CN116271097A - 一种基于金属有机骨架的工程化外泌体及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种基于金属有机骨架的工程化外泌体及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种基于金属有机骨架的工程化外泌体及其制备方法和应用,属于纳米材料和生物医学诊疗一体化领域。本发明构建了一种以肿瘤归巢肽修饰外泌体为外壳,以金属有机骨架ZIF‑8为内核,负载超顺磁氧化铁纳米粒子和阿霉素的多功能肿瘤诊疗试剂,提高了靶向肿瘤的精准度和药物释放的可控性,将恶性肿瘤的早期诊断与有效治疗相互结合,实现了对患者的即时诊断和同步跟踪治疗,为构建肿瘤诊疗一体化平台提供了新的思路。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纳米材料和生物医学诊疗一体化领域,具体涉及一种基于金属有机骨架的工程化外泌体及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
恶性肿瘤是威胁人类生命和健康的主要疾病之一。在过去的几十年里,虽然人们在恶性肿瘤的预防、诊断、治疗等方面做出了巨大努力,但是患者的5年生存率并没有显著提高。强侵袭转移能力是恶性肿瘤致死率居高不下的主要原因,建立一种有效监测恶性肿瘤侵袭和转移的方法对提高恶性肿瘤患者的生存质量具有重要意义。
目前,在恶性肿瘤的诊疗中,核磁共振(MRI)成像是临床上最常见的影像诊断技术,50%以上的磁共振成像需要造影剂,但是临床常用的钆基造影剂存在靶向性差、肝肾毒副作用大、体内存留时间短等缺点,阻碍其临床应用。目前化学药物治疗被认为是恶性肿瘤在临床上最有效的治疗手段,然而传统化疗药物存在对肿瘤组织特异性较差,毒副反应大、易产生耐药性等缺点,影响化疗药物的临床应用和治疗效果。因此探索一种新的诊疗途径对恶性肿瘤的侵袭转移进行早期诊断和治疗是目前急需解决的问题。
近年来金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)因其极高比表面积、孔径可调性和极高孔隙率而被广泛应用于药物运输领域,其中类沸石咪唑酯骨架-8(ZIF-8)是一种由锌离子和二甲基咪唑络合而成的MOFs,不仅具有MOFs的基本特性,还具有中性条件稳定、酸性条件降解的优势,已被用作一种有潜力的抗肿瘤药物载体。然而ZIF-8的毒性评价存在争议,而且其靶向性与功能性存在不足,因此寻找更为有效的方法降低ZIF-8生物毒性,提高其肿瘤靶向及诊疗能力是推动其临床应用的关键。
外泌体是由细胞分泌的,直径约40-150nm的膜性囊泡,具有极低免疫原性、极高生物相容性、稳定性好、组织穿透力强等特点。研究发现,肿瘤细胞衍生的外泌体可以促进与细胞膜之间的相互作用,增加肿瘤细胞对外泌体的摄取。但是,目前还未见将外泌体与金属有机骨架结合应用于恶性肿瘤侵袭转移的精准诊疗的相关报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种基于金属有机骨架的工程化外泌体及其制备方法和应用。
本发明提供了一种基于金属有机骨架的工程化外泌体,它是以负载核磁共振造影剂和化疗药物的金属有机骨架材料、肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体为原料自组装所得。
进一步地,所述核磁共振造影剂为超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子;所述化疗药物为阿霉素;所述金属有机骨架材料为ZIF-8;
所述负载核磁共振造影剂和化疗药物的金属有机骨架材料、肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体的质量比为1:(1.0-4.0),优选为1:2.6。
进一步地,所述负载核磁共振造影剂和化疗药物的金属有机骨架材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:将2-甲基咪唑与超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子、阿霉素混合,再加入硝酸锌或其水合物的水溶液中形成混合液,充分搅拌,于30-40℃的反应釜中反应4-8小时,然后离心,收集沉淀,洗涤,干燥,得到负载核磁共振造影剂和化疗药物的金属有机骨架材料。
进一步地,所述阿霉素、超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子、2-甲基咪唑、硝酸锌或其水合物的质量比为1:(8-9):(410-420):(15-25),优选为1:8.5:417.7:21.5。
进一步地,所述外泌体为肿瘤来源的外泌体。
进一步地,所述肿瘤为口腔鳞癌,优选为舌鳞癌。
进一步地,所述肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体的制备方法包括以下步骤:在外泌体中加入活性脂修饰的磷脂,再加入肿瘤归巢肽,反应,得到肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体。
