CN115917124A - 颗粒过滤器 - Google Patents
颗粒过滤器 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN115917124A CN115917124A CN202180042393.0A CN202180042393A CN115917124A CN 115917124 A CN115917124 A CN 115917124A CN 202180042393 A CN202180042393 A CN 202180042393A CN 115917124 A CN115917124 A CN 115917124A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- particulate filter
- catalyst
- functional material
- filter
- calcium aluminate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Al]=O.[O-][Al]=O XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 68
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 62
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 29
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 61
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 29
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 24
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000002429 nitrogen sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 13
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052676 chabazite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N decan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- PLDDOISOJJCEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nd+3].[Nd+3] PLDDOISOJJCEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006069 physical mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012812 sealant material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000505 Al2TiO5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000907788 Cordia gerascanthus Species 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001479 Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000287 alkaline earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JYIBXUUINYLWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;calcium;potassium;silicon;sodium;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Na].[Al].[Si].[K].[Ca] JYIBXUUINYLWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;lithium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;1,3,5,2,4,6$l^{2}-trioxadisilaluminane 2,4-dioxide;dihydroxide;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2].O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1.O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1 UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000009924 canning Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001603 clinoptilolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001940 europium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940075616 europium oxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AEBZCFFCDTZXHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Eu+3].[Eu+3] AEBZCFFCDTZXHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012013 faujasite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011087 fumaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006194 liquid suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001630 malic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012229 microporous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);praseodymium(3+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Pr+3].[Pr+3] MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
- F01N2330/30—Honeycomb supports characterised by their structural details
- F01N2330/32—Honeycomb supports characterised by their structural details characterised by the shape, form or number of corrugations of plates, sheets or foils
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2370/00—Selection of materials for exhaust purification
- F01N2370/02—Selection of materials for exhaust purification used in catalytic reactors
- F01N2370/04—Zeolitic material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Abstract
本发明涉及一种颗粒过滤器,特别是一种用于内燃机的排放物处理系统的颗粒过滤器。该颗粒过滤器提供高新鲜过滤效率;并且对背压的影响最小至没有。在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了一种用于来自内燃机的排气处理的颗粒过滤器,其包括具有入口侧和出口侧的过滤器;涂覆在过滤器的入口侧、出口侧或两侧上的功能材料层;其中功能材料层包含铝酸钙。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2020年8月25日提交的国际申请No.PCT/CN2020/111092的全部内容的优先权。
描述
技术领域
本发明涉及一种颗粒过滤器,特别是一种用于内燃机的排放物处理系统的颗粒过滤器。该颗粒过滤器提供了高新鲜过滤效率;并且具有对背压最小至没有的影响。
背景
大多数内燃机排气的最大部分含有相对无害的氮气(N2)、水蒸气(H2O)和二氧化碳(CO2);但排气还含有相对小部分的有害和/或有毒物质,例如来自不完全燃烧的一氧化碳(CO)、来自未燃烧燃料的碳氢化合物(HC)、来自过高燃烧温度的氮氧化物(NOx)和颗粒物(PM)。
某些内燃机如稀燃发动机、柴油发动机、天然气发动机、发电厂、焚烧炉或汽油发动机往往会产生具有显著量烟尘和其他颗粒物的排气。颗粒物排放物可通过将含PM的排气通过颗粒过滤器补救。
WO2012030533 A1涉及一种在具有至少一个多孔壁的陶瓷载体上形成多孔识别层(discriminating layer)的方法,该方法包括(a)形成含有颗粒附聚物的气体料流通过所述至少一个多孔壁从所述至少一个多孔壁的气体入口侧至所述至少一个多孔壁的气体出口侧的流,使得至少一部分附聚物沉积以在所述至少一个多孔壁的气体入口侧上形成附聚物、其组成颗粒或二者的沉积层,其中(1)构成颗粒附聚物的颗粒的至少一部分是陶瓷材料或陶瓷材料的前体,(2)构成颗粒附聚物的颗粒具有0.01-5微米(μm)的尺寸,(3)附聚物具有10-200微米的尺寸,和(4)所述沉积层仅部分延伸通过所述至少一个多孔壁的厚度,以及(b)煅烧所述沉积层以形成识别层。
WO2018115900 A1涉及一种用于汽油发动机的排放物处理系统的颗粒过滤器,该过滤器具有入口侧和出口侧,其中至少入口侧负载有合成灰分。
