CN116387820A - Small array feed beam forming transmission array antenna - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
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Abstract
The invention discloses a small array fed wave beam forming transmission array antenna, which comprises a transmission array surface and a fed small array; the transmission array surface is designed according to a conventional focusing transmission array design theory, namely, phase distribution is designed according to focal length, so that under the irradiation of a feed source positioned at a focus, the output of the transmission array surface is an equiphase surface, and a pen-shaped wave beam is generated; the feed small array is positioned at the focal plane of the transmission array surface and consists of M multiplied by N antenna units, and after the feed small array irradiates the transmission array surface, M multiplied by N out-of-focus scanning beams are generated; each antenna element in the fed small array is excited simultaneously with the appropriate amplitude weights to produce the desired beam. Compared with the existing beam forming transmission array antenna comprehensive technology, the invention has flexible beam forming capability, is suitable for the design of any beam shape, and the designed beam has the advantages of small main lobe gain ripple, low side lobe level and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of antennas, and particularly relates to a small-array fed beam forming transmission array antenna.
Background
Beamforming is an important antenna technology, and has wide application requirements in the fields of wireless communication, detection and the like. There are generally three methods for implementing beamforming. The first approach is an array antenna, which achieves the required beamforming by exciting the antenna elements with a specific amplitude and phase distribution, but this approach often requires a complex feed network. The second method is a phase-only integrated reflective/transmissive array antenna, which generates the required phase distribution of the radiated target beam at the reflective/transmissive surface by designing the phase of each reflective/transmissive element. The phase-only approach has difficulty achieving high performance beamforming such as low side lobe levels, small main lobe ripples, steep transition regions, etc. The third method is a reflective array/transmissive array antenna with a designable amplitude and phase, and the amplitude modulation of the reflective/transmissive surface is introduced by controlling the reflection/transmission of part of electromagnetic waves or the conversion of part of electromagnetic waves to required polarization, so that the beam forming with good performance is realized. However, the control of the amplitude may result in high back lobe levels or high cross polarization, resulting in severe gain and efficiency degradation.
In view of the above, design schemes of high performance beamforming antennas remain to be explored.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a novel beam forming transmission array antenna fed by a small array, and the designed beam has the advantages of small main lobe gain ripple and low side lobe level; and the method has flexible beam forming capability and is suitable for the design of beams with any shape.
The technical solution for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows: a small array fed beam forming transmissive array antenna, said antenna comprising a transmissive array face and a fed small array;
the transmission array surface is designed according to a conventional focusing transmission array design theory, namely, the phase distribution is designed according to the focal length; under the irradiation of a feed source positioned at a focus, the output of a transmission array surface is an equiphase surface, and a pen-shaped wave beam is generated;
the feed small array is positioned at the focal plane of the transmission array surface and comprises M multiplied by N antenna units, and after the feed small array irradiates the transmission array surface, M multiplied by N out-of-focus scanning beams are generated.
Further, the feeding small array is characterized in that M multiplied by N antenna units are fed through a power divider with a certain amplitude phase, and an expected shaping pattern is generated; the amplitude weight of the antenna element is calculated from the following formula:
c＝(a 1 ,a 2 ,...,a M ) T (b 1 ,b 2 ,...,b N )
wherein,,
a i ＝F x (θ＝θ xi ,0°),i＝1,2,...,M
b j ＝F y (θ＝θ yj ,90°),j＝1,2,...,N
where c is the amplitude weight matrix of the antenna elements in the fed small array,
in the case of a two-dimensional target pattern,
F x (θ,0 °) and F y (θ,90 °) is the target pattern in the xoz and yoz planes, respectively, (θ) x1 ,θ x2 ,...,θ xM )、(θ y1 ,θ y2 ,...,θ yN ) The scan angles of the M and N out-of-focus scan beams in the xoz and yoz planes, respectively.
Further, the number M or N of the feed small array, x-axis or y-axis direction units is calculated by the following formula:
in 2 theta Dx0.5 、2θ Dy0.5 Half power beamwidth, 2θ, of the target beam in xoz plane, yoz plane, respectively S0.5 Is the half power beamwidth of the off-focus scanned beam.
Further, the feed small array, the scanning angle of each off-focus scanning beam is obtained by sampling the main lobe area of the target beam at equal angular intervals.
Further, the feeding small array, the distance d of the x-axis or y-axis direction unit from the focus xi 、d yj Calculated by the following formula:
where F is the focal length and BDF is the beam deviation factor, typically less than 1.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the remarkable advantages that:
(1) The high-performance shaped beam is realized, and the advantages of small main lobe gain ripple, low side lobe level and the like are included.
