CN116492984A - 一种氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料及其制备方法,包括如下步骤:将三聚氰胺与植酸在溶液中进行聚合反应,得到氮磷双掺杂聚合物;将氮磷双掺杂聚合物与海藻酸钠溶液混合均匀,得混合液;将所述混合液滴加到钴离子溶液,滴加过程不断搅拌,形成凝胶颗粒;将凝胶颗粒洗净后,液氮冷冻,然后进行冷冻干燥;将冷冻干燥的颗粒在惰性氛围中煅烧,煅烧温度为450‑550℃,煅烧时间为0.5‑2h;将煅烧产物研磨成粉末,在酸溶液中刻蚀,除去钴颗粒,然后将材料清洗、干燥后,得到氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳材料。本发明提供的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳材料对多种重金属离子都呈现出优异的去除效果,具有很好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及碳基吸附材料技术领域,尤其涉及一种氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
本发明背景技术中公开的信息仅仅旨在增加对本发明的总体背景的理解,而不必然被视为承认或以任何形式暗示该信息构成已经成为本领域一般技术人员所公知的现有技术。
随着工农业的快速发展,重金属污染日益严重。重金属不易降解,会通过食物链进入生物体内,对人体健康和生存环境造成极大威胁。目前对于重金属的处理方法主要有化学沉淀法、离子交换法、膜分离法、电化学法和吸附法。相比而言,吸附法具有操作简单、成本低等特点,被认为是重金属分离的最有效方法之一。
吸附法是利用高比表面积的固体材料对重金属进行分离,其分离效果主要取决于吸附剂的比表面积、孔结构和表面上的功能基团。目前的吸附剂根据来源可以分为天然吸附材料、生物吸附材料和合成材料等。
天然材料包括沸石、高岭土、硅藻土等无机材料和木纤维、木屑、稻壳、壳聚糖及其改性材料等有机材料,他们来源广泛、易得,但是存在吸附容量小、选择性差等缺点。
生物吸附材料如细菌、真菌枯、草杆菌、酵母等处理效率高、二次污染少,但是吸附容量不高,菌种选育耗时。
合成材料中,多孔材料和纳米材料具有高比表面积、孔径可调得到广泛关注,活性炭纤维、石墨烯、碳纳米管、多孔碳材料等具有优异的分离性能,但是目前的碳基材料具有成本高、制备难度较大而且未改性的碳纳米管、石墨烯活性炭等表面官能团很少,呈现疏水性结构,对水中的离子的去除率不高且选择性差。因此,需要对碳材料进行修饰或者掺杂,提高其与水溶液中重金属离子的相互作用。现有掺杂碳材料主要是作为电极材料制备电化学传感器用于污染物的去除;或者是采用聚丙烯腈、聚吡咯、聚苯胺、聚噻吩等作为碳和氮前驱体,成本高。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术的不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料及其制备方法。本发明提供的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳材料制备简单,原料价廉易得,具有丰富的孔结构和大的比表面积,其掺杂量可以有效调控,因此适合重金属分离。
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
本发明的第一方面,提供一种氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
将三聚氰胺与植酸在溶液中进行聚合反应,得到氮磷双掺杂聚合物,三聚氰胺与植酸的质量比为3-7:2-4;
将氮磷双掺杂聚合物与海藻酸钠溶液混合均匀,得混合液,海藻酸钠溶液的质量百分数为2%-5%,氮磷双掺杂聚合物与海藻酸钠的质量比为0.05-0.5:1;
将所述混合液滴加到钴离子溶液,滴加过程不断搅拌,形成凝胶颗粒;
将凝胶颗粒洗净后,液氮冷冻,然后进行冷冻干燥;
将冷冻干燥的颗粒在惰性氛围中煅烧,煅烧温度为450-550℃,煅烧时间为0.5-2h;