进一步地,所述外泌体、活性脂修饰的磷脂、肿瘤归巢肽的质量比为1:(0.02-0.06):(0.050-0.300),优选为1:0.042:0.156;
所述反应的温度为37℃,时间为0.2-2.0小时。
本发明还提供了一种制备上述工程化外泌体的方法,它包括以下步骤:将负载核磁共振造影剂和化疗药物的金属有机骨架材料、肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体混合,自组装,即得。
本发明还提供了上述工程化外泌体在制备肿瘤诊疗试剂中的用途。
进一步地,所述肿瘤为口腔鳞癌,优选为舌鳞癌。
本发明构建了一种以肿瘤归巢肽修饰外泌体(THP-Exo)为外壳,以金属有机骨架ZIF-8为内核,负载超顺磁氧化铁纳米粒子(SPIONs)和阿霉素(DOX)的多功能肿瘤诊疗试剂,提高了靶向肿瘤的精准度和药物释放的可控性,将恶性肿瘤的早期诊断与有效治疗相互结合,实现了对患者的即时诊断和同步跟踪治疗,即个性化诊疗,为构建肿瘤诊疗一体化平台提供了新的思路。
本发明构建的多功能肿瘤诊疗试剂集MRI造影诊断与靶向治疗于一体,不仅可以靶向示踪肿瘤转移灶的位置,释放阿霉素杀灭肿瘤细胞,最大程度上降低阿霉素的毒副作用,还可以通过吸收近红外光的能量增加局部温度对肿瘤细胞进行热消融,提高抗肿瘤效力,为肿瘤诊疗试剂的临床转化奠定基础,促进恶性肿瘤精准治疗的发展。
本发明相对于现有技术,带来的有益效果是:
本发明中ZIF-8极高的比表面积和孔隙率可以实现对SPIONs和DOX的充分包裹,其超强吸附能力是其它材料难以达到的。而THP-Exo的极高生物相容性使其在血液中稳定运输,避免核层过早释放,保护其免受巨噬细胞的吞噬和血液中潜在酶的降解,从而延长循环时间,为药效的充分发挥提供保障。
本发明既具有磁靶向性又具有分子靶向性,利用SPIONs的高磁敏感性和超顺磁性,在外加磁场的作用下,使其定向于恶性肿瘤侵袭转移的部位发挥作用;经肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体具有靶向肿瘤细胞的能力,进而实现双靶向运送,为肿瘤靶向治疗提供一种全新的、理想的运送载体。
本发明利用SPIONs的光热效应,在近红外光照射下将光能转换为热能,增强对肿瘤细胞的热消融作用,进而破坏肿瘤组织。同时负载的阿霉素靶向到达肿瘤病变部位之后释放,提高了对肿瘤细胞的治疗效力,减少副作用,让治疗效果最大化。
显然,根据本发明的上述内容,按照本领域的普通技术知识和惯用手段,在不脱离本发明上述基本技术思想前提下,还可以做出其它多种形式的修改、替换或变更。
以下通过实施例形式的具体实施方式,对本发明的上述内容再作进一步的详细说明。但不应将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于以下的实例。凡基于本发明上述内容所实现的技术均属于本发明的范围。
附图说明
图1是基于金属有机骨架的工程化外泌体的示意图。
图2是ZIF-8晶体的相关表征,其中图2A是ZIF-8的扫描电镜图;图2B是ZIF-8的X射线光电子能谱图;图2C是ZIF-8的X射线衍射图;图2D是ZIF-8的傅里叶变换红外光谱图。
图3是ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX的相关表征,其中图3A是ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX的透射电镜图,标尺为100nm;图3B是ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX的扫描电镜图;
图3C是ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX的荧光共聚焦三维重建图,其中绿色标记ZIF-8,红色标记SPIONs,标尺分别为100nm、1μm、2μm;图3D是ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX的X射线衍射图;图3E是ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX的傅里叶变换红外光谱图。
图4是ZIF-8/SPIONs和ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX的细胞毒性检测结果。
图5是THP-Exo的相关表征,其中图5A是THP-Exo的透射电镜图,标尺为100nm;图5B是THP-Exo标志蛋白CD63和CD9的条带图。
图6是工程化外泌体的相关表征,其中图6A是工程化外泌体的透射电镜图,标尺为100nm;图6B是工程化外泌体的荧光共聚焦三维重建图,其中蓝色标记SPIONs,红色标记Exo,绿色标记ZIF-8,标尺为2μm;图6C是工程化外泌体的扫描电镜图,标尺为100nm。
图7是工程化外泌体的热稳定性分析图。
图8是工程化外泌体经过不同处理后的扫描电镜图,其中图8A是在碱性溶液浸泡一周;图8B在中性DMEM培养基溶液浸泡一周;图8C在酸性溶液浸泡一周。
图9是工程化外泌体在不同pH条件下锌离子的释放情况。
图10是工程化外泌体在不同pH条件下DOX的释放情况。