在2016年12月23日,中华人民共和国环境保护部(MEP)公布了轻型车辆排放物的国六限值及测量方法的最终立法(GB18352.6-2016;下文称为国六),其比国五排放物标准要严格得多。特别地,国6b纳入了对颗粒物(PM)的限值并采用了车载诊断(OBD)要求。此外,还规定车辆应在世界统一的轻型车辆测试循环(WLTC)下测试。WLTC包括许多陡峭的加速和长时间的高速要求,这要求高功率输出,这可能会在富燃(λ<1)或深富燃(λ<0.8)条件下造成长时间(如>5秒)的“开环(open-loop)”情况(因为燃料桨需要全部推下)。尽管标准变得更加严格,但期望提供一种进一步改进的颗粒过滤器,其提供较高新鲜过滤效率和增强的耐久性的有利组合而不过度增加背压,使得在满足颗粒物排放物的同时可实现规定的HC、NOx和CO的转化率。
概述
本发明涉及一种颗粒过滤器,特别是一种用于内燃机的排放物处理系统的颗粒过滤器。
各方面包括用于内燃机的排气处理的颗粒过滤器,包括:具有入口侧和出口侧的过滤器;和涂覆在过滤器的入口侧、出口侧或两侧上的功能材料层;功能材料层包含铝酸钙。
其他方面包括用于来自内燃机的排气处理的系统,该系统包括颗粒过滤器以及选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂、三效转化(TWC)催化剂、柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)、氨氧化(AMOx)催化剂、NOx捕集剂、NOx吸收剂催化剂、碳氢化合物捕集剂催化剂中的一种或多种。
其他方面包括处理来自内燃机的排气的方法,该方法包括:提供颗粒过滤器;和使来自发动机的排气流动通过颗粒过滤器。
附图简述
图1(a)和图1(b)显示了一个示例性壁流式过滤器;
图2显示了根据本发明的实施方案的经涂覆的颗粒过滤器和对比颗粒过滤器的背压特性图;
图3显示了根据本发明的实施方案的经涂覆的汽油颗粒过滤器和对比颗粒过滤器的过滤效率图。
详述
在描述本发明的数个示例性实施方案之前,应理解本发明不限于以下描述中阐述的结构或工艺步骤的细节。本发明能够具有其他实施方案并且能够以各种方式实施或进行。
关于本公开内容中使用的术语,提供了以下定义。
在整个描述中,包括权利要求书,术语“包含一个(comprising one)”或“包含(comprising a)”应理解为与术语“包含至少一个”同义,除非另有说明,且“之间”或“至”应理解为包括限值。
术语“一个(a)”、“一种(an)”和“该”用于指本条语法对象中的一个或超过一个(即至少一个)。
术语“和/或”包括含义“和”、“或”以及与该术语相关的要素的所有其他可能组合。
除非另有说明,所有的百分比和比例均以重量提及。
因此,根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种用于内燃机的排气处理的颗粒过滤器,包括:
(1)具有入口侧和出口侧的过滤器;
(2)涂覆在过滤器的入口侧、出口侧或两侧上的功能材料层;
其中该功能材料层包含铝酸钙。
在下面的段落中,更详细地定义本发明的不同方面。如此定义的每个方面均可以与任何其他方面组合,除非明确指出相反的情况。特别地,任何表示为优选或有利的特征可与任何其他表示为优选或有利的特征组合。颗粒过滤器通常由多孔基材形成。多孔基材可包含陶瓷材料,例如堇青石、碳化硅、氮化硅、氧化锆、富铝红柱石、锂辉石、氧化铝-二氧化硅-氧化镁、硅酸锆和/或钛酸铝,通常是堇青石或碳化硅。多孔基材可为通常用于内燃机的排放物处理系统的类型的多孔基材。
内燃机可以是稀燃发动机、柴油机发动机、天然气发动机、发电厂、焚烧炉或汽油发动机。
多孔基材可显现出常规蜂窝结构。过滤器可采取常规“流通式过滤器(flow-through filter)”的形式。作为替换,过滤器可采取常规“壁流式过滤器”(WFF)的形式。该类过滤器在本领域中是已知的。
颗粒过滤器优选为壁流式过滤器。参照图1(a)和图1(b),提供了一个示例性壁流式过滤器。壁流式过滤器通过迫使排气(13)(包括颗粒物)的流通过由多孔材料形成的壁而工作。
壁流式过滤器通常具有第一面和第二面,在其间限定纵向方向。在使用中,第一面和第二面中的一个将为排气(13)的入口面且另一个将为经处理的排气(14)的出口面。常规壁流式过滤器具有沿着纵向方向延伸的第一组和第二组多个通道。第一组多个通道(11)在入口面(01)是开放的且在出口面(02)是封闭的。第二组多个通道(12)在出口面(02)是开放的且在入口面(01)是封闭的。通道优选相互平行,以在通道之间提供恒定的壁厚。因此,从入口面进入多个通道中的一组的气体不能在不通过从入口侧(21)至出口面(22)的通道壁(15)扩散至另一组多个通道下离开整料。通道通过将密封剂材料引入通道的开口端封闭。优选第一组多个通道的通道数与第二组多个通道的通道数相等,并且每组多个通道均匀地分布于整个整料。优选地,在与纵向方向正交的平面内,壁流式过滤器具有每平方英寸100-500个通道,优选200-400个通道。例如,在入口面(01)上,开放通道和封闭通道的密度为每平方英寸200-400个通道。通道的横截面可为长方形、正方形、圆形、椭圆形、三角形、六边形或其他多边形形状。
在一个或多个实施方案中,颗粒过滤器的多孔壁的入口侧(21)涂覆有功能材料层。功能材料层可涂覆在过滤器的多孔壁的出口侧(22)或两侧(21和22)。负载可以被描述为“壁上(on wall)”负载或“壁内(in wall)”负载。前者的特征在于在多孔壁(15)的表面上形成功能材料层。后者的特征在于部分功能材料延伸通过整个多孔壁(15)的厚度。
