CN116354807B - 一种非金属催化剂的无溶剂合成方法及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种非金属催化剂的无溶剂合成方法,具体是将六亚甲基四胺与2,4‑二氯苯酚置于无溶剂无氧环境中,在100~120℃下反应2~3h,然后向反应混合物中加入55~65℃无水乙醇,在室温下搅拌至油状物完全溶解,并形成固体,随后停止搅拌,静置过夜,固液分离,固体用无水乙醇洗涤,真空干燥,干燥物重结晶纯化,收集晶体干燥研磨制得非金属催化剂;所制备的催化剂不仅能用于环氧化合物与二氧化碳环加成反应中,还能用于环氧化合物与二氧化硫共聚反应中;本发明制备的催化剂所用原料价格低廉,制备方法简单,经济环保,产率高。在催化反应中用量少、反应条件温和,具有良好的应用潜力。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种非金属催化剂的无溶剂合成方法,及其在合成环状碳酸酯或聚亚硫酸酯中的应用。
背景技术
二氧化碳(CO2)是一种廉价易得、可再生的优质C1资源。目前,对生产生活中排放的CO2的处理方法有碳捕集与封存、CO2的转化与利用。相较于碳捕集与封存技术,CO2的转化与利用更具有经济效应,且在CO2的利用中以CO2为原料通过环加成反应制备的环状碳酸酯由于具有化学稳定性、离子电导率高、毒性低、增容能力强等特点,在精细化工制造业的中间体、生物医药等方面具有重要应用。然而由于CO2具有热力学稳定性和动力学惰性,因此需要开发更加高效的催化剂来催化CO2的环加成反应。
二氧化硫(SO2)是一种由化石燃料燃烧产生的有毒气体,是导致呼吸系统疾病、酸雨以及光化学烟雾的主要大气污染物。为缓解SO2对人类和环境造成的不利影响,除了减少化石燃料的大规模使用外,还可对SO2加以应用。近年来,研究者发现SO2与环氧化合物共聚可以制备得到高附加值的含硫高分子材料,此类材料具有优异的机械性能、良好的渗透性和生物相容性等优点,在粘胶剂、尿素肥料和质子交换膜燃料电池等领域具有重要意义。但在共聚反应中,存在着SO2共聚条件苛刻、产物聚亚硫酸酯选择性低等问题,致使SO2共聚无法实现产业化。针对上述问题,学者们经过多年研究,发现可以通过开发催化剂催化SO2与环氧化合物的共聚反应来达到解决问题的目的。
目前,科研人员已开发出多种具有高催化活性的、低成本、反应条件温和等优点的催化剂,如:金属氧化物、金属配合物、金属有机框架、共价有机框架等,但是这些催化剂的应用带来金属离子污染,制备条件复杂等问题。此外,催化剂的合成一般是在水热、溶剂热或离子热条件下进行的,在这些条件下需要大量的溶剂,这些传统溶剂型催化剂材料的合成路线在环境影响、工艺安全、能源消耗和生产成本等方面存在的不足,极大地限制了这些材料的工业应用。因此,从绿色化学的角度来看,利用无溶剂技术合成的非金属催化剂具有一定的优势,能够帮助解决上述问题。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种非金属催化剂在无溶剂存在条件下的制备方法,本发明方法制得的催化剂具有绿色环保、制备方法简单、成本低廉等特点,可高效用于CO2与环氧化合物共聚反应以及SO2与环氧化合物环加成反应中。
本发明非金属催化剂的无溶剂合成方法是将六亚甲基四胺与2,4-二氯苯酚置于无溶剂无氧环境中,在100~120℃下反应2~3h,然后向反应混合物中加入55~65℃无水乙醇,在室温下搅拌至油状物完全溶解,并形成固体,停止搅拌,静置过夜,固液分离,固体用无水乙醇洗涤, 40-50℃真空干燥,干燥物重结晶纯化,收集晶体干燥研磨制得非金属催化剂。
其中六亚甲基四胺与2,4-二氯苯酚的摩尔比为1:2.5~6;重结晶纯化使用的溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)。
本发明另一目的是将上述方法制得的非金属催化剂应用在CO2与环氧化合物共聚反应中,具体是将环氧化合物与非金属催化剂依次加入到高压反应釜中,通入体积浓度99.99%的CO2气体至高压反应釜中置换空气后,在CO2压力为0.2~1.8MPa,温度为90~130℃下反应4~9h制得环状碳酸酯,其中非金属催化剂与环氧化合物的质量体积g:mL比为1:14~74。
本发明另一目的是将上述方法制得的非金属催化剂应用在SO2与环氧化合物环加成反应中,具体是将环氧化合物与非金属催化剂依次加入到高压反应釜中,通入体积浓度99%的SO2气体至高压反应釜中置换空气后,在SO2压力为0.5~2.0MPa,温度为40~80℃下反应6~14h后,降温,反应产物用二氯甲烷溶解后,加入甲醇溶液进行沉淀,固液分离,固体用甲醇洗涤3~4次,干燥,制得聚亚硫酸酯,其中非金属催化剂与环氧化合物的质量体积比g:mL为1:18~168。