图11是Tca-8113细胞对工程化外泌体的摄取透射电镜图,标尺为3μm。
图12是用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察Tca-8113细胞对工程化外泌体的摄取,其中蓝色标记细胞核,红色标记Exo,绿色标记SPIONs,标尺为20μm;
图13是流式定量分析hADSCs、HUVECs、Hela、MG63、Tca-8113细胞对工程化外泌体的摄取。
图14是工程化外泌体的细胞毒性检测结果。
图15是工程化外泌体的光热治疗效果。
具体实施方式
本发明所用原料与设备均为已知产品,通过购买市售产品所得。
如无特别说明,实施例的操作是在室温(25±5℃)下进行的。
实施例1:制备基于金属有机骨架的工程化外泌体
基于金属有机骨架的工程化外泌体的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(SPIONs)的制备:
应用高温热分解法,将乙酰丙酮铁17.65g(0.05mol),1,2-十二烷二醇55.5g(0.25mol),油胺50mL(0.15mol),油酸50mL(0.15mol)和二苯醚500mL在氮气的保护下混合加热至260℃,反应物沸腾后保持30min,自然冷却至室温。再加入2.5L的无水乙醇,充分搅拌得到黑色悬浊液,5000g离心15min,弃去上清液,收集沉淀。向沉淀中加入250mL正己烷,充分搅拌后静置,取上清液过滤,保留滤液,然后向滤液中加入500mL无水乙醇,充分搅拌后5000g离心15min,收集沉淀,加入100mL正己烷溶解沉淀,旋蒸后收集黑色固体,得到超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(SPIONs)。
(2)ZIF-8包裹SPIONs及阿霉素(DOX)复合物的制备:
应用仿生矿化法将SPIONs和DOX包裹到ZIF-8中,采用仿生矿化法制备ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物。先将2-MIM(2-甲基咪唑,22.70g,过量)与SPIONs(463.08mg)、DOX(54.35mg)混合,再加入Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(1.17g)的去离子水溶液中形成88mL的混合液,充分搅拌20min,倒入37℃的反应釜中反应6小时,随后将所得乳白色溶液离心(4000rpm,10min),收集白色沉淀产物,并用去离子水淋洗三遍,淋洗后的产物室温下干燥过夜,得到ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物。
(3)肿瘤归巢肽修饰外泌体(THP-Exo)的制备:
应用差速离心法提取人舌鳞癌细胞来源的外泌体。将生长至80%左右、数量约106-107的Tca-8113(人舌鳞癌细胞)置于无血清的基础培养基中饥饿培养48小时,收集上层细胞培养基,离心去除细胞碎片,取上清用0.22μm的过滤器过滤,滤液装入超速离心管,置于超速离心机中(4℃,100000g)离心60min。去除上清液,用无菌PBS洗涤外泌体沉淀,并再次用100000g离心60min,得到纯度较高的外泌体,现用或-80℃保存。
在外泌体(10mg)中加入活性脂修饰的磷脂(DOPE-NHS,0.42mg,购买于杭州新乔生物科技有限公司),再加入肿瘤归巢肽(THP,1.560mg),于37℃下反应0.5小时,合成THP-Exo。
(4)工程化外泌体的制备:
应用自组装法将THP-Exo(10mg)与ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物((3.87mg)混匀,磁力搅拌1小时,离心、洗涤、烘干,得到工程化外泌体。
以下为对照样品的制备方法。
对照例1:金属有机骨架ZIF-8晶体的制备
应用水热合成法,将2-MIM(2-甲基咪唑,22.70g,过量)和Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(1.17g)溶于88mL去离子水中,充分搅拌20min,倒入37℃的反应釜中反应6小时,随后将所得乳白色溶液离心(4000rpm,10min),收集白色沉淀产物,并用去离子水淋洗三遍,淋洗后的产物室温下干燥过夜,得到金属有机骨架ZIF-8晶体。
以下通过实验例证明本发明的有益效果。
实验例1:验证金属有机骨架ZIF-8晶体的成功合成
1.实验方法
应用扫描电镜(SEM)对ZIF-8晶体进行形貌分析;傅里叶红外线光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)鉴定ZIF-8晶体结构和组成;X射线衍射(XRD)确定ZIF-8晶体结构类型及晶格曲线。
2.实验结果
如图2A所示,ZIF-8晶体呈300nm的十二面体结构;通过X射线光电子能谱图(图2B)证明了ZIF-8的元素组成及化学结构;通过X射线衍射图(图2C)和傅里叶变换红外光谱图(图2D)证明了ZIF-8的成功合成。
实验例2:验证ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物的成功合成
1.实验方法
