CN116070546B - Method for estimating dam gallery leakage critical water level by utilizing oxyhydrogen isotope - Google Patents
Method for estimating dam gallery leakage critical water level by utilizing oxyhydrogen isotope Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for estimating the critical leakage water level of a dam by utilizing oxyhydrogen isotopes, which comprises the following steps: collecting engineering data of dam hydrogeology and gallery arrangement; the method comprises the steps of (1) on-site examining the yield and confluence conditions of a reservoir area where a dam is located and the leakage and outflow conditions of the downstream of the dam, and preparing a sampling scheme; constructing oxyhydrogen isotope space-time observation sequences of various relevant water bodies of the dam corridor; establishing a dam gallery leakage calculation model; calculating dam gallery leakage flux corresponding to different reservoir water levels at moment; and calculating the critical seepage water level of the dam by utilizing the change relation between the seepage flux of the gallery of the dam and the water level of the reservoir. According to the method, the leakage flux of the dam corridor representing the key leakage part of the dam is calculated through the abundance difference of the oxyhydrogen isotopes in different water bodies, and the leakage characteristics of the dam are quantitatively described, so that the defects that qualitative knowledge can be obtained only through an observation means for the leakage condition of the dam corridor, and water resources in a dam reservoir area are difficult to serve and efficiently utilized in the past are overcome.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a method for estimating dam gallery leakage critical water level by utilizing oxyhydrogen isotopes, and belongs to the technical field of dam leakage safety and water resource management configuration.
Background
The dam leakage problem not only severely restricts the water supply and power generation benefits of the hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering and influences the water resource allocation planning of the watershed where the reservoir area is located, but also directly threatens the safety of the dam, so that the dam is damaged or even broken, and the dam is exposed under the risk of huge potential safety hazards.
Identification and characterization of dam leakage is the core of understanding leakage problems and is the basis for disposing of leakage problems. The existing geophysical prospecting methods including earthquake methods (such as a surface wave method and an elastic wave CT method), electric methods (such as a high-density electric method and a natural electric field method), electromagnetic methods (such as a bottom detection radar method and a transient electromagnetic method), quasi-flow fields and the like depend on different physical parameters to obtain physical mapping of dam leakage, and the method is suitable for leakage detection but does not have the capability of describing dam leakage characteristics.
The oxyhydrogen isotope is a stable isotope existing in nature, is an important component of natural water body, and is also a sensitivity characteristic index for responding to environmental changes. The leakage of the dam of the Xinanjiang is studied by using an environmental oxyhydrogen isotope tracing method, namely, nuclear technology, 2005,28 (3), the leakage water composition of the right bank dam abutment of the new An Jiangda dam is judged by adopting the oxyhydrogen isotope in the document, however, the research only focuses on qualitative angles, a leakage calculation model is not combined with the oxyhydrogen isotope characteristics, so that the relation between the oxyhydrogen isotope characteristics and physical hydrologic characteristics of the leakage of the dam cannot be established, and the recognition of the leakage process and related hydraulic connection of the dam is still rough.
Therefore, a new technology for quantitatively reflecting dynamic changes of dam leakage is needed to be provided, and the new technology has the capability of reducing the dam leakage process by carrying out mathematical statistics on the new technology and establishing the relationship between the oxyhydrogen isotope characteristics and the physical hydrologic characteristics of the dam leakage. On the other hand, the critical seepage water level of the dam is a critical variable reflecting the change of the upstream and downstream hydraulic connection, and represents that the water body in the reservoir area does not leak and migrate to the downstream of the dam under the water level condition, and has very important significance for reservoir management. However, the current methods for evaluating dam leakage have great limitation in quantitatively describing dam leakage characteristics, have low precision, and particularly remain blank in the method for estimating the critical leakage water level by depending on the critical leakage part of a dam gallery, so that scientific guidance is difficult to be provided for water diversion, water storage and drainage strategies of dams and river basin banks.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for estimating the seepage critical water level of a dam by utilizing oxyhydrogen isotopes by means of the fractionation condition of the difference of oxyhydrogen isotopes on the earth surface and the seepage water body and depending on a construction monitoring gallery commonly existing in the dam; the method can be suitable for evaluating the leakage characteristics of the dam, further describing the critical leakage water level of the dam, and providing a new technical method for scientific quantitative analysis and evaluation of the dam leakage evolution law.