将煅烧产物研磨成粉末,在酸溶液中刻蚀,除去钴颗粒,然后将材料清洗、干燥后,得到氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳材料。
三聚氰胺与植酸发生聚合反应,生成大分子聚合物。然后将这种聚合物分散在海藻酸钠溶液中作为氮源和磷源,实现均匀掺杂。
在一些实施例中,三聚氰胺与植酸聚合反应过程中,将植酸溶液向三聚氰胺溶液中滴加。采用滴加的方式加入,以保证反应的均匀程度。
优选的,所述三聚氰胺溶液的浓度为0.2-0.6mol·L-1;植酸溶液的质量分数为60-75%。
在一些实施例中,所述钴离子溶液的浓度为1 -3mol/L。
在一些实施例中,所述酸溶液为盐酸溶液,盐酸溶液的浓度为2 -6mol/L。
优选的,刻蚀过程中,为了去除金属钴粒子,将煅烧产物研磨成的粉末置于盐酸溶液中,将盐酸溶液加热至65-75℃,反应10-15h,即可。
在一些实施例中,所述煅烧的温度为470-520℃,煅烧时间为0.7-1.2h。
优选的,所述煅烧过程中的升温速度为2-4℃/min。
在一些实施例中,所述惰性氛围为氩气氛围。
第二方面,本发明提供一种氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料,由所述制备方法制备而成。
与现有技术相比,本发明有益效果如下:
1)本发明选择三聚氰胺、植酸和海藻酸钠为氮源磷源,制备简单,原料价廉易得;
2)本发明通过将含有氮磷元素的聚合物添加到前驱体溶液中,通过前驱体溶液与金属离子的螯合作用,通过一步法即可获得具有双元素掺杂的碳基材料。并且通过调节聚合物的添加量可以有效调控氮磷元素的掺杂量,有助于实现杂元素的定量掺杂。同时引入的金属离子在高温加热过程中原位生成金属纳米颗粒,后续将其刻蚀后可获得多孔结构,从而提升材料的比表面积。
附图说明
构成本发明的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解,本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明,并不构成对本发明的不当限定。
图1为实施例1中制备的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的扫描电镜图(a)和透射电镜图(b)。
图2为实施例1中制备的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料对各种重金属离子去除率柱状图。
具体实施方式
应该指出,以下详细说明都是示例性的,旨在对本发明提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明,本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
下述实施例中所述实验方法,如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;所述试剂和材料,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径获得。
实施例1
氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备,包括如下步骤:
(1)配置0.4mol·L-1的三聚氰胺溶液100mL,通过水浴磁力加热搅拌,使三聚氰胺充分溶解,获得均一透明的三聚氰胺溶液。
(2)在室温条件下,向上述溶液中滴加植酸(质量分数为70%)溶液5mL,随着植酸的加入,溶液中会生成白色絮状物沉淀,通过离心洗涤将聚合物沉淀收集。
(3)将0.2g步骤(2)制备的沉淀物分散到100mL质量分数为2%的海藻酸钠溶液中,在室温条件下,搅拌10h,使其充分混合均匀,由于海藻酸钠溶液具有一定粘度,故为了获得均匀的混合液,搅拌时间应适当延长。
(4)配置具有1mol L-1的硝酸钴溶液200mL,在室温条件下,通过磁力搅拌获得分散均匀的钴离子溶液。
(5)将步骤(3)中的100mL聚合物和海藻酸钠混合溶液通过蠕动泵逐滴加入到步骤(4)中的钴离子溶液中,形成凝胶颗粒,在滴加过程中为了使钴离子在溶液中分散均匀,需要在低速下磁力搅拌。
(6)将获得的凝胶颗粒用去离子水反复冲洗干净后,用液氮迅速冷冻,然后将其转移至冷冻干燥机中进行干燥。
