:1.83。
进一步优选的,步骤(4)a中所述反应的具体步骤为:将二硫代二丙酸(120mg,0.571mmol)溶解于20mL无水DMF/DCM混合溶剂中,搅拌溶解1h后得到混合溶液,将紫杉醇(1g,1.142mmol)溶解于10mL无水DCM中,边搅拌边加入到所述混合溶液中得到反应液;将所述反应液在室温下反应24h;通过薄层色谱分析(EA:PE=1:1)确认反应完成;反应结束后,旋蒸除去溶剂;粗制产物经硅胶柱层析纯化,干燥,得到白色固体状PTX-ss-COOH。
b.将N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe与N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA)混合均匀得到聚合物溶液;将2-(7-氮杂苯并三氮唑)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯(HATU)、1-羟基苯并三唑(HOBT)与PTX-ss-COOH在DMF中混合搅拌,至上述化合物完全溶解,将得到的混合物逐滴加入所述聚合物溶液中,于20-35℃下反应,得到淡黄色固体化合物N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe。反应式如式Ⅹ所示:
优选的,步骤(4)b中PTX-ss-COOH、N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe的摩尔比为1:1。
优选的,步骤(4)b中N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe、HATU、HOBT的摩尔比为(0.5~1):1:1。
本发明中,HATU通过活化羧基,起到催化酰胺键生成的作用。
本发明中,HOBT是酰胺缩合催化剂。
进一步优选的,所述步骤(4)b包括以下步骤:将N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe(1g,0.125mmol)与DIPEA(1.29mg,0.125mmol)混合并在室温下搅拌1h;HATU(47.52mg,0.125mmol)、HOBT(21.54mg,0.125mmol)与PTX-ss-COOH(121mg,0.125mmol)在15mL DMF中搅拌1-1.5h得到混合物,将所述混合物逐滴加入到聚合物溶液中,于20-35℃下反应20-28h;然后用(MWCO:3.5k)透析袋纯化粗产物,冷冻干燥得到淡黄色固体化合物N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe。
(5)
a.将N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe和Ni-Alk在氮气保护下溶于DMF中得到反应物混合液,并将CuI、抗坏血酸钠和DIPEA的混合溶液添加到反应物混合液中,在20-35℃下反应,得到Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe;反应式如式Ⅺ所示:
优选的,步骤(5)a中N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe、Ni-Alk、CuI、抗坏血酸钠的摩尔比为1:10:1:(0.16~0.3)。
进一步优选的,步骤(5)a具体如下:将N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe(100mg,0.0125mmol)和Ni-Alk(10mg,0.125mmol)在氮气保护下溶于DMF中得到反应物混合液;并将CuI(2mg,0.0125mmol)、抗坏血酸钠(3mg,0.002mmol)和DIPEA(6mg,0.048mmol)的混合溶液添加到反应物混合液中,并在20-35℃下反应12-15h;使用(MWCO:3500)透析袋对装载反应物并在含有10mM EDTA-2Na的PBS中(pH=7.0)透析,每隔12h换一次水,24h后使用去离子水透析24h,每隔12h换一次水,冷冻干燥得到淡褐色固体状Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe。
b.制备T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe:
将N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe和CREKA在氮气保护下溶于DMF中得到反应物混合液,并将CuI、抗坏血酸钠和DIPEA的混合溶液添加到所述反应物混合液中,在20-35℃下反应,得到T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe;反应式如式Ⅻ所示:
