CN116371430A - 一种酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂、制备方法及制备生物柴油的方法 - Google Patents
一种酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂、制备方法及制备生物柴油的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂、制备方法及制备生物柴油的方法,属于非均相催化剂技术领域。本发明以蒙脱石为基质,通过将其在去离子水中进行溶胀、经SnCl4·6H2O改性、氯磺酸作为磺化剂进行磺化,最终制得催化剂。该催化剂具有大量的介孔孔道结构,较大的比表面积和孔体积,以及可调节的酸度,将该催化剂应用于一锅式催化高酸值油脂制备生物柴油,生物柴油的产率达到93%,并且经四次循环使用后,生物柴油的产率仍然在90%以上。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及非均相催化剂技术领域,特别涉及一种酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂、制备方法及制备生物柴油的方法。
背景技术
在工业和技术的快速发展,加上全球人口的大规模增长的背景下,开发可再生清洁能源对实现碳中和目标具有重要意义。其中,在包括风能、太阳能、水能、生物质能等多种可再生能源中,生物质能是世界第四大能源,仅次于煤炭、石油和天然气,具有广阔的应用前景。在这方面,生物柴油作为一种清洁、环保的能源,能够方便地从来源广泛和可持续的废食用油、植物油和动物脂肪等生物质资源中合成。由于其类似的燃烧特性,已被证明是化石能源的一种有前途的替代品。结合我国人多地少的国情,以廉价的低品质植物油为原料制备生物柴油将显著降低成本,避免与人类食物来源的竞争,适合我国国情。然而低品质油中含量较高的游离脂肪酸,易与碱催化剂发生皂化反应导致催化剂失活,不仅降低生物柴油的产率,而且使产物分离困难,增加生物柴油生产成本。而多功能酸催化适用范围广,可同时催化酯化反应和酯交换反应,对高酸值油脂转化为生物柴油的工业应用具有重要的研究价值。
在众多催化材料中,天然矿物是廉价易得的一类新的大孔隙多孔异质材料,其形式通常为通过氧原子连接的微孔结晶硅铝酸盐。它们的框架结构包含不同大小的孔通道,可以吸收适合它们的分子,因此具备优异功能化潜质。其中蒙脱石是一种低成本、生物相容性强、储量丰富的天然矿物,其主要由氧化铝八面体夹着两个四面体二氧化硅片组成,已被设计成各种高效的纳米结构催化材料。蒙脱土具有良好的膨胀性和高比表面积,其独特的可交换层间结构使层间离子易于被其他金属离子取代,从而可以方便地调整其物理化学性质,例如表面积、孔径、酸度等。此外,硅酸盐层的末端羟基可以作为改性位点,进一步磺化以提高酸强度。考虑到这一点,改性蒙脱石基催化材料可作为一种低成本、高效率的用于生物柴油生产的绿色多相催化剂,在近年来引起了广泛关注。
目前,改性蒙脱石基催化剂酸性位点单一,强度较弱且容易浸出不足,因此,亟需提供一种新的改性蒙脱石基催化剂以克服现有技术的不足。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明目的在于提供一种酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂、制备方法及制备生物柴油的方法,本发明提供的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂克服了目前蒙脱石催化剂出现的酸性较弱,活性位点单一且容易浸出等弊端。
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供以下技术方案:一种酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)以天然矿物蒙脱石为基质,室温条件下,在去离子水中进行溶胀得到粘土悬浮液;
(2)将SnCl4·6H2O与步骤(1)所得粘土悬浮液混合搅拌,然后通过去离子水洗涤、干燥,得到改性蒙脱石;
(3)将步骤(2)所述改性蒙脱石研磨后,以二氯甲烷作为溶剂,氯磺酸作为磺化剂进行磺化,离心收集固体,并将固体洗涤、干燥,即得到改性蒙脱石固体酸催化剂。
优选地,步骤(1)所述溶胀时间为1-2h。在本发明中,将蒙脱石置于去离子水中进行溶胀有利于层间阳离子的水合。
优选地,步骤(2)所述SnCl4·6H2O的加入量占所述蒙脱石质量的20%-40%。
优选地,步骤(2)所述搅拌温度为50℃-70℃;所述搅拌时间为24h-36h。
优选地,步骤(3)所述氯磺酸的浓度为5mmol/g-7mmol/g。
优选地,步骤(3)所述洗涤为分别使用二氯甲烷和甲醇进行洗涤;所述干燥温度为70℃-80℃;所述干燥时间为12h-24h。