The above object of the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
a method for estimating a dam leakage critical water level using an oxyhydrogen isotope, comprising the steps of:
step 1: collecting engineering basic data such as dam hydrogeology, gallery arrangement and the like;
the data comprise background data related to dam leakage such as groundwater-dam reservoir water supply conditions, dam foundation rock and mountain geological conditions, corridor and drainage facility conditions and the like.
Step 2: in-situ investigation of the reservoir area yield converging condition of the dam and the downstream leakage outflow condition of the dam, and preparation of a sampling scheme comprising water source types and specific coordinates;
and in the step 2, the design of sampling of rainfall samples is not carried out, and the interference of rainfall infiltration in the mixing process of the oxyhydrogen isotopes is avoided.
Step 3: sampling according to a certain frequency, and respectively recording the corresponding reservoir water level h at the sampling moment during each sampling i Collecting water bodies and gallery water samples which are in hydraulic connection with leakage of the upstream and downstream of the dam during each sampling, and measuring oxyhydrogen isotopes in the sample water bodies in each period 2 H， 18 O) abundance values, constructing oxyhydrogen isotope space-time observation sequences of various related water bodies of the dam corridor;
step 4: establishing a dam gallery leakage calculation model;
step 5: calculating dam gallery leakage flux corresponding to different reservoir water level periods;
step 6: calculating the critical seepage water level h of the dam by utilizing the change relation between the seepage flux of the gallery of the dam and the water level of the dam reservoir cr 。
Preferably, in the step 3, the sampling period should be controlled within the same water storage/drainage period, so as to ensure that the dam flow field and the seepage property do not change significantly.
Preferably, in the step 4, according to the difference of hydraulic connection between the upstream and downstream of the dam and the gallery leakage, the established dam gallery leakage calculation model is divided by gallery elevation, and the water balance and isotope mass conservation equation for the upper region of the gallery is adopted above the elevation line:
wherein DeltaQ U For water volume variation in the upper region of the gallery, q in For the infiltration flow of the upper region of the gallery, q flux To provide a seepage flow through a dam gallery without merging into the drainage facility above the gallery,collecting the water seepage flow for the upper drainage facility with the number i in the gallery, < > and the water seepage flow for the upper drainage facility with the number i in the gallery>Stable isotope average abundance, delta, for production flow in upper region of gallery I Stable isotope abundance, delta, for total infiltration flux F To correspond to q flux Stable isotope abundance of->The permeate stable isotope abundance was collected for the upper drainage facility of gallery numbered i.
Accordingly, the water balance and isotope mass conservation equation for the lower region of the gallery is adopted below the gallery elevation line:
wherein DeltaQ D For water volume variation in the lower region of the gallery, q out For the seepage flow of the lower region of the gallery,collecting the water seepage flow for the lower drainage facility with the number i in the gallery, < > and (ii)>Stable isotope average abundance, delta, for product flow in the gallery lower region O Stable isotopic abundance for total extravasation, +.>The permeate stable isotope abundance was collected for the lower drain facility of gallery number i.
Preferably, in the step 5, the dam flow field property in the established dam gallery leakage calculation model is not changed significantly, and the dam leakage is in a stable flow field state, and the dam gallery leakage calculation model is used for estimating the upper seepage flow q of the gallery in Lower drain flow q of gallery out The formula is as follows:
preferably, in the step 6, the obtained upper infiltration flow rate of the gallery, lower infiltration flow rate of the gallery and corresponding dam reservoir water points of the sampling period are drawn in a dam leakage characteristic evolution frame, wherein a y-axis ordinate of the dam leakage characteristic evolution frame is the flow rate, an x-axis abscissa of the dam leakage characteristic evolution frame is a coordinate graph of the reservoir water level, and linear fitting is performed on the upper infiltration flow rate of the gallery and the lower infiltration flow rate of the gallery respectively to construct a change relation between the dam gallery leakage flow rate and the dam reservoir water level;
further, considering the critical variable reflecting the change of the upstream and downstream hydraulic connection of the critical water level of the dam leakage, in the dam leakage characteristic evolution frame, a horizontal line parallel to the abscissa is made at the moment that the infiltration flow is 0L/s,namely y=0, the horizontal line and the upper infiltration flow change line of the gallery form an intersection point, and the abscissa value of the intersection point is the critical water level h corresponding to the dam leakage cr 。
In calculating the actual water collection flow of the dam gallery and the cooperative change relation of the actual water collection flow and the reservoir water level, the leakage conditions of the same dam at the galleries with different orientations and elevations can be compared transversely. The steps 1-6 can be repeatedly applied to various galleries and are used for quantitatively acquiring the leakage characteristics of the corresponding part of the dam, and further calculating to obtain the leakage critical water level of the part of the dam.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method utilizes the isotope fractionation mechanism of the hydrogen-oxygen isotope differentiation on the earth surface and the percolating water body, calculates the dam gallery leakage flux representing the key leakage part of the dam through the abundance difference of the hydrogen-oxygen isotope in different water bodies, quantitatively characterizes the leakage characteristic of the dam, overcomes the defects that the dam gallery leakage condition can only be qualitatively recognized through an observation means and is difficult to serve the high-efficiency utilization of water resources in a dam reservoir area in the past, is suitable for evaluating the leakage characteristics of various types of dams and cascade reservoir dam groups, can provide theoretical guidance for the establishment of a dam water storage scheme, and simultaneously carries out auxiliary diagnosis on the dam leakage hidden danger area.