(2) The method has flexible beam forming capability and is suitable for the design of beams with arbitrary shapes.
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a small array fed beam forming transmissive array antenna of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a transmissive unit used in the transmissive array panel according to the present invention, wherein fig. (a) is a schematic structural diagram of the overall structure, and fig. 2 (b) is a schematic structural diagram of a second metal layer.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing characteristics of a transmissive cell used in a transmissive array panel according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the working principle of the novel beam forming transmission array antenna fed by the small array in the one-dimensional condition.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of an antenna element used in the feeding array of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the arrangement and amplitude weights of the feeding small arrays in embodiment 1.
Fig. 7 is a radiation pattern of the flat-top beam transmission array antenna obtained by theoretical calculation in embodiment 1.
Fig. 8 is a block diagram of a feed network used for feeding the small array in embodiment 1.
Fig. 9 is a normalized radiation pattern at the center frequency of the flat-top beam transmission array obtained by simulation and test in example 1, where (a) is a pattern on the plane xoz and (b) is a pattern on the plane yoz.
Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of the arrangement and amplitude weights of the feeding small arrays in example 2.
Fig. 11 is a radiation pattern of a flat-top-cut square transmission array antenna theoretically calculated in example 2.
Fig. 12 is a normalized radiation pattern of the flat-top-cut square transmission array antenna obtained by simulation in example 2 on the plane xoz and yoz.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present application more apparent, the present application will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the present application.
It should be noted that, if directional indications (such as up, down, left, right, front, and rear … …) are included in the embodiments of the present invention, the directional indications are merely used to explain the relative positional relationship, movement conditions, etc. between the components in a specific posture (as shown in the drawings), and if the specific posture is changed, the directional indications are correspondingly changed.
As shown in fig. 1, the invention provides a novel beam forming transmission array antenna fed by a small array, wherein the antenna comprises a transmission array surface and a feeding small array;
the transmission array surface is designed according to a conventional focusing transmission array design theory, namely, the phase distribution is designed according to the focal length; under the irradiation of a feed source positioned at a focus, the output of a transmission array surface is an equiphase surface, and a pen-shaped wave beam is generated.
Here, the transmissive array plane is formed by arranging transmissive units in quasi-periodic arrangement, and the specific structure of the transmissive units can be arbitrary, so that pencil-shaped beams under focus irradiation can be realized by changing parameters affecting the transmissive phase in the units.
Further, a transmission unit as shown in fig. 2 is selected to construct a transmission array surface. The cell size is 0.4λ, where λ is the free space wavelength at the center frequency of 10 GHz. The three metal layers are separated by two F4B dielectric substrates with relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 3mm, wherein the first layer and the third layer are composed of orthogonal grids, the second layer is used for rotating polarization and providing phase shift, namely x polarized electromagnetic waves generate y polarized electromagnetic waves through the transmission unit, and modulation of transmission phase is realized by controlling the rotation angle beta. Full wave simulation of the transmission cell using a periodic boundary, fig. 3 shows the transmission amplitude and transmission phase curve of the transmission cell at the center frequency, it can be seen that the transmission amplitude is higher than-1.5 dB and has a transmission phase range of 180 ° when the rotation angle β is varied in the range of 20 ° to 75 °. By radially symmetric the cell along the red solid line in fig. 2, an additional 180 ° phase shift range is achieved. Thus, the transmission unit achieves a full 360 ° phase shift of high transmission amplitude. The transmissive array surface in all embodiments of the present invention is composed of 25×25 of the transmissive units, and has a size of 300mm×300mm (10λ×10λ), and the focal length F is selected to be 7λ.
As shown in fig. 1 and 4, the feeding array is located at the focal plane of the transmissive array surface and is composed of m×n antenna units, and m×n out-of-focus scanning beams are generated after the feeding array irradiates the transmissive array surface.
And the feed small array is characterized in that M multiplied by N antenna units are fed through a power divider with a certain amplitude phase, so that an expected shaping pattern is generated. The amplitude weight of the antenna element is calculated from the following formula:
c＝(a 1 ,a 2 ,...,a M ) T (b 1 ,b 2 ,...,b N )
wherein,,
a i ＝F x (θ＝θ xi ,0°),i＝1,2,...,M
b j ＝F y (θ＝θ yj ,90°),j＝1,2,...,N
where c is the amplitude weight matrix of the antenna elements in the fed small array,
for a two-dimensional target pattern, F x (θ,0 °) and F y (θ,90 °) is the target pattern in the xoz and yoz planes, respectively, (θ) x1 ,θ x2 ,...,θ xM )、(θ y1 ,θ y2 ,...,θ yN ) The scan angles of the out-of-focus scanned beams are xoz and yoz planes, respectively.
