CN115918787A - Forage grass ensiling method - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a forage grass silage method, which belongs to the technical field of silage, and is characterized in that acetic acid and cardamom essential oil are added into forage grass which is good in growth state and suitable for silage, the forage grass is uniformly mixed and placed into a silage pit for silage to obtain silage forage grass, and the acetic acid and the cardamom essential oil change the bacterial community structure of the silage forage grass, so that the fermentation quality of the silage grass is improved; the dry matter content of the silage forage grass is 32.02-38.12%, the crude protein content of the silage forage grass is 15.06-19.86%, the neutral detergent fiber content is 38.67-39.92%, the acid detergent fiber content is 18.94-21.73%, the ammoniacal nitrogen content is 4.81-7.89%, and the lactic acid content is 6.35-7.43%; the novel forage grass ensiling method provided by the invention effectively solves the technical problem that high-quality fresh ensiling forage grass cannot be prepared by the conventional ensiling method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of silage, in particular to a forage grass silage method.
Background
Forage grass is herbaceous plants whose stems and leaves can be used as forage for herbivorous animals. The forage grass has the advantages of vigorous growth, tender grass quality, high unit area yield, strong regeneration capacity, capability of harvesting for multiple times in one year, good palatability to livestock, rich nutrition, high quality protein, a proper amount of phosphorus and calcium necessary for growing bones and rich vitamins. The forage grass has the following characteristics: the water content is high, the water content of terrestrial plants is about 60-90%, and the water content of aquatic plants can be up to 90-95%; the quality of protein is high and the quality is good, the general fresh forage grass and leaf vegetable feed contains 1.5 to 3.0 percent of crude protein and 3.2 to 4.4 percent of leguminous forage grass; the content of dry matter is respectively 8-12% and 18-24%, the leguminous forage can meet the nutritional requirement of livestock on protein in any state, the forage not only has high protein content but also has good quality, contains various essential amino acids, especially has high content of lysine and tryptophan, the biological value of the forage protein can reach 80%, and the concentrated feed is 50-60%; the content of vitamins is rich, and the vitamins in the pasture are most rich in carotene, and each kilogram of the vitamins contains 50-80 mg. Under normal feeding conditions, the herd animals take over 100 times more carotene than they need to be. And the second is B vitamins, and the content of vitamins C, E and K is not small, for example, 1.5 mg/kg of thiamine, 4.6 mg/kg of riboflavin and 18 mg/kg of nicotinic acid are contained in alfalfa, but the pasture is generally lack of vitamin D, the content of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is also very low, and the vitamin content of the leguminous pasture is higher than that of the gramineous pasture. The forage grass contains about 1.5-2.5% of minerals, wherein the forage grass contains about 0.2-2% of calcium and 0.2-0.5% of phosphorus, and the ratio of the calcium to the phosphorus is proper, so the forage grass is a good source of the minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and the like of livestock.
In order to preserve fresh forage grass and reduce the loss of nutrient components of the forage grass to the greatest extent, people often adopt an ensiling mode to preserve the fresh forage grass, namely, fresh plant varieties are compacted and sealed, so that the preserved green feed is isolated from the outside air, oxygen deficiency is caused inside the stored green feed, anaerobic fermentation is caused, organic acid is generated, the fresh forage grass can be preserved for a long time, the nutrient loss can be reduced, and the digestion and absorption of animals are facilitated. However, the conventional ensiling method cannot produce high-quality ensiling feed due to high water content and low attached lactic acid bacteria content of fresh forage. Therefore, the invention provides a forage grass ensiling method.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a forage grass silage method, which effectively solves the technical problem that high-quality fresh silage forage grass cannot be prepared by a conventional silage method, and simultaneously provides a method for simply and efficiently improving the silage quality of forage grass.
The invention provides a forage grass ensiling method which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting fresh forage grass with good growth state, taking part of plants, cutting into pieces of 1-4 cm, and drying in vacuum to obtain a fresh forage grass sample;
s2, ensiling treatment: and (3) adding acetic acid and cardamom essential oil into the fresh forage grass sample obtained in the step (S1), uniformly mixing, filling into a silage silo, sealing the silo, and performing silage treatment to obtain silage forage grass.
Preferably, in S1, the water content of the fresh forage sample is 60-70%.
Preferably, in S2, the purity of the cardamom essential oil is 94-99%.