The method has no engineering destructiveness and environmental pollution, has low requirements on required site conditions, is convenient and quick, introduces the oxyhydrogen isotope technology into the dam leakage field, avoids the harm of artificially putting radioactive isotopes to the environment and the drinking water source of a reservoir, provides a new method for scientifically evaluating and analyzing the leakage current situation and evolution rule of a dam gallery, and provides a new basis for the efficient utilization of water resources in a dam reservoir area and the establishment of related water-regulating, water-storing and water-draining strategies.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is engineering basis data for a dam in an embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing oxygen isotope characteristic values of a dam leakage-related water body in an embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the calculation results of dam gallery leakage flow and dam leakage critical water level in the example.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made more apparent and fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the invention are shown. All other embodiments, which can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without undue burden on the person of ordinary skill in the art based on embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
Examples
A method for estimating the critical leakage water level of a dam by utilizing oxyhydrogen isotopes is shown in a figure 1, and specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: for a research dam constructed on a large-scale basin in China, a drainage gallery is arranged at the right bank abutment part of the dam, and engineering basic data such as the hydrogeology of the dam, the gallery arrangement and the like are collected for the leakage condition in the gallery, as shown in fig. 2.
Step 2: in-situ examining the yielding and converging conditions of the reservoir area where the dam is positioned, grasping the downstream leakage and outflow conditions of the dam, and making a sampling scheme comprising water source types and specific coordinates; in the embodiment, the reservoir forming geological condition of the reservoir area where the dam is positioned is good, the possibility that reservoir water leaks to mountain bodies at two sides is avoided, reservoir converging mainly comes from incoming water in the upstream direction of the large-scale reservoir and rainfall catchment generated in a water collecting area, no obvious seepage point exists at the downstream of the dam, so that the drainage gallery arranged at the right bank dam abutment part of the dam is used for collecting dam seepage, and the sampling point is determined and a sampling route from upstream to downstream is established for adjacent water bodies at the right bank reservoir area of the dam and water bodies at the right bank reservoir area of the dam by combining the geographic position of the drainage gallery;
step 3: in this embodiment, the water bodies in hydraulic connection with the leakage of the gallery at the upstream and downstream of the dam comprise the water bodies in the upstream reservoir area and the water bodies in the downstream water area of the dam.
The dam to be investigated is sampled continuously at a frequency of 1 month and 1 time for 4 months at t to be sampled 1 To t 4 Record the time periodReservoir level h corresponding to sampling time i I=1, 2,3 and 4, respectively taking water samples from the upstream reservoir area of the dam, the downstream water area of the dam and the leak catchment of the corridor at fixed points during each sampling, testing and calculating oxyhydrogen isotopes of each water sample 2 H， 18 O) abundance values, constructing oxyhydrogen isotope space-time observation sequences of various relevant water bodies of a dam corridor (namely, water bodies in an upstream reservoir area of the dam, water bodies in a downstream water area of the dam and leakage and catchment of the corridor), wherein the oxyhydrogen isotope space-time observation sequences are shown as oxygen isotope characteristic values of relevant water bodies leaked from a right-bank dam abutment part of the dam for 4 months continuously in a view shown in FIG. 3;
in fig. 3, the upper water collection of the gallery and the lower water collection of the gallery are the "leakage water collection of the gallery", and the leakage water collection of the gallery is formed by collecting the upper drainage facility of the gallery and the lower drainage facility of the gallery in the gallery. Taking the upper water collection as an example, the upper water collection amount (q u ) Is the flow rate, the upper water collection of the gallery is the product of the flow rate and the average abundance of oxygen isotopes (q u *δ 18 O), in this embodiment the models are built in the same gallery, and a plurality of upper drainage facilities and a plurality of lower drainage facilities are arranged in the gallery, the upper water collection amount (q u ) The total water seepage flow obtained by collecting the water drainage facilities at the upper part is only given the accumulated numerical value for convenient display because the water drainage facilities have too much data.