(7)干燥好的颗粒收集,放置于石英舟内,然后转移到管式炉中在惰性气体保护下进行加热(500℃,1h,升温速率3℃/min,氩气氛围中),待加热完毕自然冷却至室温取出。
(6)将加热获得的复合材料研磨成粉末,然后分散到2mol L-1的盐酸溶液中进行金属钴离子的刻蚀,为了使金属钴单质充分刻蚀干净,对溶液进行加热70℃,使反应进行12h,加热过程中冷凝回流。
(7)反应结束后,将步骤(6)中的产物进行充分的离心洗涤,用去离子水洗涤至溶液呈中性,然后转移至鼓风干燥箱中进行干燥烘干,即获得氮磷双元素掺杂的三维多孔碳材料(氮磷元素掺杂比例为1%)。
制备的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的扫描电镜图和透射电镜图如图1所示,该吸附材料的结构为相互交错的碳纳米带形成三维结构,同时将金属钴颗粒刻蚀后形成的多孔,尺寸为5nm左右,其中元素氮和磷均匀的分布在碳材料中。
称取制备的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料0.05g,在室温下投入到50mL重金属溶液中进行静态吸附实验,重金属离子为Cu2+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Cr2+,Pb2+等。初始浓度为0.1mmol/L。吸附12h后,离心过滤,取上清液,用ICP-AES测试吸附前后溶液中重金属离子的浓度,计算去除率,如图2所示,可见,该吸附材料对Cu2+的去除率为80%,对Ni2+的去除率为83%,对Zn2+的去除率为82%,对Pb2+的去除率为98%,对Cr2+的去除率为88%。
实施例2
氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备,包括如下步骤:
(1)配置0.4mol·L-1的三聚氰胺溶液100mL,通过水浴磁力加热搅拌,使三聚氰胺充分溶解,获得均一透明的三聚氰胺溶液。
(2)在室温条件下,向上述溶液中滴加植酸(质量分数为70%)溶液5mL,随着植酸的加入,溶液中会生成白色絮状物沉淀,通过离心洗涤将聚合物沉淀收集。
(3)将1g上述制备的沉淀物分散到100mL质量分数为2%的海藻酸钠溶液中,在室温条件下,搅拌10h,使其充分混合均匀,由于海藻酸钠溶液具有一定粘度,故为了获得均匀的混合液,搅拌时间应适当延长。
(4)配置具有1mol L-1的硝酸钴溶液200mL,在室温条件下,通过磁力搅拌获得分散均匀的钴离子溶液。
(5)将100mL聚合物和海藻酸钠混合溶液通过蠕动泵逐滴加入到钴离子溶液中,形成凝胶颗粒,在滴加过程中为了使钴离子在溶液中分散均匀,需要在低速下磁力搅拌。
(6)将获得的凝胶颗粒用去离子水反复冲洗干净后,用液氮迅速冷冻,然后将其转移至冷冻干燥机中进行干燥。
(7)干燥好的颗粒收集,放置于石英舟内,然后转移到管式炉中在惰性气体保护下进行加热(500℃,1h,升温速率3℃/min,氩气氛围中),待加热完毕自然冷却至室温取出。
(6)将加热获得的复合材料研磨成粉末,然后分散到2mol L-1的盐酸溶液中进行金属钴离子的刻蚀,为了使金属钴单质充分刻蚀干净,对溶液进行加热70℃,使反应进行12h,加热过程中冷凝回流。
(7)反应结束后,将上述产物进行充分的离心洗涤,用去离子水洗涤至溶液呈中性,然后转移至鼓风干燥箱中进行干燥烘干,即获得氮磷双元素掺杂的三维多孔碳材料(氮磷元素掺杂比例为3%)。
实施例3
氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备,包括如下步骤:
(1)配置0.6mol·L-1的三聚氰胺溶液90mL,通过水浴磁力加热搅拌,使三聚氰胺充分溶解,获得均一透明的三聚氰胺溶液。
(2)在室温条件下,向上述溶液中滴加植酸(质量分数为65%)溶液5mL,随着植酸的加入,溶液中会生成白色絮状物沉淀,通过离心洗涤将聚合物沉淀收集。
(3)将1g上述制备的沉淀物分散到100mL质量分数为4%的海藻酸钠溶液中,在室温条件下,搅拌10h,使其充分混合均匀,由于海藻酸钠溶液具有一定粘度,故为了获得均匀的混合液,搅拌时间应适当延长。
(4)配置具有2mol L-1的硝酸钴溶液200mL,在室温条件下,通过磁力搅拌获得分散均匀的钴离子溶液。