所述环氧化合物为环氧环己烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧丙烷中的一种。
与现有的技术相比,本发明具有如下优点:
1、本发明采用六亚甲基四胺与2,4-二氯苯酚通过一步回流法制备得到非金属催化剂,该催化剂制备中不使用溶剂,从绿色化学角度来看,具有优势,且制备方法简单,操作简便;
2、本发明制备的催化剂适用于催化CO2与环氧化合物的环加成反应以及SO2与环氧化合物的共聚反应中,反应条件温和、反应时间缩短、成本低廉、绿色环保。
附图说明
图1是实施例1制备的催化剂对共聚反应进行催化得到的聚亚硫酸酯,与使用其它催化剂催化制备得到的聚亚硫酸酯的TG对比图;
图2是实施例2所制备的环状碳酸酯与反应物环氧氯丙烷的1H NMR对比图;
图3是实施例3所制备的聚亚硫酸酯1H NMR谱图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例和附图对本发明作进一步详细说明,但本发明的保护范围不局限于所述内容。
实施例1
1、在50mL Schlenk瓶中加入8g 2,4-二氯苯酚和2.4g六亚甲基四胺,随后对Schlenk瓶进行抽真空处理,再往瓶中通入氮气,重复操作3次,再将充满氮气的Schlenk瓶置于油浴锅110℃加热回流2.5h后,向反应混合物中加入60℃无水乙醇40mL,于室温下搅拌直至油状物完全溶解,并开始形成固体,随后停止搅拌,静置过夜,过滤,固体用无水乙醇洗涤,最后置于真空、40℃下干燥,在干燥物中加入DMF进行重结晶纯化,过滤分离获得晶体,研磨后得到非金属催化剂;
2、将0.345g非金属催化剂和5mL的环氧氯丙烷依次加入到高压反应釜中,然后将体积浓度99.99%的CO2气体通入高压反应釜,与高压反应釜内空气置换3次后,设置CO2的压力为0.2MPa,温度为90℃,反应时间为8h;反应完后降温,即得到产物环状碳酸酯,产物收率为45%,选择性为85%;
3、将0.264g非金属催化剂和5mL的环氧环己烷依次加入到高压反应釜中;然后将体积浓度99%的SO2气体通入高压反应釜,与高压反应釜内空气置换3次后,设置SO2的压力为0.5MPa,温度为40℃,反应时间为12h,降温,反应产物用用二氯甲烷溶解,然后加入甲醇进行沉淀,过滤后得到沉淀,沉淀再用甲醇洗涤3次,洗涤后的沉淀放置在真空干燥箱内,40℃下真空干燥24h,最终得到共聚产物聚亚硫酸酯,其中环氧环己烷的转化率为92%,聚亚硫酸酯的选择性为59%;
同时将利用催化剂SNW-1制备的聚亚硫酸酯(催化剂SNW-1参照Li Z , Zhi Y ,Ni Y , et al .Novel melamine-based porous organic materials as metal-freecatalysts for copolymerization of SO2 with epoxide[J] . Polymer , 2021 , 217:123434中方法制得),与本实施例制得聚亚硫酸酯进行热降解性能比较,TG图谱比较见图1,从图中可以看出本实施例方法制得的聚亚硫酸酯热稳定性更好,对于后续应用前景更加广阔。
实施例2
1、本实施例非金属催化剂的制备同实施例1;
2、将0.0862g非金属催化剂和5mL的环氧氯丙烷依次加入到高压反应釜中;然后将体积浓度为99.99%的CO2气体通入反应釜,与釜内空气置换3次后,设置CO2的压力为1.4MPa,温度为110℃,反应时间为8h;降温后即得到产物环状碳酸酯,产物收率为96%,选择性为96%;反应产物环状碳酸酯与反应物环氧氯丙烷的1H NMR谱图见图2,从图中可以看出从反应物到产物的结构特征变化,证明目标产物环状碳酸酯生成。
3、将0.03g非金属催化剂和5mL的环氧环己烷依次加入到高压反应釜中,然后将体积浓度99%的SO2气体通入反应釜,与釜内空气置换3次后,设置SO2的压力为1.0MPa,温度为70℃,反应时间为8h后,降温,反应产物用二氯甲烷溶解后,加入甲醇进行沉淀,过滤后得到沉淀,沉淀再用甲醇洗涤3次,将洗涤后的沉淀放置在真空干燥箱内,40℃下真空干燥24h,最终得到共聚产物聚亚硫酸酯,其中环氧环己烷的转化率为95%,聚亚硫酸酯的选择性为71%。
实施例3
1、本实施例非金属催化剂的制备同实施例1;
2、将0.069g 非金属催化剂和5mL的环氧氯丙烷依次加入到高压反应釜中;然后将体积浓度99.99%的CO2气体通入反应釜,与釜内空气置换3次后,设置CO2的压力为1.8MPa,温度为130℃,反应时间为4h,即得环状碳酸酯,产物收率为94%,选择性为98%;