Step 4: according to engineering basic data and dam reservoir area flow field characteristics, a dam gallery leakage calculation model is established:
the calculation model is built on the basis of a water balance equation and an isotope mass conservation equation, and the actual arrangement structure of the gallery is fused into the model. The water balance equation and the isotope mass conservation equation belong to the existing formulas in the isotope field, but particularly, if the actual arrangement structure of the gallery is not considered, the formulas can not obtain a calculation model solution through hydrogen-oxygen isotope data due to unknown numbers exceeding Fang Chengshu; the calculation model is characterized in that the calculation model is formed by taking the height of a gallery as a boundary, the upper region of the gallery is formed by collecting water seepage by adopting an upper drainage facility of the gallery, the lower region of the gallery is formed by forming water seepage by adopting a lower drainage facility of the gallery, and the introduced water flows through a dam gallery without being led into the upper drainage facility of the gallerySeepage flow q flux The hydraulic connection of the upper area and the lower area of the gallery is unified, and on the premise of ensuring to accord with the actual construction of the dam gallery, the leakage flux of the dam gallery is calculated and solved through an isotope mass conservation equation and a water balance equation, and other variables and assumptions are not required to be introduced, so that the scientificity and the practicability of the calculation model are effectively ensured.
Wherein DeltaQ U For water volume variation in the upper region of the gallery, q in For the infiltration flow of the upper region of the gallery, q flux To provide a seepage flow through a dam gallery without merging into the drainage facility above the gallery,collecting the water seepage flow for the upper drainage facility with the number i in the gallery, < > and the water seepage flow for the upper drainage facility with the number i in the gallery>Stable isotope average abundance, delta, for production flow in upper region of gallery I Stable isotope abundance, delta, for total infiltration flux F To correspond to q flux Stable isotope abundance of->Upper row numbered i in galleryThe water facilities collect stable isotope abundance of seeping water, delta Q D For water volume variation in the lower region of the gallery, q out For the seepage flow of the lower region of the gallery,collecting water seepage flow for the drainage facility at the lower part of the gallery with the number of i,/for the drainage facility at the lower part of the gallery with the number of i>Stable isotope average abundance, delta, for product flow in the gallery lower region O Stable isotopic abundance for total extravasation, +.>The permeate stable isotope abundance was collected for the lower drain facility of gallery number i.
Step 5: dam seepage is in a state of stabilizing a flow field when the reservoir water level is stable, and meanwhile, different h is calculated by combining reservoir water level monitoring data on the upstream of the dam i Dam gallery leakage flux corresponding to the period:
taking the data obtained from the 8 th year 2020 sampling batch as an example, the data are substituted into the formula to obtain:
q in ＝[-20.9537-20.7804-2.45×(-9.6099)-2.25×(-9.6099)]/(-10.2577+9.6099)＝-5.298L/s
q out ＝[-20.9537-20.7804-2.45×(-10.2577)-2.25×(-10.2577)]/(-10.2577+9.6099)＝-9.998L/s
step 6: the infiltration flow q of the upper region of the dotting gallery in Seepage flow q in lower region of gallery out Along with the dam reservoir water level h i The change process line is formed in the dam leakage characteristic evolution frame (x-axis abscissa is the reservoir water levelFlow on y-axis ordinate) according to the upper region infiltration flow (q) in ) By changing the relation, a horizontal line parallel to the abscissa is made at the moment of 0 of the infiltration flow, namely y=0, the horizontal line and the upper infiltration flow change line of the gallery form an intersection point, and the abscissa value of the intersection point is the critical water level h corresponding to the dam leakage cr Representing that the water body does not leak and migrate downstream of the dam in the reservoir area below the water level.
In the embodiment, the dam leakage critical water level h is calculated by the method cr 243.8m, q under the influence of the elevated upstream reservoir water level, half a year down 2020, as shown in FIG. 4 in 、q out All exhibit an upward trend, consistent with the hydraulic recognition that elevated reservoir levels cause the upstream water head to rise and result in increased seepage. When the reservoir water level is lower, no matter the infiltration flow or the seepage flow is negative, the reservoir water does not form a source of the gallery water body, and therefore, the water collected at the upper part of the gallery is not from the reservoir area seepage flow under the low water level. As the reservoir water level continues to rise, after the reservoir water level becomes high, the reservoir water permeates into the gallery, q in 、q out All the water flows from negative to positive, and the seepage flow direction is changed into seepage from top to bottom correspondingly, and when the seepage water in the reservoir area flows through the drainage gallery, the corresponding water head is higher than the drainage Kong Dinggao.