优选的,步骤(5)b中所述N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe、CREKA、CuI、抗坏血酸钠的摩尔比为1:10:1:0.16。
进一步优选的,步骤(5)b具体如下:将N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe(100mg,0.0125mmol)和CREKA(10mg,0.1mmol)在氮气保护下溶于DMF中得到反应物混合液,并将CuI(2mg,0.0125mmol)、抗坏血酸钠(3mg,0.002mmol)和DIPEA(6mg,0.048mmol)的混合溶液添加到所述反应物混合液中,在20-35℃下反应12-15h,得到T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe。
(6)通过薄膜水化法,将步骤(5)所述的Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe、T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe分散于DMSO中得到溶液一,将吉西他滨前药溶于DMF中得到溶液二,将所述溶液一与溶液二混合后超声分散0.5-1h,然后旋蒸除去有机溶剂,后加入超纯水并超声分散2-3h即得乏氧响应递药胶束;
所述吉西他滨前药的制备过程如下:
将吉西他滨盐酸盐先与三乙胺在DMF中反应5-15min脱酸,再将反应装置置于4℃环境中冷却,并缓慢搅拌逐滴滴加十八碳酰氯溶于DMF中得到的溶液;待反应进行0.5-1h后缓慢升至室温,并继续在常温下反应20-24h;粗产物用水洗涤,用乙酸乙酯萃取。即得吉西他滨前药。
优选的,吉西他滨盐酸盐、三乙胺、十八碳酰氯的摩尔比为1:1:1~1.5。
本发明与现有技术相比具有以下优点:
(1)本发明所述的纳米递药胶束不会对机体产生明显的毒性;
(2)本发明可以响应肿瘤微环境释放化疗药物吉西他滨及紫杉醇,在有效溶解内部基质的同时促进吉西他滨的有效积累,还能避免由于外部基质被破坏而造成的肿瘤转移;
(3)本发明的方法采用化学修饰吉西他滨的方法达到促进吉西他滨有效入胞的目的;
(4)本发明提供了一种可穿透胰腺癌外部基质,实现深部化疗药物蓄积的纳米递药系统。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe的核磁共振(NMR)谱图。
图2为本发明实施例1纳米递药胶束的粒径和zeta电势图以及5天稳定的粒径变化图;其中,A图纳米递药胶束的粒径,B图为电位,C图为5天稳定的粒径变化图。
图3为本发明实施例1不同靶头修饰度纳米递药胶束被肿瘤细胞摄取的流式结果图。
图4为本发明实施例1纳米递药系统对Pan02胰腺癌癌细胞毒性变化考察结果图。
图5为本发明实施例1纳米递药胶束GSH响应释药考察结果(A图为紫杉醇响应释放结果,B图为吉西他滨前药响应释放结果)。
图6为本发明实施例1纳米递药系统在荷瘤小鼠中的肿瘤靶向考察结果;其中,a)各器官中的胶束分布结果,b)各组小鼠肿瘤的胶束信号结果,c)胰腺癌原位荷瘤小鼠靶向结果,d)对组织切片靶向性的考察,e)是对D的定量结果。
图7为纳米递药胶束在荷Pan02原位胰腺癌小鼠中的抗肿瘤治疗效果考察结果以及各组体重变化。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例来进一步描述本发明,本发明的优点和特点将会随着描述而更为清楚。但实施例仅是范例性的,并不对本发明的范围构成任何限制。本领域技术人员应该理解的是,在不偏离本发明的精神和范围下可以对本发明技术方案的细节和形式进行修改或替换,但这些修改和替换均落入本发明的保护范围内。
实施例1
一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束及其制备方法,所述乏氧响应递药胶束合成方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将无色油状的2-硝基咪唑(1g,8.84mmol)溶于丙酮(3mL)中的溶液中,并在搅拌的同时将K2CO3(1.83g,13.26mmol)加到上述溶液中,充氮气保护,在0℃下反应0.5h。随后将溴丙炔(1.98g,8.84mmol)溶于少量丙酮并缓慢滴加到上述反应中。将反应升温到室温并且搅拌12h。采用TLC(乙酸乙酯:石油醚=1:1,Rf=0.5)监测反应的进行。反应完成后,用乙酸乙酯-水体系萃取除去K2CO3等杂质。粗产物经硅胶柱层析(乙酸乙酯:石油醚=1:1)纯化,得到淡黄色油状化合物Ni-Alk。