3、将0.053g非金属催化剂和5mL的环氧环己烷依次加入到高压反应釜中;然后将体积浓度99%的SO2气体通入反应釜,与釜内空气置换3次后,设置SO2的压力为2.0MPa,温度为75℃,反应时间为6h后,降温,反应产物用二氯甲烷溶解后,加入甲醇进行沉淀,过滤后得到沉淀,沉淀再用甲醇洗涤3次,将洗涤后的沉淀放置在真空干燥箱内,40℃下真空干燥24h,最终得到共聚产物聚亚硫酸酯,其中环氧环己烷的转化率为96%,聚亚硫酸酯的选择性为72%,聚亚硫酸酯1H NMR谱图见图3,从图中可以看出目标产物聚亚硫酸酯的成功生成。
实施例4
1、在50mL Schlenk瓶中加入8g 2,4-二氯苯酚和1.38g六亚甲基四胺,对Schlenk瓶进行抽真空处理,再往瓶中通入氮气,重复操作4次,再将充满氮气的Schlenk瓶置于油浴锅110℃加热回流2.5h,然后向反应混合物中加入60℃无水乙醇40mL,于室温环境下搅拌直至油状物完全溶解,并开始形成固体,静置过夜,过滤,固体用无水乙醇洗涤,最后置于真空环境40℃下干燥,在干燥物中加入DMF进行重结晶纯化,过滤分离获得晶体,研磨后得到非金属催化剂;
2、将0.069g非金属催化剂和5mL的环氧丙烷依次加入到高压反应釜中,然后将体积浓度99.99%的CO2气体通入反应釜,与釜内空气置换3次后,设置CO2的压力为1.4MPa,温度为110℃,反应时间为9h;降温后即得到产物环状碳酸酯,产物收率为98%,选择性为99%;
3、将0.053g非金属催化剂和5mL的环氧环己烷依次加入到高压反应釜中,然后将体积浓度为99%的SO2气体通入反应釜,与釜内空气置换3次后,设置SO2的压力为2.0MPa,温度为60℃,反应时间为10h后,降温,反应产物用二氯甲烷溶解后,加入甲醇进行沉淀,过滤后得到沉淀,沉淀再用甲醇洗涤3次,将洗涤后的沉淀放置在真空干燥箱内,40℃下真空干燥24h,最终得到共聚产物聚亚硫酸酯,其中环氧环己烷的转化率为96%,聚亚硫酸酯的选择性为75%。
Claims (2)
1.一种非金属催化剂在CO2与环氧化合物共聚反应中的应用,其特征在于:将环氧化合物与非金属催化剂依次加入到高压反应釜中,通入体积浓度99.99%的CO2气体至高压反应釜中置换空气后,在CO2压力为0.2~1.8MPa,温度为90~130℃下反应4~9h制得环状碳酸酯;
所述环氧化合物为环氧环己烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧丙烷中的一种;
非金属催化剂与环氧化合物的质量体积g:mL比为1:14~74;
所述非金属催化剂是将六亚甲基四胺与2,4-二氯苯酚置于无溶剂无氧环境中,在100~120℃下反应2~3h,然后向反应混合物中加入55~65℃无水乙醇,在室温下搅拌至油状物完全溶解,并形成固体,随后停止搅拌,静置过夜,固液分离,固体用无水乙醇洗涤,真空干燥,干燥物重结晶纯化,收集晶体干燥研磨制得;其中六亚甲基四胺与2,4-二氯苯酚的摩尔比为1:2.5~6,重结晶纯化采用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺。
2.一种非金属催化剂在SO2与环氧化合物环加成反应中的应用,其特征在于:将环氧化合物与非金属催化剂依次加入到高压反应釜中,通入体积浓度99%的SO2气体至高压反应釜中置换空气后,在SO2压力为0.5~2.0MPa,温度为40~80℃下反应6~14h后,降温,反应产物用二氯甲烷溶解后,加入甲醇进行沉淀,固液分离,固体用甲醇洗涤3~4次,干燥,制得聚亚硫酸酯;
所述环氧化合物为环氧环己烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧丙烷中的一种;非金属催化剂与环氧化合物的质量体积比g:mL为1:18~168;
所述非金属催化剂是将六亚甲基四胺与2,4-二氯苯酚置于无溶剂无氧环境中,在100~120℃下反应2~3h,然后向反应混合物中加入55~65℃无水乙醇,在室温下搅拌至油状物完全溶解,并形成固体,随后停止搅拌,静置过夜,固液分离,固体用无水乙醇洗涤,真空干燥,干燥物重结晶纯化,收集晶体干燥研磨制得;其中六亚甲基四胺与2,4-二氯苯酚的摩尔比为1:2.5~6,重结晶纯化采用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺。
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