在一个或多个实施方案中,铝酸钙在新鲜状态下具有不超过10m2/g(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量),优选不超过5m2/g,更优选不超过1m2/g的比表面积。
在一个或多个实施方案中,铝酸钙在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后具有不超过10m2/g(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量),优选不超过5m2/g,更优选不超过1m2/g的比表面积。
在一个或多个实施方案中,铝酸钙具有6至400μm,优选10至200μm的D90。
在一个或多个实施方案中,铝酸钙具有1至100μm,优选1.5至50μm的D50。
在一个或多个实施方案中,铝酸钙具有0.1至40μm,优选0.5至20μm的D10。
“D90”、“D50”和“D10”的通常含义是指在累积粒度分布中,来自小颗粒直径方面的累积量达到90%、50%和10%的点。D90分别是通过测量粒度分布测定的数值。粒度分布通过使用激光衍射粒度分布分析仪测量。
在一个或多个实施方案中,铝酸钙具有0.2至3.0g/cm3,优选0.3至1.8g/cm3的堆积密度。
本文所用“堆积密度”是指每单位体积的材料的质量或重量,包括在考虑的体积中的颗粒之间的空隙空间。
在一个或多个实施方案中,铝酸钙中的氧化铝与氧化钙的质量比为1.1至9,优选1.5至5。
在一个或多个实施方案中,铝酸钙包含以其氧化物计算不超过20重量%,优选不超过15重量%,更优选不超过10重量%的无机杂质。在一些实施方案中,无机杂质包含硅、钛、镁、铁、铜、锆、铈、钡中的至少一种。
在一个或多个实施方案中,功能材料层进一步包含选自由铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)和铑(Rh)及其混合物组成的组的第一铂族金属(PGM)。PGM以催化有效量存在,以将排气中的NOx、CO和碳氢化合物转化为N2、CO2和H2O,并使颗粒过滤器上捕获的颗粒物氧化。
在一个或多个实施方案中,功能材料层进一步包含氧化铝、氧化锆、二氧化铈、二氧化硅、二氧化钛、氧化镁、氧化锌、氧化锰、氧化铁、硅酸盐沸石、硅铝酸盐沸石、硅铝磷酸盐(SAPO)沸石中的一种或多种。
在一个或多个实施方案中,功能材料层进一步包含至少一种有机材料,例如乙酸、草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、富马酸、乳酸、苹果酸、马来酸、己醇、辛醇、癸醇、纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基羟乙基纤维素、淀粉、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氧乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯或聚氨酯。
在一个或多个实施方案中,功能材料可以以颗粒的形式涂覆。
在优选实施方案中,功能材料通过气相载体以颗粒形式涂覆,即“干式涂覆(drycoated)”而不使用任何液体载体。在其他实施方案中,功能材料可以以液体悬浮液的形式涂覆。
在涂覆后,功能材料可以采取填充床的形式。例如,当颗粒过滤器为壁流式过滤器时,功能材料可以相对于入口侧处开放的多个通道的壁形成填充床。填充床可以在入口侧处开放的通道中并相对于密闭通道的密封剂材料,即朝向入口通道的出口端形成。填充床通常是多孔的,并且通常是气体可渗透的,其中孔的尺寸是为了捕获内燃机排放物中的颗粒物如烟尘。填充床的孔通常比颗粒过滤器的多孔基材的孔小。作为替换,或者此外,填充床可具有比多孔基材的壁更多的孔(即它可以通过提供长路径长度来提供高水平的过滤)。填充床可以沿着在入口侧处开放的多个通道的壁延伸。填充床可以采取层或膜,例如连续层或膜的形式。填充床可以沿着多个通道的壁的整个长度延伸,或者仅沿着壁的部分长度延伸。功能材料可以呈多孔涂层而非填充床的形式,例如作为(即衍生自)载体涂层浆料施加的涂层。多孔涂层可以以类似于上面论述的填充床的方式设置在壁流式过滤器中。
在一个或多个实施方案中,功能材料层的负载量为0.1-100g/L,优选1-75g/L,更优选10-50g/L。
在一个或多个实施方案中,过滤器进一步包括包含多个孔的多孔体,并进一步包括在多个孔的至少一部分内的催化载体涂层。催化载体涂层的使用可用于处理内燃机排气的组分,例如未燃烧的碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和/或氮氧化物。催化载体涂层包含选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂、柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)、三效转化(TWC)催化剂、AMOx催化剂、NOx捕集剂、NOx吸收剂催化剂、碳氢化合物捕集剂催化剂中的一种或多种。催化载体涂层通常基本上分布在整个多个孔中。在施加功能材料层之前,将催化载体涂层施加于颗粒过滤器。催化载体涂层可以作为单独的涂层存在于颗粒过滤器上,或者催化载体涂层可以与颗粒过滤器集成整体,例如或者催化载体涂层可以作为溶液或浆料浸渍于原始颗粒过滤器的材料中,或者催化载体涂层可以与形成基材整料结构的成分结合,然后挤压成流通式整料,且在干燥和煅烧之后,通道的交替端以棋盘式图案排列在基材整料的一端密闭且未密闭的通道以类似排列在其相对端交替密闭。该后一排列要求干燥和煅烧后的挤出物的孔隙率足以起壁流式过滤器的作用,即基材整料的孔隙率为至少40%,例如至少45%,例如50%或至少55%或高达75%。