(2)a.按照Fuchs-farthing法合成Lys(Z)-NCA:称取N6-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸3g(10.7mmol),三光气1.27g(4.28mmol)于两颈烧瓶内,高纯氩气保护,加入无水四氢呋喃(THF)20mL,置于50℃油浴反应至体系基本澄清,等恢复至室温后,过滤除去不溶物,然后将滤液逐滴加入到500mL-20℃事先预冷的无水正己烷沉淀,离心得到白色块状固体(Lys(Z)-NCA)。
b.按照Fuchs-farthing法合成Phe-NCA:称取L-苯丙氨酸3g(18.2mmol),三光气2.69g(9.08mmol)于两颈烧瓶内,高纯氩气保护,加入无水四氢呋喃(THF),置于50℃油浴反应至体系基本澄清,等恢复至室温后,过滤除去不溶物,然后将滤液逐滴加入到500mL-20℃事先预冷的无水正己烷沉淀,离心得到白色结晶状固体。
(3)聚合物的基本骨架通过聚乙二醇和氨基酸-NCA间的开环聚合反应来制备:将N3-PEG-NH2(0.5g,0.1mmol)置于两口瓶中,加入Lys(Z)-NCA 395mg(1.2mmol),抽真空并充氩气保护,加入无水DMF(50mL)作为溶剂,在50℃下搅拌反应。待反应进行48h后向反应液中加入Phe-NCA 580mg(3.0mmol),并补充无水DMF 20mL,在同样的温度下继续反应48h。反应结束后将反应液于室温中静置,并转入MW=3.5k的透析袋中,置于5L的去离子水中透析24h,中间每间隔8h换一次水。透析后的产物经过冷冻干燥得到乳白色固体状N3-PEG-pLys(Cbz)-pPhe。称取500mg N3-PEG-pLys(Cbz)-pPhe置于50mL单口瓶中,加入TFA(10mL)和HBr/HOAc(0.5mL)后室温反应1.5h。将反应液转移至MW=3.5k透析袋中,于2L去离子水中透析24h,中间每间隔8h换一次水。透析后的产物经过冷冻干燥得到淡黄色固体状N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe。
(4)a.将二硫代二丙酸(131mg,0.6238mmol)溶解于20mL无水DMF/DCM混合溶剂中,反应1h后,将紫杉醇(1g,1.142mmol)溶解于10mL无水DCM中,在搅拌中加入到混合溶液中。将混合物在室温下反应24h。通过薄层色谱分析(EA:PE=1:1)确认反应完成。反应结束后,旋蒸除去溶剂。粗制产物经硅胶柱层析纯化,干燥,得到白色固体状PTX-ss-COOH。
b.将N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe(1g,0.125mmol)与DIPEA(1.29mg,0.125mmol)混合并在室温下搅拌1h。HATU(47.52mg,0.125mmol)、HOBT(21.54mg,0.125mmol)与PTX-ss-COOH(121mg,0.125mmol)在15mL DMF中反应1h,将PTX-ss-COOH的混合物逐滴加入到聚合物溶液中,室温下反应24h。24h后用(MWCO:3.5k)透析袋纯化粗产物,冷冻干燥得到淡黄色固体化合物N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe。
(5)a.将N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe(100mg,0.0125mmol)和Ni-Alk(10mg,0.125mmol)在氮气保护下溶于DMF中。并将CuI(2mg,0.0125mmol)、抗坏血酸钠(3mg,0.002mmol)和DIPEA(6mg,0.048mmol)溶液添加到混合体系中,并在35℃下反应12h。使用(MWCO:3500)透析袋对装载反应物并在含有10mM EDTA-2Na的PBS中(pH=7.0)透析,每隔12h换一次水,24h后使用去离子水透析24h,每隔12h换一次水,冷冻干燥得到淡褐色固体状Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe。
b.制备T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe:将N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe(100mg,0.0125mmol)和CREKA(10mg,0.1mmol)在氮气保护下溶于DMF中,并将CuI(2mg,0.0125mmol)、抗坏血酸钠(3mg,0.002mmol)和DIPEA(6mg,0.048mmol)溶液添加到混合体系中,在20-35℃下反应12-15h,得到T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe。