本发明还提供了上述技术方案所述制备方法制备得到的酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂。
本发明还提供了一种催化高酸值油脂制备生物柴油的方法,将上述技术方案所述改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂、甲醇和高酸值油脂均匀混合后通过同时酯交换-酯化反应生成脂肪酸甲酯。
优选地,所述同时酯交换-酯化反应温度为120-160℃,反应时间为5-9h。
优选地,所述甲醇与高酸值油脂的摩尔比为(10-30):1,所述改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的投加量为高酸值油脂的1wt%-9wt%。
优选地,所述高酸值油脂包括麻疯树油、梧桐仔油、棕榈油和蓖麻油;所述高酸值油脂主要成分为游离脂肪酸及甘油三酸脂,酸值为10~20mg KOH/g。
优选地,所述同时酯交换-酯化反应结束后,本发明还包括将催化剂与产物分离,并将催化剂分别经过石油醚、甲醇清洗,干燥后即可再次用于催化高酸值油脂同时酯交换-酯化反应制备生物柴油。
有益技术效果:
1.本发明以来源丰富、低成本的天然矿物蒙脱石为基质,通过简单的功能化方式,在温和条件下制备了酸性可调节的固体酸催化剂,克服了目前蒙脱石催化剂出现的酸性较弱,活性位点单一且容易浸出等弊端。
2.本发明提供的催化剂是非均相型,催化剂反应结束后易于分离,对设备腐蚀损耗低。
3.本发明提供的催化剂为双酸位固体酸催化剂,催化高酸值油脂与甲醇同时酯交换-酯化反应,具有较高的生物柴油收率,收率能达到90%~93%。
4.本发明提供的催化剂可以重复使用,并且在重复使用4次后,依然保持较高的活性,催化高酸值油脂反应制备生物柴油的收率仍能达到90%以上。
附图说明
图1为本发明不同样品的红外图谱;
图2为本发明中不同样品的氮气吸附脱附和孔径分布图谱;
图3为本发明中不同样品的吡啶吸附红外光谱图;
图4为本发明实施例1中制得的催化剂的扫描电镜图;
图5为本发明实施例1中制得的催化剂的透射电镜图。
具体实施方式
为了更好地理解本发明,下面结合实施例进一步阐明本发明的内容,但本发明的内容不仅仅局限于下面的实施例。
实施例1
1.酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备
(1)将5g蒙脱石加入圆底烧瓶中,在去100mL离子水中溶胀1小时得到粘土悬浮液;
(2)将相对于蒙脱石质量的30%(1.5g)的SnCl4·6H2O添加到先前制备的粘土悬浮液中,在50℃下搅拌24h,然后用去离子水离心洗涤两次,并在80℃下干燥样品12h得到改性蒙脱石;
(3)将改性蒙脱石研磨成粉末,使用二氯甲烷作为溶剂,在磁力搅拌下,将5mmol/g的氯磺酸逐滴加入到上述悬浮液中反应6h,完成后,通过离心分离收集固体,将固体分别用二氯甲烷和甲醇洗涤3次,并在80℃下干燥12h,获得改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂。
2.催化活性测试
在高压反应釜中加入1.5g甲醇和2g麻疯树油,醇、油摩尔比为20:1,再加入0.14g改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂,在温度为150℃下,搅拌反应7h,反应结束后,加入石油醚,过滤,滤液分液,取上清液,旋转蒸发除去石油醚和未反应的甲醇,用Na2SO4干燥,得到纯化后的生物柴油。
利用气相色谱对生物柴油的含量进行计算,计算得到生物柴油的产率为93.1%。
实施例2
1.酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备,同实施例1中改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备,区别在于,将SnCl4·6H2O的质量改为2g。
2.催化活性测试
同实施例1中催化活性测试,得到纯化后的生物柴油利用气相色谱对生物柴油的含量进行计算,计算得到生物柴油的产率为90.2%。
实施例3
1.酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备,同实施例1中改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备,区别在于,将SnCl4·6H2O的质量改为1g,氯磺酸的量改为7mmol/g。
2.催化活性测试
同实施例1中催化活性测试,区别在于,将麻疯树油替换为梧桐仔油,得到纯化后的生物柴油利用气相色谱对生物柴油的含量进行计算,计算得到生物柴油的产率为90.7%。
实施例4