The feed small array, the number M or N of x-axis or y-axis direction units is calculated by the following formula, and the scanning angle of each off-focus scanning beam is obtained by sampling the main lobe area of the target beam at equal angular intervals.
In 2 theta Dx0.5 、2θ Dy0.5 Half power beamwidth, 2θ, of the target beam in xoz or yoz planes, respectively S0.5 Is the half power beamwidth of the off-focus scanned beam.
And the feed small array is characterized in that the scanning angle of each off-focus scanning beam is obtained by sampling the main lobe area of the target beam at equal angular intervals.
The distance of the feed small array, x-axis or y-axis direction unit from the focus is calculated by the following formula:
where F is the focal length, BDF is the beam deviation factor, typically less than 1, (θ) x1 ,θ x2 ,...,θ xM )、(θ y1 ,θ y2 ,...,θ yN ) The scan angles of the M and N out-of-focus scan beams in the xoz and yoz planes, respectively.
Further, a slotted coupling patch unit as shown in fig. 5 is selected to construct an array antenna. The slotted coupling patch unit consists of two layers of dielectric plates, wherein a ground plane is arranged between the two layers of dielectric plates, the patch is positioned on the upper surface of an upper layer of dielectric, a feeder line is positioned on the lower surface of a lower layer of dielectric, and energy on the feeder line is coupled to the patch through slots on the ground plane. The upper medium is an F4B medium substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 3mm, and the lower medium is a RogersRO4003 medium substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 3.55 and a thickness of 0.813 mm.
The following describes the design and advantages of the present invention in connection with two specific embodiments.
Example 1
Fig. 8 shows the actual physical structure of the feed network used for feeding the small array in this example, and fig. 9 shows the normalized radiation patterns on the plane xoz and the plane yoz at the center frequency obtained by simulation and testing. It can be seen that the test results and the simulation results are basically consistent, a flat-top beam with the beam width of 30 degrees is realized on the plane xoz and the plane yoz, the gain ripple in the main lobe range is respectively lower than 1.92dB and 2.93dB, and the side lobe level is respectively lower than-19 dB and-14.95 dB. Therefore, the embodiment realizes the transmission array antenna of the square flat-top beam with the radiation beam width of 30 degrees, and the realized flat-top beam has small gain ripple of the main lobe and low side lobe level.
It should be noted that the present invention is applicable to the design of square flat-top beams with different beam widths, and the round flat-top beam can also be designed by using a round feed small array.
Example 2
Example 2 shows a transmissive array antenna radiating a flat-top-cosecant square beam, with a target beam of 30 ° beamwidth on the xoz plane and a target beam of 10 °,40 ° on the yoz plane]The cosecant square beam in the range. According to the proposed design, along the x-axis direction, 6 off-focus scanning beams with a beam width of 5 °, the scanning angles being-15 °, -9 °, -3 °,9 °,15 ° respectively are used to design flat top beams, while along the y-axis direction, 6 off-focus scanning beams with a beam width of 5 °, the scanning angles being 10 °, 16 °, 22 °, 28 °, 34 °,40 ° respectively are used to design complementary square beams, so that the feed array consists of 6×6 slot-coupled patch units. Along the x-axis, 6 units are offset from the focal point by a distance of-2.07 lambda, respectively 0 ,-1.16λ 0 ,-0.43λ 0 ,0.43λ 0 ,1.16λ 0 ,2.07λ 0 The amplitude weights are the same, and the distances of 6 units from the focus along the y-axis direction are respectively 2.1λ 0 ,1.25λ 0 ,0.4λ 0 ,-0.4λ 0 ,-1.15λ 0 ,-1.9λ 0 The amplitude weights are 1, 0.74, 0.56, 0.43, 0.33, 0.25, respectively. FIG. 10 shows the arrangement of the fed small arrays and the amplitude weights of each antenna element, the theoretical calculated pattern of radiation from the transmitting array antenna when all the antenna elements are excited simultaneouslyAs shown in fig. 11.
Fig. 12 shows normalized radiation patterns on xoz and yoz planes obtained by simulation of a transmission array antenna for a radiation flat-top-cut square beam in this embodiment. As can be seen from simulation results, a flat-top beam with a beam width of 30 degrees is realized on a xoz plane, the maximum main lobe gain ripple is 1.72dB, the side lobe level is lower than-25 dB, a complementary square beam within the range of [10 degrees, 40 degrees ] is realized on a yoz plane, the maximum main lobe gain ripple is 2.2dB, and the side lobe level is lower than-17.3 dB.