图1为所得的Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe的核磁共振氢谱,表明通过上述方法,成功合成了三嵌段聚合物材料。
(6)通过薄膜水化法制备纳米递药胶束,将步骤(5)所述的Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe(8mg)、T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe(2mg)分散于DMSO(4mL)中得到溶液一,将吉西他滨前药(0.5mg)溶于DMF中得到溶液二,将所述溶液一与溶液二混合后超声分散0.5-1h,然后旋蒸除去有机溶剂,后加入超纯水并超声分散2-3h即得乏氧响应递药胶束;
所述吉西他滨前药制备方法:将吉西他滨盐酸盐(300mg,1mmol)先与三乙胺(150μL,1mmol)在3mL的DMF中反应5-10min脱酸,再将反应装置置于4-10℃环境中冷却,把十八碳酰氯(302mg,1mmol)溶于DMF中,并在缓慢搅拌时逐滴滴加至上述溶液中。待反应进行0.5-1h后缓慢升至室温,并继续在常温下反应20-24h。粗产物用水洗涤,用乙酸乙酯萃取。即得吉西他滨前药。
以下实施的实验均针对载药之后的胶束:
所得纳米递药胶束,其形态为规整的圆球状,如图2A中所示,粒径分布均一,平均粒径在77.6nm左右;由图2B可知zeta电势在-2.4mV;由图2C可得,在pH 7.4的PBS放置5天粒径以及PDI变化较小。
通过流式实验考察肿瘤细胞对不同靶头修饰度(靶头修饰度指含靶头的材料占总体材料的摩尔比)的材料的摄取情况。图3为不同修饰度材料被肿瘤细胞摄取的流式结果,表明当靶头修饰度为20%时,肿瘤细胞对制剂有着最为显著的摄取。以下实验的纳米递药胶束中靶向材料的修饰度均为20%。
通过体外细胞水平考察了纳米胶束的细胞毒性。考察方法为:将Pan02细胞以5×103个/孔的密度铺在96孔板中,完全条件下孵育12h。当贴壁程度接近70%时,用HBSS洗涤2次。并添加经基础培养基稀释后的制剂到96孔板中,之后孵育24h。处理完成后通过CCK-8试剂盒考察细胞活力。结果如图4所示,表明制剂对胰腺癌细胞有着显著的杀伤效果。在后续的实验中,在给药后,胰腺癌小鼠肿瘤的生长得到了显著的抑制,说明胶束在体内外的胰腺癌环境中都实现了释药,证实了本专利采用的肿瘤细胞生长环境是合理的。
同时,通过模拟体内肿瘤还原环境对纳米胶束的释药能力进行了考察,实验方法:将胶束分别与2μM、10mM的谷胱甘肽共孵育2h后,通过DLS测定胶束的粒径变化,并通过HPLC检测胶束所包载的紫杉醇/吉西他滨前药的释放情况。结果如图5所示,表明制剂有着在高浓度GSH刺激下释放抗肿瘤药物的特性。
对纳米胶束在荷Pan02胰腺癌的靶向性进行了考察,首先用荧光探针标记乏氧响应纳米递药胶束,具体步骤:称取Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe 50mg(0.005mmol),Did探针6.5mg(0.01mmol),于单口烧瓶内,加入5mL无水DMSO,旋蒸除去溶剂,在瓶底留下均匀薄膜。然后加入纯水避光超声2h,得到Did标记的Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe(Did)。
之后的实验方法为将Pan02-Luci细胞配置成1.0×106个/100μL的细胞悬液。待雄性C57BL/6小鼠完全麻醉后,通过手术方法暴露小鼠部分胰腺,用胰岛素针将配制好的细胞悬液原位注射至胰腺,建立PDAC原位肿瘤模型。对胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠进行不同制剂的静注给药。在24h内的多个时间节点,使用IVIS Spectrum监测制剂包载的荧光探针的体内信号分布。并在给药的24h后对小鼠脱颈处理。通过生理盐水、多聚甲醛心脏灌流,并取出小鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾器官,在活体光学成像系统下进一步观察荧光探针的信号在小鼠主要脏器中的分布。结果如图6所示,a)为各器官中的胶束分布结果;b)为各组小鼠肿瘤的胶束信号结果;c)为胰腺癌原位荷瘤小鼠靶向结果;d)是对组织切片靶向性的考察;e)是对d)的定量结果,表明制剂在体内对肿瘤组织有着显著的靶向效果。