应用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)对ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物进行形貌分析;傅里叶红外线光谱仪(FTIR)鉴定ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物的结构和组成;X射线衍射(XRD)确定ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物的结构类型及晶格曲线。
2.实验结果
透射电镜(图3A)和扫描电镜(图3B)观察ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物的表面形貌以及Tca-8113细胞对SPION-PEG的摄取;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(图3C)对ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物进行三维重建,其中绿色标记ZIF-8,红色标记SPIONs;通过X射线衍射图(图3D)和傅里叶变换红外光谱图(图3E)证明了ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物的成功合成。
实验例3:ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物的细胞毒性实验
1.实验方法
将ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物与人舌鳞癌细胞(Tca-8113)共培养1天后用CCK-8试剂盒检测纳米探针对Tca-8113的细胞毒性。
2.实验结果
细胞毒性检测结果(图4)显示ZIF-8/SPIONs具有较好的细胞相容性,而ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物具有较大的细胞毒性,说明ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物被Tca-8113细胞摄取后DOX发挥毒性作用。
实验例4:验证肿瘤归巢肽修饰外泌体(THP-Exo)的成功提取
1.实验方法
应用透射电镜观察THP-Exo的表面形貌,Western blot检测外泌体的标志蛋白CD9和CD63的表达水平。
2.实验结果
应用透射电镜(图5A)观察THP-Exo的表面形貌,Western blot(图5B)检测外泌体的标志蛋白CD9和CD63的表达水平,进一步证明了THP-Exo的成功提取。
实验例5:验证工程化外泌体的成功合成
1.实验方法
应用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)对工程化外泌体进行形貌分析。
2.实验结果
本发明将THP-Exo与ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX复合物混匀,自组装为具有壳核结构的工程化外泌体,应用透射电镜(图6A)和扫描电镜(图6C)观察工程化外泌体的表面形貌,应用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(图6B)对工程化外泌体进行三维重建,其中蓝色标记SPIONs,红色标记THP-Exo,绿色标记ZIF-8,证明了工程化外泌体的成功合成。
实验例6:验证工程化外泌体的稳定性
1.实验方法
应用热重分析(TGA)研究工程化外泌体的稳定性。
2.实验结果
如图7所示,通过热重分析证明了工程化外泌体在300℃时仍然保持热稳定性。
实验例7:验证工程化外泌体的pH响应性及释放
1.实验方法
将工程化外泌体经过三种处理(分别在碱性溶液、中性DMEM培养基、酸性溶液中浸泡一周)后置于SEM下观察其表面形貌和微观结构。接下来将工程化外泌体置于无菌离心管中,加入PBS中于不同时间点收集上清液,应用ICP-AES测上清液中的锌离子浓度(pH=5.5和pH=7.4),并绘制锌离子缓释曲线。使用荧光染料FITC对DOX进行荧光标记,通过荧光分光光度计检测工程化外泌体中DOX的包封率及释放(pH=5.5和pH=7.4),并绘制DOX的缓释曲线。
2.实验结果
如图8所示,工程化外泌体在碱性溶液中浸泡一周保持稳定(图8A);在中性培养基溶液中浸泡一周不稳定(图8B);在酸性溶液中极不稳定(图8C)。说明本发明的工程化外泌体具有酸响应性。
接下来检测工程化外泌体的pH响应性释放行为,如图9所示,在中性条件下Zn2+在7d内持续以较高水平释放,在酸性条件下,工程化外泌体在0.5d内释放约93%的Zn2+。然后通过荧光定量检测工程化外泌体制备后的上清及沉淀中DOX的含量,并检测工程化外泌体在不同pH条件下DOX的释放情况,如图10所示,工程化外泌体在中性环境中可保持稳定,而其在酸性环境中能逐渐释放出DOX,显示出ZIF-8对DOX具有良好的负载能力和保护效果。
实验例9:验证Tca-8113细胞对工程化外泌体的成功摄取
1.实验方法