1.酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备,同实施例1中改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备,区别在于,将SnCl4·6H2O的质量改为2g,氯磺酸的量改为6mmol/g。
2.催化活性测试
同实施例1中催化活性测试,区别在于,将麻疯树油替换为棕榈油,得到纯化后的生物柴油利用气相色谱对生物柴油的含量进行计算,计算得到生物柴油的产率为91.4%。
实施例5
1.酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备,同实施例1中改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备。
2.同实施例1中催化活性测试,区别在于,将麻疯树油替换为蓖麻油,得到纯化后的生物柴油利用气相色谱对生物柴油的含量进行计算,计算得到生物柴油的产率为92.1%。
对实施例1-3所得改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂和未改性蒙脱石(MMT)进行红外光谱测试,由图1可知,本发明成功制备了改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂,制备过程中各步反应是成功的。
对实施例1-3所得改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂和未改性蒙脱石(MMT)进行氮气吸附脱附测试和孔径分布测试,由图2可知,本发明制得的催化剂存在介孔结构,平均孔径为5.8nm。
图3为实施例1,实施例3和未改性蒙脱石(MMT)的吡啶吸附红外光谱图,由图3可知,最终制得的催化剂平均酸度为1.801mmol/g。
对实施例1所得改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂进行扫描电镜表征,由图4可以看出催化剂表现出层状纳米片结构,存在大量介孔,与氮气吸附结果一致。
对实施例1所得改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂进行透射电镜表征,由图5进一步证明了蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的层状结构。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)以蒙脱石为基质,室温条件下,在去离子水中进行溶胀得到粘土悬浮液;
(2)将SnCl4·6H2O与步骤(1)所得粘土悬浮液混合搅拌,然后通过去离子水洗涤,干燥,得到改性蒙脱石;
(3)将步骤(2)所得改性蒙脱石研磨后,以二氯甲烷作为溶剂,氯磺酸作为磺化剂进行磺化,离心收集固体,并将固体洗涤,干燥,即得到改性蒙脱石固体酸催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述溶胀时间为1-2h。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)所述SnCl4·6H2O的加入量占所述蒙脱石质量的20%-40%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)所述搅拌温度为50℃-70℃;所述搅拌时间为24h-36h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述氯磺酸的浓度为5mmol/g-7mmol/g。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述洗涤为分别使用二氯甲烷和甲醇进行洗涤;所述干燥温度为70℃-80℃;所述干燥时间为12h-24h。
7.权利要求1-6任一项所述制备方法制备得到的酸度可调节的改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂。
8.一种催化高酸值油脂制备生物柴油的方法,其特征在于,将权利要求7所述改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂、甲醇和高酸值油脂均匀混合后通过同时酯交换-酯化反应生成脂肪酸甲酯。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述同时酯交换-酯化反应温度为120-160℃,反应时间为5-9h。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述甲醇与高酸值油脂的摩尔比为(10-30):1,所述改性蒙脱石基固体酸催化剂的投加量为高酸值油脂的1wt%-9wt%。
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