随后对纳米胶束在荷瘤小鼠体内抗肿瘤效应进行了考察(对荷原位胰腺肿瘤小鼠进行制剂的静脉注射,通过监测肿瘤荧光信号的大小,以及小鼠的体重变化及给药后的生存情况),结果如图7所示,a图为肿瘤信号随时间的变化曲线,b图为小鼠体重随时间变化的曲线。图7中G1-G6分别代表不同给药处理的荷瘤小鼠。各组中对小鼠进行给药的制剂分别为G1:PBS;G2:紫杉醇+吉西他滨(PTX+GEM);G3:非靶向非乏氧未连紫杉醇胶束+吉西他滨前药(PLP+GEM-C18);G4:非靶向非乏氧连紫杉醇胶束包载吉西他滨前药(PLP-P+GEM-C18);G5:非靶向乏氧连紫杉醇胶束包载吉西他滨前药(Ni-PLP-P+GEM-C18);G6:靶向乏氧连紫杉醇胶束包载吉西他滨前药(T-Ni-PLP-P+GEM-C18)。表明制剂在体内有着良好的抗肿瘤效果,同时在体内不会引起小鼠体重下降,有着较好的生物安全性。
对比例1
一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束及其制备方法,制备方法包括以下步骤:通过改变材料投料比,增加疏水嵌段比例,使Lys(Z)-NCA、Phe-NCA与N3-PEG-NH2的摩尔比为20:15:1,发现呈现胶束粒径变大,隔天监测粒径显示波动较大,推测不恰当的亲疏水使得形成胶束为一疏松的球体。而降低疏水前段比例,使Lys(Z)-NCA、Phe-NCA与N3-PEG-NH2的摩尔比为4:8:1,经过同样的薄膜水化法制备不出胶束,表明在考虑亲疏水聚合物构建胶束时需要设计合适的嵌段聚合物比。
对比例2
一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束及其制备方法,所述制备方法与实施例1的不同之处在于,在胶束制备阶段即步骤(6),替换成DMSO进行薄膜水化法制备胶束时,发现得到的胶束粒径均在100nm以上,多分散系数接近1。
对比例3
一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束及其制备方法,制备方法与实施例1的不同之处为:严格根据投料量控制反应条件,除了以下示例,在进行合成反应时,将反应时间提高到5h,发现得到的聚合物氨基酸聚合度下降。
Claims (10)
1.一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束,其特征在于,所述乏氧响应递药胶束由结构简式如式Ⅰ所示的聚合物Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe和结构简式如式Ⅱ所示的聚合物T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe均匀混合后,包载吉西他滨前药构成;所述吉西他滨前药的结构简式如式Ⅲ所示:
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束,其特征在于,所述聚合物Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe和所述聚合物T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe以4:1的质量比例混合;吉西他滨前药载药量为2.3%,紫杉醇载药量为7.6%;所述胶束的平均粒径为77.0±6.3nm;zeta电位为-2.4~-0.5mV。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将2-硝基咪唑溶于丙酮中,并搅拌加入K2CO3,充氮气保护,在0℃下搅拌0.5h;随后加入溴丙炔-丙酮溶液;升温到20-35℃并且搅拌进行反应,采用薄层色谱法监测反应的进行;经过后处理得到淡黄色油状化合物Ni-Alk;
所述反应的过程如式Ⅳ所示:
(2)a.用N6-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸和三光气按照Fuchs-farthing法合成Lys(Z)-NCA,反应温度为50-70℃;反应过程如式Ⅴ所示:
b.用L-苯丙氨酸和三光气按照Fuchs-farthing法合成Phe-NCA,反应温度为50-70℃;反应式如式Ⅵ所示:
(3)将步骤(2)所述的Lys(Z)-NCA、Phe-NCA与N3-PEG-NH2在无氧条件下于40-60℃下进行开环聚合反应,得到N3-PEG-pLys(Cbz)-pPhe,反应式如式Ⅶ所示;然后将N3-PEG-pLys(Cbz)-pPhe与TFA在HBr/HOAc溶液中于室温进行脱保护基反应,得到N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe,反应式如式Ⅷ所示:
(4)a.将二硫代二丙酸和紫杉醇在20-35℃下反应,得到白色固体状PTX-ss-COOH;反应式如式Ⅸ所示:
b.将N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe与DIPEA混合均匀得到聚合物溶液;将2-(7-氮杂苯并三氮唑)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯、1-羟基苯并三唑与PTX-ss-COOH在DMF中混合搅拌至完全溶解,将得到的混合物逐滴加入所述聚合物溶液中,于20-35℃下反应,得到淡黄色固体化合物N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe;反应式如式Ⅹ所示:
(5)a.将N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe和Ni-Alk在氮气保护下溶于DMF中得到反应物混合液,并将CuI、抗坏血酸钠和DIPEA的混合溶液添加到反应物混合液中,在20-35℃下反应,得到Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe;反应式如式Ⅺ所示:
b.制备T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe:
将N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe和CREKA在氮气保护下溶于DMF中得到反应物混合液,并将CuI、抗坏血酸钠和DIPEA的混合溶液添加到所述反应物混合液中,在20-35℃下反应,得到T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe;反应式如式Ⅻ所示:
(6)通过薄膜水化法,将步骤(5)所述的Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe、T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe分散于DMSO中得到溶液一,将吉西他滨前药溶于DMF中得到溶液二,将所述溶液一与溶液二混合后超声分散0.5-1h,然后旋蒸除去有机溶剂,后加入超纯水并超声分散2-3h即得乏氧响应递药胶束;
所述吉西他滨前药的制备过程包括以下步骤:
将吉西他滨盐酸盐先与TEA在DMF中反应5-15min脱酸,再将反应置于4-10℃中冷却,并缓慢搅拌逐滴滴加十八碳酰氯溶于DMF中得到的溶液;待反应进行0.5-1h后缓慢升至室温,并继续在常温下反应20-24h;粗产物用水洗涤,用乙酸乙酯萃取即得吉西他滨前药;吉西他滨盐酸盐、三乙胺、十八碳酰氯的摩尔比为1:1:1~1.5。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中所述的2-硝基咪唑、溴丙炔、K2CO3的摩尔比为1:1:(1~10);优选的,所述反应的时间为8-16h;所述薄层色谱法的流动相为乙酸乙酯:石油醚体积比1:1、Rf=0.5;反应完成后,用乙酸乙酯-水体系萃取除去杂质,粗产物经硅胶柱层析纯化,所述硅胶柱层析的流动相为乙酸乙酯:石油醚体积比1:1。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)a中所述N6-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸与三光气的摩尔比为2.5:1;优选的,步骤(2)a中按照Fuchs-farthing法合成Lys(Z)-NCA的具体步骤为:称取N6-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸、三光气于反应瓶内,高纯氩气保护,加入无水四氢呋喃,50℃加热反应,待恢复至室温后,依次经过滤、重结晶、离心得到白色块状固体Lys(Z)-NCA;优选的,步骤(2)b中,用L-苯丙氨酸和三光气按照Fuchs-farthing法合成Phe-NCA,所述L-苯丙氨酸与三光气的摩尔比为2:1。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中Lys(Z)-NCA、Phe-NCA与N3-PEG-NH2的摩尔比为12:(20~30):1;优选的,步骤(3)中所述开环聚合反应的具体步骤:将0.5g、0.1mmol N3-PEG-NH2置于两口瓶中,加入395mg、1.2mmol Lys(Z)-NCA,抽真空并充氩气保护,加入50mL无水DMF作为溶剂,在50℃下搅拌反应;待反应进行48h后向反应液中加入580mg、3.0mmol Phe-NCA,并补充20mL无水DMF,在同样的温度下继续反应48h;反应结束后将反应液于室温中静置,并转入MW=3.5k的透析袋中,置于5L的去离子水中透析24h,中间每间隔8h换一次水;透析后的产物经过冷冻干燥得到乳白色固体状N3-PEG-pLys(Cbz)-pPhe。
7.根据权利要求2所述的一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)a中所述二硫代二丙酸与紫杉醇的摩尔比为1:1.83;