应用透射电镜、和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察到Tca-8113细胞对工程化外泌体的摄取。
2.实验结果
通过透射电镜(图11)和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(图12)观察到Tca-8113细胞对工程化外泌体的摄取。
实验例10:工程化外泌体对口腔鳞癌细胞的靶向性验证
1.实验方法
将工程化外泌体分别与Tca-8113、Hela、HUVECs、hADSCs、MG63细胞共培养3小时后利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察不同类型细胞摄取工程化外泌体后的荧光定位,通过流式定量分析不同细胞对工程化外泌体的摄取。
2.实验结果
如图13所示,结果显示有91.2%的Tca-8113细胞摄取了工程化外泌体,而其他四种细胞均只有不到40%摄取了工程化外泌体。证明了工程化外泌体对舌鳞癌细胞的靶向性。
实验例11:工程化外泌体的细胞毒性检测
1.实验方法
将工程化外泌体分别与Tca-8113、Hela、HUVECs、hADSCs、MG63细胞共培养1天、3天、5天后用CCK-8试剂盒检测其对细胞的毒性及增殖情况的影响。
2.实验结果
如图14所示,与其它细胞相比,工程化外泌体对Tca-8113具有明显增强的细胞毒性,说明工程化外泌体特异性地被舌鳞癌细胞靶向摄取后DOX发挥了毒性作用。
实验例12:工程化外泌体的光热效应
1.实验方法
将工程化外泌体与Tca-8113细胞共培养3h,用NIR激光照射10min后进行CCK-8检测。
2.实验结果
如图15所示,与空白组及ZIF-8/DOX组相比,ZIF-8/SPIONs/DOX组和工程化外泌体组在光热治疗后对Tca-8113具有明显增强的细胞毒性,说明工程化外泌体中的SPIONs在近红外光照射下将光能转换为热能,增强对Tca-8113的热消融作用,与DOX协同发挥细胞毒性作用。
Claims (10)
1.一种基于金属有机骨架的工程化外泌体,其特征在于:它是以负载核磁共振造影剂和化疗药物的金属有机骨架材料、肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体为原料自组装所得。
2.根据权利要求1所述的工程化外泌体,其特征在于:所述核磁共振造影剂为超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子;所述化疗药物为阿霉素;所述金属有机骨架材料为ZIF-8;
所述负载核磁共振造影剂和化疗药物的金属有机骨架材料、肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体的质量比为1:(1.0-4.0),优选为1:2.6。
3.根据权利要求2所述的工程化外泌体,其特征在于:所述负载核磁共振造影剂和化疗药物的金属有机骨架材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:将2-甲基咪唑与超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子、阿霉素混合,再加入硝酸锌或其水合物的水溶液中形成混合液,充分搅拌,于30-40℃的反应釜中反应4-8小时,然后离心,收集沉淀,洗涤,干燥,得到负载核磁共振造影剂和化疗药物的金属有机骨架材料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的工程化外泌体,其特征在于:所述阿霉素、超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子、2-甲基咪唑、硝酸锌或其水合物的质量比为1:(8-9):(410-420):(15-25),优选为1:8.5:417.7:21.5。
5.根据权利要求1所述的工程化外泌体,其特征在于:所述外泌体为肿瘤来源的外泌体。
6.根据权利要求5所述的工程化外泌体,其特征在于:所述肿瘤为口腔鳞癌,优选为舌鳞癌。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的工程化外泌体,其特征在于:所述肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体的制备方法包括以下步骤:在外泌体中加入活性脂修饰的磷脂,再加入肿瘤归巢肽,反应,得到肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体。
8.根据权利要求7所述的工程化外泌体,其特征在于:所述外泌体、活性脂修饰的磷脂、肿瘤归巢肽的质量比为1:(0.02-0.06):(0.050-0.300),优选为1:0.042:0.156;
所述反应的温度为37℃,时间为0.2-2.0小时。
9.一种制备权利要求1-8任一项所述工程化外泌体的方法,其特征在于:它包括以下步骤:将负载核磁共振造影剂和化疗药物的金属有机骨架材料、肿瘤归巢肽修饰的外泌体混合,自组装,即得。
10.权利要求1-8任一项所述工程化外泌体在制备肿瘤诊疗试剂中的用途。
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