Preferably, in S2, the feed-liquid ratio of the fresh forage sample to the cardamom essential oil is 1kg:4 to 8ml.
Preferably, in S2, the mass fraction of acetic acid is 50% to 70%.
Preferably, in S2, the feed-liquid ratio of the fresh forage sample to the acetic acid is 1kg:4 to 10ml.
Preferably, in S2, the silage silo is filled in layers, each layer is 20-30 cm, and the silage silo is filled to a position 40-50 cm higher than the mouth of the silage silo.
Preferably, in S2, the ensiling temperature is 22-28 ℃, and the ensiling time is 60-80 d.
Preferably, in S2, the dry matter content of the silage forage grass is 32.02-38.12% based on the fresh forage grass sample.
Preferably, based on the dry matter of the silage forage grass, the content of crude protein of the silage forage grass is 15.06% -19.86%, the content of neutral detergent fiber is 38.67% -39.92%, the content of acid detergent fiber is 18.94% -21.73%, the content of ammoniacal nitrogen is 4.81% -7.89%, and the content of lactic acid is 6.35% -7.43%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The invention selects forage grass which has good growth state and is suitable for ensiling, cuts the forage grass into 1-4 cm, adds acetic acid and cardamom essential oil, mixes the materials evenly, puts the forage grass into an ensiling pit for ensiling treatment to obtain ensiling forage grass, in 70 days of ensiling, in the barley stem and leaf ensiling which is treated by the acetic acid and the cardamom essential oil in the embodiment 3, the relative abundance of the plant lactobacillus is higher than that in the barley stem and leaf ensiling which is only treated by the acetic acid in the comparative example 1 and only treated by the cardamom essential oil in the comparative example 2, the synergy of the acetic acid and the cardamom essential oil changes the bacterial community structure of the ensiling forage grass, thereby improving the fermentation quality of the forage grass ensiling; the silage forage grass obtained by treating acetic acid and cardamom essential oil has the dry matter content of 32.02-38.12 percent, the crude protein content of the silage forage grass is 15.06-19.86 percent, the neutral detergent fiber content is 38.67-39.92 percent, the acid detergent fiber content is 18.94-21.73 percent, the ammonia nitrogen content is 4.81-7.89 percent, and the lactic acid content is 6.35-7.43 percent.
(2) The forage grass ensiling method provided by the invention has the advantages of strong practicability, simple ensiling mode and low cost, and can effectively solve the technical problem that high-quality fresh ensiling forage grass cannot be prepared by the conventional ensiling method.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood and enable those skilled in the art to practice the present invention, the following embodiments are further described, but the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments. The following test methods and detection methods, unless otherwise specified, are conventional methods; the reagents and starting materials are all commercially available, unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
A forage grass ensiling method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting barley in good growth state, taking barley stems and leaves, cutting the barley stems and leaves into 1cm, and performing vacuum drying to obtain fresh barley stem and leaf samples with the water content of 60%;
s2, ensiling treatment: adding 50% by mass of acetic acid (the material-liquid ratio of the fresh barley stem and leaf samples to the acetic acid is 1kg.
Through detection, the content of the ensiled dry matter of the barley stems and leaves is 38.12 percent based on the fresh samples of the barley stems and leaves; calculated by the dry matters of the silage of the barley stems and leaves, the content of crude protein of the silage of the barley stems and leaves is 15.49%, the content of neutral detergent fiber is 39.92%, the content of acid detergent fiber is 20.72%, the content of ammoniacal nitrogen is 7.21%, and the content of lactic acid is 6.35%.
Example 2
A forage grass ensiling method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting barley in a good growth state, taking barley stems and leaves, cutting the barley stems and leaves into 4cm, and performing vacuum drying to obtain fresh barley stem and leaf samples with the water content of 70%;
s2, ensiling treatment: adding acetic acid with the mass fraction of 70% (1kg of material-liquid ratio of the fresh barley stem and leaf samples to the acetic acid: 10ml) and cardamom essential oil with the purity of 99% (1kg of material-liquid ratio of the fresh barley stem and leaf samples to the cardamom essential oil: 8ml) into the fresh barley stem and leaf samples in the S1, uniformly mixing, loading the mixture into a silage cellar layer by layer with each layer being 30cm and being 50cm higher than the mouth of the silage cellar, and performing silage treatment at 28 ℃ for 80d to obtain silage barley stem and leaf.