优选的,步骤(4)a中所述反应的具体步骤为:将120mg、0.571mmol二硫代二丙酸溶解于20mL无水DMF/DCM混合溶剂中,搅拌溶解1h后得到混合溶液,将1g、1.142mmol紫杉醇溶解于10mL无水DCM中,边搅拌边加入到所述混合溶液中得到反应液;将所述反应液在室温下反应24h;通过EA:PE=1:1薄层色谱分析确认反应完成;反应结束后,旋蒸除去溶剂;粗制产物经硅胶柱层析纯化,干燥,得到白色固体状PTX-ss-COOH。
8.根据权利要求2所述的一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)b中PTX-ss-COOH、N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe的摩尔比为1:1;
优选的,步骤(4)b中N3-PEG-pLys-pPhe、2-(7-氮杂苯并三氮唑)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯、1-羟基苯并三唑的摩尔比为(0.5~1):1:1;
优选的,步骤(4)b中制备N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe的具体步骤:将1g、0.125mmolN3-PEG-pLys-pPhe与1.29mg、0.125mmol DIPEA混合并在室温下搅拌1h;47.52mg、0.125mmol 2-(7-氮杂苯并三氮唑)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯、21.54mg、0.125mmol1-羟基苯并三唑与121mg、0.125mmol PTX-ss-COOH在15mL DMF中搅拌1-1.5h得到混合物,将所述混合物逐滴加入到聚合物溶液中,于20-35℃下反应20-28h;然后用MWCO:3.5k透析袋纯化粗产物,冷冻干燥得到淡黄色固体化合物N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe。
9.根据权利要求2所述的一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)a中,N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe、Ni-Alk、CuI、抗坏血酸钠的摩尔比为1:10:1:(0.16~0.3);
优选的,步骤(5)a制备Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe的步骤具体如下:将100mg、0.0125mmol N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe和10mg、0.125mmol Ni-Alk在氮气保护下溶于DMF中得到反应物混合液;并将2mg 0.0125mmol CuI、3mg 0.002mmol抗坏血酸钠和6mg0.048mmol DIPEA的混合溶液添加到反应物混合液中,并在20-35℃下反应12-15h;使用MWCO:3500透析袋对装载反应物并在含有10mM EDTA-2Na的pH=7.0PBS中透析,每隔12h换一次水,24h后使用去离子水透析24h,每隔12h换一次水,冷冻干燥得到淡褐色固体状Ni-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe。
10.根据权利要求2所述的一种适配胰腺癌微环境的乏氧响应递药胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)b中,N3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe、CREKA、CuI、抗坏血酸钠的摩尔比为1:10:1:0.16;
优选的,步骤(5)b中制备T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe,步骤如下:将100mg 0.0125mmolN3-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe和10mg 0.1mmol CREKA在氮气保护下溶于DMF中得到反应物混合液,并将2mg 0.0125mmol CuI、3mg 0.002mmol抗坏血酸钠和6mg 0.048mmol DIPEA的混合溶液添加到所述反应物混合液中,在20-35℃下反应12-15h,得到T-PEG-pLys-(ss-PTX)-pPhe。
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