(5)将100mL聚合物和海藻酸钠混合溶液通过蠕动泵逐滴加入到钴离子溶液中,形成凝胶颗粒,在滴加过程中为了使钴离子在溶液中分散均匀,需要在低速下磁力搅拌。
(6)将获得的凝胶颗粒用去离子水反复冲洗干净后,用液氮迅速冷冻,然后将其转移至冷冻干燥机中进行干燥。
(7)干燥好的颗粒收集,放置于石英舟内,然后转移到管式炉中在惰性气体保护下进行加热(500℃,1h,升温速率3℃/min,氩气氛围中),待加热完毕自然冷却至室温取出。
(6)将加热获得的复合材料研磨成粉末,然后分散到2mol L-1的盐酸溶液中进行金属钴离子的刻蚀,为了使金属钴单质充分刻蚀干净,对溶液进行加热75℃,使反应进行10h,加热过程中冷凝回流。
(7)反应结束后,将上述产物进行充分的离心洗涤,用去离子水洗涤至溶液呈中性,然后转移至鼓风干燥箱中进行干燥烘干,即获得氮磷双元素掺杂的三维多孔碳材料。
称取实施例1-3制备的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料0.05g,在室温下投入到50mL重金属溶液中进行静态吸附实验,重金属离子为Cu2+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Cr2+,Pb2+等,初始浓度为0.1mmol/L。吸附12h后,离心过滤,取上清液,用ICP-AES测试吸附前后溶液中重金属离子的浓度,计算去除率,见表1。
表1实施例1-3制备的吸附材料对各金属元素的去除率
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备方法,其特征在于:包括如下步骤:
将三聚氰胺与植酸在溶液中进行聚合反应,得到氮磷双掺杂聚合物,三聚氰胺与植酸的质量比为3-7:2-4;
将氮磷双掺杂聚合物与海藻酸钠溶液混合均匀,得混合液,海藻酸钠溶液的质量百分数为2%-5%,氮磷双掺杂聚合物与海藻酸钠的质量比为0.05-0.5:1;
将所述混合液滴加到钴离子溶液,滴加过程不断搅拌,形成凝胶颗粒;
将凝胶颗粒洗净后,液氮冷冻,然后进行冷冻干燥;
将冷冻干燥的颗粒在惰性氛围中煅烧,煅烧温度为450-550℃,煅烧时间为0.5-2h;
将煅烧产物研磨成粉末,在酸溶液中刻蚀,除去钴颗粒,然后将材料清洗、干燥后,得到氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备方法,其特征在于:三聚氰胺与植酸聚合反应过程中,将植酸溶液向三聚氰胺溶液中滴加。
3.根据权利要求2所述的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述三聚氰胺溶液的浓度为0.2-0.6mol·L-1;植酸溶液的质量分数为60-75%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述钴离子溶液的浓度为1-3mol/L。
5.根据权利要求1所述的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述酸溶液为盐酸溶液,盐酸溶液的浓度为2-6mol/L。
6.根据权利要求5所述的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备方法,其特征在于:刻蚀过程中,将煅烧产物研磨成的粉末置于盐酸溶液中,将盐酸溶液加热至65-75℃,反应10-15h,即可。
7.根据权利要求1所述的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述煅烧的温度为470-520℃,煅烧时间为0.7-1.2h。
8.根据权利要求7所述的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述煅烧过程中的升温速度为2-4℃/min。
9.根据权利要求1所述的氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述惰性氛围为氩气氛围。
10.一种氮磷双掺杂三维多孔碳重金属吸附材料,其特征在于:由权利要求1-9任一所述制备方法制备而成。
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