Through detection, the dry matter content of the silage barley stems and leaves is 36.87 percent based on the fresh samples of the barley stems and leaves; based on dry matters of the silage barley stems and leaves, the content of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acidic detergent fiber, ammoniacal nitrogen and lactic acid in the silage barley stems and leaves is 15.12%, 38.71%, 21.73%, 7.62% and 7.43%.
Example 3
A forage grass ensiling method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting barley in good growth state, taking barley stems and leaves, cutting the barley stems and leaves into 2cm, and performing vacuum drying to obtain fresh barley stem and leaf samples with the water content of 65%;
s2, ensiling treatment: adding 60 mass percent of acetic acid (the feed-liquid ratio of the fresh barley stem and leaf samples to the acetic acid is 1kg.
Through detection, the dry matter content of the silage barley stems and leaves is 37.63 percent based on the fresh samples of the barley stems and leaves; calculated by dry matters of stem leaves of the silage barley, the content of crude protein of the stem leaves of the silage barley is 15.62%, the content of neutral detergent fiber is 38.67%, the content of acid detergent fiber is 18.94%, the content of ammoniacal nitrogen is 7.12%, and the content of lactic acid is 7.29%.
Example 4
A forage grass ensiling method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting barley in good growth state, taking barley stems and leaves, cutting the barley stems and leaves into 3cm, and performing vacuum drying to obtain fresh barley stem and leaf samples with the water content of 62%;
s2, ensiling treatment: adding acetic acid with the mass fraction of 55% (the feed-liquid ratio of the fresh barley stem and leaf samples to the acetic acid is 1kg.
Through detection, the dry matter content of the silage barley stems and leaves is 32.02 percent based on the fresh samples of the barley stems and leaves; calculated by dry matters of stem leaves of the silage barley, the content of crude protein of the stem leaves of the silage barley is 15.06%, the content of neutral detergent fiber is 39.03%, the content of acid detergent fiber is 19.62%, the content of ammoniacal nitrogen is 7.89%, and the content of lactic acid is 6.78%.
Example 5
A method for ensiling forage grass, comprising the steps of:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting barley in good growth state, taking barley stems and leaves, cutting the barley stems and leaves into 2.5cm, and performing vacuum drying to obtain fresh barley stem and leaf samples with the water content of 68%;
s2, ensiling treatment: adding 65% by mass of acetic acid (the material-liquid ratio of the fresh barley stem and leaf sample to the acetic acid is 1kg.
Through detection, the content of the ensiled dry matter of the barley stems and leaves is 34.94 percent based on the fresh samples of the barley stems and leaves; calculated by dry matters of stem leaves of the silage barley, the content of crude protein of the stem leaves of the silage barley is 15.21%, the content of neutral detergent fiber is 38.92%, the content of acid detergent fiber is 20.13%, the content of ammoniacal nitrogen is 7.39%, and the content of lactic acid is 7.18%.
Example 6
A forage grass ensiling method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting early-maturing herda oat for feeding with good growth state, cutting into 2cm, and vacuum drying to obtain fresh oat for feeding with water content of 65%;
s2, ensiling treatment: adding 60 mass percent of acetic acid (the feed oat fresh sample to acetic acid feed liquid ratio is 1kg.
Through detection, the dry matter content of the oat for silage is 36.49 percent based on the fresh sample of the oat for feed; the content of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ammonia nitrogen and lactic acid in the oat for silage is 15.46%, 37.71%, 20.15%, 7.64% and 7.40%, respectively.
Example 7
A method for ensiling forage grass, comprising the steps of:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting 3000 triticale which is good in growth state and is used for medium and late maturity grazing, chopping to 2cm, and drying in vacuum to obtain a fresh sample of the triticale with the water content of 65%;
s2, ensiling treatment: adding 60% by mass of acetic acid (the feed-liquid ratio of the fresh triticale sample to the acetic acid is 1kg.
Through detection, the dry matter content of the silage triticale is 38.08 percent based on a fresh sample of the triticale; based on dry substances of the silage triticale, the silage triticale has the crude protein content of 15.58%, the neutral detergent fiber content of 38.82%, the acidic detergent fiber content of 21.82%, the ammonia nitrogen content of 7.51% and the lactic acid content of 7.30%.