In conclusion, the invention has flexible beam forming capability, is suitable for the design of any shape beam, and the designed beam has the advantages of small main lobe gain ripple and low side lobe level.
The foregoing has outlined and described the basic principles, features, and advantages of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and that the above embodiments and descriptions are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention, and various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A small array fed beam forming transmission array antenna, characterized in that the antenna comprises a transmission array surface and a fed small array;
the transmission array surface is designed according to a conventional focusing transmission array design theory, namely, the phase distribution is designed according to the focal length; under the irradiation of a feed source positioned at a focus, the output of a transmission array surface is an equiphase surface, and a pen-shaped wave beam is generated;
the feed small array is positioned at the focal plane of the transmission array surface and comprises M multiplied by N antenna units, and after the feed small array irradiates the transmission array surface, M multiplied by N out-of-focus scanning beams are generated.
2. The array fed beam forming transmissive array antenna of claim 1, wherein the fed array, wherein M x N antenna elements are fed through a power divider having a certain amplitude phase, producing a desired forming pattern; the amplitude weight of the antenna element is calculated from the following formula:
c＝(a 1 ,a 2 ,...,a M ) T (b 1 ,b 2 ,...,b N )
wherein,,
a i ＝F x (θ＝θ xi ,0°),i＝1,2,...,M
b j ＝F y (θ＝θ yj ,90°),j＝1,2,...,N
where c is the amplitude weight matrix of the antenna elements in the fed small array,
for a two-dimensional target pattern, F x (θ,0 °) and F y (θ,90 °) is the target pattern in the xoz and yoz planes, respectively, (θ) x1 ,θ x2 ,...,θ xM )、(θ y1 ,θ y2 ,...,θ yN ) The scan angles of the M and N out-of-focus scan beams in the xoz and yoz planes, respectively.
3. The small-array fed beam forming transmissive array antenna according to claim 2, wherein the number M or N of the fed small array, x-axis or y-axis direction units is calculated by the following formula:
in 2 theta Dx0.5 、2θ Dy0.5 Xoz plane respectively,Half power beamwidth, 2θ, of the target beam in yoz plane S0.5 Is the half power beamwidth of the off-focus scanned beam.
4. The array fed beam forming transmissive array antenna of claim 2, wherein the feed array, the scan angle of each off-focus scanned beam is obtained by sampling the main lobe region of the target beam at equiangular intervals.
5. The small array fed beam forming transmissive array antenna of claim 2, wherein the fed small array, x-axis or y-axis directional elements are offset from the focal point by a distance d xi 、d yj Calculated by the following formula:
where F is the focal length and BDF is the beam deviation factor, typically less than 1.
6. The small array fed beam forming transmissive array antenna of claim 1, wherein each transmissive element in the transmissive array plane comprises three metal layers separated by two dielectric substrates, the first and third metal layers being formed of orthogonal grids, the second metal layer being for rotational polarization and providing a phase shift, i.e. an x-polarized electromagnetic wave passing through the transmissive element generates a y-polarized electromagnetic wave, and the modulation of the transmissive phase is achieved by controlling the rotation angle β.
7. The small-array fed beam forming transmission array antenna according to claim 6, wherein the dielectric substrate is an F4B dielectric substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 3 mm.
8. The small-array fed beam forming transmissive array antenna according to claim 1, wherein the antenna unit is a slotted coupling patch unit, the slotted coupling patch unit comprises two layers of dielectric plates, a ground plane is arranged between the two layers of dielectric plates, a patch layer is arranged on the upper surface of the upper layer of dielectric plate, a feeder layer is arranged on the lower surface of the lower layer of dielectric plate, and energy on the feeder layer is coupled to the patch layer through slots on the ground plane.
9. The small-array fed beam forming transmission array antenna according to claim 8, wherein the upper layer dielectric plate is an F4B dielectric substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 3mm, and the lower layer dielectric plate is a Rogers RO4003 dielectric substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 3.55 and a thickness of 0.813 mm.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN117895988A (en) * | 2024-03-15 | 2024-04-16 | 长光卫星技术股份有限公司 | Method, equipment and medium for multi-beam shaping of array antenna based on least square method |
| CN117895988B (en) * | 2024-03-15 | 2024-05-31 | 长光卫星技术股份有限公司 | Method, equipment and medium for multi-beam shaping of array antenna based on least square method |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN117895988A (en) * | 2024-03-15 | 2024-04-16 | 长光卫星技术股份有限公司 | Method, equipment and medium for multi-beam shaping of array antenna based on least square method |
| CN117895988B (en) * | 2024-03-15 | 2024-05-31 | 长光卫星技术股份有限公司 | Method, equipment and medium for multi-beam shaping of array antenna based on least square method |
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