本文所用“选择性催化还原”和“SCR”是指使用含氮还原剂将氮氧化物还原为双氮(N2)的催化过程。SCR催化剂可包括至少一种选自前述的材料:MOR;USY;ZSM-5;ZSM-20;β-沸石;CHA;LEV;AEI;AFX;FER;SAPO;ALPO;钒;氧化钒;二氧化钛;氧化钨;氧化钼;氧化铈;氧化锆;氧化铌;铁;氧化铁;氧化锰;铜;钼;钨;及其混合物。用于SCR催化剂的活性组分的载体结构可以包括任何合适的沸石、沸石型(zeotype)或非沸石化合物。作为替换,SCR催化剂可包括作为活性组分的金属、金属氧化物或混合氧化物。优选的是负载过渡金属的沸石(例如铜-菱沸石,或Cu-CHA,以及铜插晶菱沸石,或Cu-LEV,以及Fe-β)和沸石型(例如铜-SAPO或Cu-SAPO)。
本文所用术语“三效转化”和“TWC”是指可显著消除来自汽油发动机排气的HC、CO和NOx的催化过程。通常TWC催化剂主要包含铂族金属(PGM)、储氧组分(OSC)和难熔金属氧化物载体。
本文所用术语“铂族金属”和“PGM”是指元素周期表中定义的一种或多种化学元素,包括铂、钯、铑、锇、铱和钌及其混合物。
在一些实施方案中,TWC催化剂的铂族金属组分选自铂、钯、铑或其混合物。在具体实施方案中,TWC催化剂的铂族金属组分包括钯。
在一些实施方案中,TWC催化剂不包含额外的铂族金属(即TWC仅包含一种铂族金属)。在其他实施方案中,TWC催化剂包含额外的铂族金属。在一个或多个实施方案中,当存在时,额外的铂族金属选自铂、铑和其混合物。在具体实施方案中,额外的铂族金属组分包含铑。在一个或多个具体实施方案中,TWC催化剂包含钯和铑的混合物。在其他实施方案中,TWC催化剂包含铂、钯和铑的混合物。
本文所用术语“储氧组分”和“OSC”是指具有多价态且在还原条件下可以主动与还原剂如CO或氢气反应,然后在氧化条件下与氧化剂如氧气或氮氧化物反应的实体。储氧组分的实例包括稀土氧化物,特别是氧化铈、氧化镧、氧化镨、氧化钕、氧化铌、氧化铕、氧化钐、氧化镱、氧化钇、氧化锆以及除氧化铈之外的其混合物。稀土氧化物可呈本体(如颗粒)形式。储氧组分可包括显现出储氧性能的形式的氧化铈。氧化铈的晶格氧可以在富A/F条件下与一氧化碳、氢气或碳氢化合物反应。在一个或多个实施方案中,用于TWC催化剂的储氧组分包括氧化铈-氧化锆复合物或稀土稳定的氧化铈-氧化锆。
本文所用术语“难熔金属氧化物载体”和“载体”是指下面的高表面积材料,在其上具有额外的化合物或元素。载体颗粒具有大于20A的孔和宽孔分布。如本文所定义的,该类载体,例如金属氧化物载体,不包括分子筛,具体而言沸石。在特定实施方案中,可利用高表面积难熔金属氧化物载体,例如氧化铝载体材料,也称为“γ-氧化铝”或“活性氧化铝”,其通常显现出超过60平方米/克(“m2/g”)的BET表面积,通常高达约200m2/g或更高。该类活性氧化铝通常是氧化铝的γ和δ相的混合物,但还可含有显著量的η、κ和θ氧化铝相。除活性氧化铝外的难熔金属氧化物可用作给定催化剂中的至少一些催化组分的载体。例如,本体氧化铈、氧化锆、α-氧化铝、二氧化硅、二氧化钛和其他材料已知用于该类用途。
在一些实施方案中,用于TWC催化剂的难熔金属氧化物载体独立地包含经活化、稳定或二者的化合物,该化合物选自由氧化铝、氧化锆、氧化铝-氧化锆、氧化镧-氧化铝、氧化镧-氧化锆-氧化铝、氧化铝-氧化铬、氧化铈、氧化铝-氧化铈及其组合组成的组。
本文所用术语“柴油机氧化催化剂”和“DOC”是指柴油机氧化催化剂,这在本领域中是熟知的。柴油机氧化催化剂经设计以将CO氧化为CO2,并将柴油机颗粒的气相HC和有机部分(可溶性有机部分)氧化为CO2和H2O。典型的柴油机氧化催化剂包括位于高表面积无机氧化物载体如氧化铝、二氧化硅-氧化铝、二氧化钛、二氧化硅-二氧化钛和沸石上的铂和任选地钯。本文所用术语包括产生放热的DEC(柴油放热催化剂)。
本文所用“氨氧化催化剂”和“AMOx”是指催化剂至少包含经负载的贵金属组分如一种或多种铂族金属(PGM),其有效地从排气料流中移除氨。在具体实施方案中,贵金属可包括铂、钯、铑、钌、铱、银或金。在具体实施方案中,贵金属组分包括贵金属的物理混合物或化学或原子掺杂的组合。
贵金属组分通常在高表面积难熔金属氧化物载体上沉积。合适高表面积难熔金属氧化物的实例包括氧化铝、二氧化硅、二氧化钛、氧化铈和氧化锆、氧化镁、氧化钡、氧化锰、氧化钨和稀土金属氧化物稀土金属氧化物、贱金属氧化物及其物理混合物、化学组合和/或原子掺杂组合。
本文所用术语“NOx吸附催化剂”和“NOx捕集剂(也称为稀燃NOx捕集剂,缩写为LNT)”是指借助吸附减少稀燃内燃机的氮氧化物(NO和NO2)排放物的催化剂。典型的NOx捕集剂包括碱土金属氧化物如Mg、Ca、Sr和Ba的氧化物,碱金属氧化物如Li、Na、K、Rb和Cs的氧化物和稀土金属氧化物如Ce、La、Pr和Nd的氧化物与贵金属催化剂如分散在氧化铝载体上的铂的组合,其已用于纯化来自内燃机的排气。对于NOx储存,通常优选氧化钡,因为其在稀燃发动机操作时形成硝酸盐且在富燃条件下相对容易地释放硝酸盐。