Example 8
A forage grass ensiling method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting perennial gelan Dandi ryegrass with good growth state, cutting into 2cm, and vacuum drying to obtain a fresh sample of ryegrass with 65% of moisture content;
s2, ensiling treatment: adding 60% by mass of acetic acid (the material-liquid ratio of the fresh ryegrass sample to the acetic acid is 1kg.
Through detection, the dry matter content of the ensiled ryegrass is 36.89% based on a fresh sample of ryegrass; based on the dry matter of the ensiling ryegrass, the content of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acidic detergent fiber, ammoniacal nitrogen and lactic acid in the ensiling ryegrass is 19.86%, 37.26%, 4.81% and 7.38%.
In order to further illustrate the effects of the present invention, the present invention was also provided with comparative examples, as follows:
comparative example 1
A forage grass ensiling method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting barley in good growth state, taking barley stems and leaves, cutting the barley stems and leaves into 2cm, and performing vacuum drying to obtain fresh barley stem and leaf samples with the water content of 65%;
s2, ensiling treatment: and (2) adding acetic acid with the mass fraction of 60% (the material-liquid ratio of the fresh barley stem and leaf samples to the acetic acid is 1kg.
Through detection, the dry matter content of the silage barley stems and leaves is 29.84 percent based on the fresh samples of the barley stems and leaves; calculated by dry matters of silage barley stems and leaves, the content of crude protein of the silage barley stems and leaves is 14.20%, the content of neutral detergent fiber is 36.25%, the content of acid detergent fiber is 17.62%, the content of ammoniacal nitrogen is 7.93%, and the content of lactic acid is 4.23%.
Comparative example 2
A forage grass ensiling method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting barley in good growth state, taking barley stems and leaves, cutting the barley stems and leaves into 2cm, and performing vacuum drying to obtain fresh barley stem and leaf samples with the water content of 65%;
s2, ensiling treatment: adding 96% of cardamom essential oil (the feed-liquid ratio of the fresh barley stem and leaf samples to the cardamom essential oil is 1kg.
Through detection, the dry matter content of the silage barley stems and leaves is 31.56 percent based on the fresh samples of the barley stems and leaves; calculated by dry matters of stem leaves of the silage barley, the content of crude protein of the stem leaves of the silage barley is 14.73%, the content of neutral detergent fiber is 37.12%, the content of acid detergent fiber is 18.54%, the content of ammoniacal nitrogen is 8.02%, and the content of lactic acid is 5.92%.
The chemical components, fermentation characteristics and bacterial communities of the silage grasses obtained in the examples 1 to 8 and the comparative examples 1 to 2 of the invention are detected, and the detection method and the detection results are as follows.
The method comprises the following steps of (I) detecting chemical components of forage grass silage: firstly, ensiling all kinds of forage grass to obtain the forage grass ensiling, drying at the constant temperature of 55 ℃, crushing, screening by a 0.5mm screen, and weighing to obtain the Dry Matter (DM) content; the results of measurement of Crude Protein (CP), neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) in dry matter were shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 chemical composition Table of fresh forage and silage
| Chemical composition | DM％FM | CP％DM | NDF％DM | ADF％DM |
| Example 1 | 38.12 | 15.49 | 39.92 | 20.72 |
| Example 2 | 36.87 | 15.12 | 38.71 | 21.73 |
| Example 3 | 37.63 | 15.62 | 38.67 | 18.94 |
| Example 4 | 32.02 | 15.06 | 39.03 | 19.62 |
| Example 5 | 34.94 | 15.21 | 38.92 | 20.13 |
| Comparative example 1 | 29.84 | 14.20 | 36.25 | 17.62 |
| Comparative example 2 | 31.56 | 14.73 | 37.12 | 18.54 |
| Example 6 | 36.49 | 15.46 | 37.71 | 20.15 |
| Example 7 | 38.08 | 15.58 | 38.82 | 21.82 |
| Example 8 | 36.89 | 19.86 | 37.26 | 19.01 |
As can be seen from table 1, the Dry Matter (DM) content of the stem and leaves of silage barley obtained by the treatment of example 3 is significantly higher than that of the silage treatment of comparative examples 1-2 (P < 0.05); example 3 the NDF and ADF levels of silage barley stem and leaf feed treated with acetic acid and cardamom essential oil were higher than the NDF and ADF (P < 0.05) of silage barley stem and leaf feed treated with acetic acid only and with cardamom essential oil only in comparative example 1 and comparative example 2.