The research conclusion and the dam leakage critical water level value verify the geological investigation result of the right bank of the dam engineering. By comparing the relation between the water collecting quantity at the upper part of the gallery and the water collecting quantity at the lower part of the gallery and the reservoir water level, the quantitative description of the leakage quantity and the water level can be obtained under the condition of applying the method of the invention, and the capability of deeply exploring the hydraulic connection and the cooperative change with the reservoir water level is provided, as shown in figure 4, the method provides a new method for scientifically evaluating and analyzing the leakage characteristics of the dam gallery and the critical water level of the dam leakage, and provides a new basis for the efficient utilization of the water resources in the reservoir area of the dam and the establishment of related water-regulating, water-storing and water-draining strategies.
Although the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiments, but that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (3)
1. A method for estimating a dam leakage critical water level using an oxyhydrogen isotope, comprising the steps of:
step 1: collecting engineering data of dam hydrogeology and gallery arrangement;
step 2: the method comprises the steps of (1) on-site examining the yield and confluence conditions of a reservoir area where a dam is located and the leakage and outflow conditions of the downstream of the dam, and preparing a sampling scheme;
step 3: sampling according to a set frequency, respectively recording the corresponding reservoir water level at the sampling moment when sampling each time, collecting water bodies and gallery water samples which are hydraulically connected with the leakage of the upper and lower sides of the dam when sampling each time, measuring the hydrogen and oxygen isotope abundance values in the water bodies of the samples, and constructing a hydrogen and oxygen isotope space-time observation sequence of each related water body of the dam gallery;
step 4: establishing a dam gallery leakage calculation model; dividing a dam gallery leakage calculation model by gallery elevation, wherein a water balance and isotope mass conservation equation aiming at an upper region of the gallery is adopted above a gallery elevation line:
wherein DeltaQ U For water volume variation in the upper region of the gallery, q in For the infiltration flow of the upper region of the gallery, q flux To provide a seepage flow through a dam gallery without merging into the drainage facility above the gallery,collecting the water seepage flow for the upper drainage facility with the number i in the gallery, < > and the water seepage flow for the upper drainage facility with the number i in the gallery>Stable isotope average abundance, delta, for production flow in upper region of gallery I Stable isotope abundance, delta, for total infiltration flux F To correspond to q flux Stable isotope abundance of->Collecting the stable isotope abundance of the seeped water for the gallery upper drainage facility with the number i;
the water balance and isotope mass conservation equation for the lower region of the gallery are adopted below the gallery elevation line:
wherein DeltaQ D For water volume variation in the lower region of the gallery, q out For the seepage flow of the lower region of the gallery,collecting the water seepage flow for the lower drainage facility with the number i in the gallery, < > and (ii)>Stable isotope average abundance, delta, for product flow in the gallery lower region O Stable isotopic abundance for total extravasation, +.>Collecting the stable isotope abundance of the seeped water for the drainage facility at the lower part of the gallery with the number i;
step 5: calculating dam gallery leakage flux corresponding to different reservoir water levels at moment; the seepage flux of the dam gallery is calculated by the upper seepage flow q of the gallery in Lower drain flow q of gallery out The formula is as follows:
step 6: and calculating the critical seepage water level of the dam by utilizing the change relation between the seepage flux of the gallery of the dam and the water level of the reservoir.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sampling period in step 3 is controlled to be within the same water storage/drainage period.
3. The method for estimating a dam leakage critical water level by utilizing oxyhydrogen isotopes according to claim 1, wherein in the step 6, the obtained dam reservoir water points corresponding to the upper seepage flow of the gallery, the lower seepage flow of the gallery and the sampling period are plotted in a coordinate graph with flow on an ordinate and reservoir water level on an abscissa, and linear fitting is carried out on the upper seepage flow of the gallery and the lower seepage flow of the gallery respectively to construct a change relation graph of dam gallery seepage flow and dam reservoir water level; in a change relation diagram of dam gallery leakage flux and dam reservoir water level, a horizontal line parallel to an abscissa is made at the moment of 0L/s of infiltration flux, namely y=0, the horizontal line and an upper infiltration flux change line of the gallery form an intersection point, and the abscissa value of the intersection point is the corresponding dam leakage critical water level.
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