(II) detecting the fermentation characteristics of the silage grass: the silage grasses obtained in comparative example 1, comparative example 2 and examples 1 to 8 were weighed to obtain 20g, mixed with 180ml of sterile water, and filtered through cheesecloth to obtain a filtrate for measuring lactic acid and ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH) of the silage grasses 3 N) content, the results of which are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 fermentation characteristics of silage grasses
| Item | LA(％DM) | NH 3 -N(％DM) |
| Example 1 | 6.35 | 7.21 |
| Example 2 | 7.43 | 7.62 |
| Example 3 | 7.29 | 7.12 |
| Comparative example 1 | 4.23 | 7.93 |
| Comparative example 2 | 5.92 | 8.02 |
| Example 4 | 6.78 | 7.89 |
| Example 5 | 7.18 | 7.39 |
| Example 6 | 7.40 | 7.64 |
| Example 7 | 7.30 | 7.51 |
| Example 8 | 7.38 | 4.81 |
As can be seen from Table 2: during ensiling, the barley silage stalk and leaf feed treated with acetic acid and cardamom essential oil of example 3 has the highest LA content (P) compared to barley stalks and leaves treated with acetic acid only and cardamom essential oil only of comparative example 1 and comparative example 2<0.05 ); the treatment with acetic acid and cardamom essential oil in example 3 significantly reduced NH compared to comparative examples 1 and 2 3 -N content (P)<0.05)。
(III) detecting the microorganisms in the forage grass silage: the microorganisms contained in the barley stem and leaf silage obtained in comparative example 1, comparative example 2 and example 3 were tested.
The results show that: the relative abundance of lactobacillus plantarum in stem and leaves of silage barley treated with acetic acid and cardamom essential oil in example 3 was higher than in stem and leaves of silage barley treated with acetic acid only in comparative example 1 and cardamom essential oil only in comparative example 2 at 70 days of silage.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (10)
1. A forage grass ensiling method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, collecting fresh forage grass: selecting fresh forage grass with good growth state, taking part of plants, cutting into pieces of 1-4 cm, and drying in vacuum to obtain a fresh forage grass sample;
s2, ensiling treatment: and (3) adding acetic acid and cardamom essential oil into the fresh forage grass sample obtained in the step (S1), uniformly mixing, filling into a silage silo, sealing the silo, and performing silage treatment to obtain silage forage grass.
2. The method for ensiling forage grass according to claim 1, wherein the moisture content of the fresh sample of forage grass in S1 is 60% to 70%.
3. The method for ensiling fodder grass according to claim 1, wherein the cardamom essential oil has a purity of 94 to 99% in S2.
4. The method for ensiling the forage grass according to claim 1, wherein in S2, the ratio of the forage grass fresh sample to the cardamom essential oil is 1kg:4 to 8ml.
5. The method for ensiling fodder according to claim 1, wherein the mass fraction of acetic acid in S2 is 50% to 70%.
6. The method for ensiling forage grass according to claim 1, wherein in S2, the feed-to-liquid ratio of the fresh sample of forage grass to acetic acid is 1kg:4 to 10ml.
7. The method for ensiling fodder grass according to claim 1 wherein in S2 the ensiling pit is filled in layers, each layer being 20-30 cm, up to 40-50 cm above the mouth of the ensiling pit.
8. The method of ensiling fodder according to claim 1 wherein in S2 the temperature of the ensiling is 22 to 28 ℃ and the time of the ensiling is 60 to 80 days.
9. The method of ensiling forage grass according to claim 1 wherein the dry matter content of the ensiled forage grass in S2 is from 32.02% to 38.12% on a fresh sample of forage grass.
10. The method of ensiling a forage according to claim 9 wherein the silage forage has a crude protein content of 15.06% to 19.86%, a neutral detergent fibre content of 38.67% to 39.92%, an acid detergent fibre content of 18.94% to 21.73%, an ammoniacal nitrogen content of 4.81% to 7.89%, and a lactic acid content of 6.35% to 7.43% on a dry matter basis of the silage forage.
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| CN115024394A (en) * | 2022-06-28 | 2022-09-09 | 贵州大学 | Application of formic acid in improving quality of broussonetia papyrifera ensilage |
| CN115024393A (en) * | 2022-06-28 | 2022-09-09 | 贵州大学 | Application of fructus amomi essential oil in improving quality of paper mulberry silage |
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