本文所用术语“碳氢化合物捕集剂”是指在冷操作期间捕集碳氢化合物并在较高温度操作期间将其释放以用于氧化的催化剂。碳氢化合物捕集剂可由一个或多个碳氢化合物(HC)储存组分提供以用于吸附各种碳氢化合物(HC)。通常,可以使用具有最小的贵金属和材料的相互作用的碳氢化合物储存材料,例如微孔材料,如沸石或沸石类材料。优选地,碳氢化合物储存材料是沸石。β沸石是特别优选的,因为β沸石的大孔口允许有效地捕获柴油衍生物种的碳氢化合物分子。除了β沸石之外,还可以使用其他沸石如八面沸石、菱沸石、斜发沸石、丝光沸石、硅质岩(silicalite)、沸石X、沸石Y、超稳定沸石Y、ZSM-5沸石、菱钾沸石(offretite),以增强冷启动操作中的HC储存。
其他方面包括用于来自内燃机的排气处理的系统,该系统包括颗粒过滤器,以及选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂、三效转化(TWC)催化剂、柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)、氨氧化(AMOx)催化剂、NOx捕集剂、NOx吸收剂催化剂、碳氢化合物捕集剂催化剂中的一种或多种。
其他方面包括用于处理来自内燃机的排气的方法,包括:提供颗粒过滤器;以及使来自发动机的排气流动通过颗粒过滤器。通常排气包含未燃烧的碳氢化合物、一氧化碳、氮氧化物和颗粒物。
在一个或多个实施方案中,颗粒过滤器是罐装的。在一个替换实施方案中,该过滤器是非罐装的。“罐装”是指颗粒过滤器已并入外壳中而并入排放物处理系统。
“非罐装”是指颗粒过滤器尚未并入外壳中而并入排放物处理系统,但仍然涂覆有功能材料层。在一个典型的罐装过程中,将颗粒过滤器套在载体垫中(通常由陶瓷纤维或氧化铝纤维形成),然后并入金属外壳。将颗粒过滤器并入金属外壳的方法包括例如“蛤壳(clam shell)”、“填充(stuffing)”和“止血带(tourniquet)”技术。该类技术在本领域是已知的。
过滤器的耐久性包括水热稳定性和对极端环境的耐受性,如冬季中低温导致的冷凝水。水暴露仍然是影响颗粒过滤器的性能的最重要因素之一。令人惊讶地发现当并入内燃机的排放处理系统时,颗粒过滤器显现出高新鲜过滤效率,特别是在暴露于水后。
实施方案
以下实施方案用于进一步说明如本文所公开的发明且不应解释为对其的限制。
1.一种用于来自内燃机的排气处理的颗粒过滤器,包括:
(1)具有入口侧和出口侧的过滤器;和
(2)涂覆在过滤器的入口侧、出口侧或两侧上的功能材料层;
其中功能材料层包含铝酸钙。
2.根据实施方案1所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙在新鲜状态下具有不超过10m2/g的比表面积。
3.根据实施方案1或2所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后具有不超过10m2/g的比表面积。
4.根据实施方案1-3中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙具有6至400μm,优选10至200μm的D90。
5.根据实施方案1-4中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙具有0.2至3.0g/cm3,优选0.3至1.8g/cm3的堆积密度。
6.根据实施方案1-5中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙中的氧化铝与氧化钙的质量比为1.1至9,优选1.5至5。
7.根据实施方案1-6中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙包含以其氧化物计算不超过20重量%,优选不超过15重量%,更优选不超过10重量%的无机杂质。
8.根据实施方案7所述的颗粒过滤器,其中所述无机杂质包含硅、钛、镁、铁、铜、锆、铈、钡中的至少一种。
9.根据实施方案1-8中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中功能材料以颗粒形式涂覆,优选通过气相载体以颗粒形式涂覆。
10.根据实施方案1-9中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中功能材料层的负载量为0.1至100g/L,优选1至75g/L,更优选10至50g/L。
11.根据实施方案1-10中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中过滤器进一步包括包含多个孔的多孔体,并在多个孔的至少一部分内的催化载体涂层;其中所述催化载体涂层包含选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂、柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)、三效转化(TWC)催化剂、AMOx催化剂、NOx捕集剂、NOx吸收剂催化剂、碳氢化合物捕集剂催化剂中的一种或多种;
其中在施加功能材料层之前,将催化载体涂层施加于颗粒过滤器。
12.一种用于来自内燃机的排气处理的系统,包括:根据实施方案1-11中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器以及选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂、三效转化(TWC)催化剂、柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)、氨氧化(AMOx)催化剂、NOx捕集剂、NOx吸收剂催化剂、碳氢化合物捕集剂催化剂中的一种或多种。
13.一种用于处理来自内燃机的排气的方法,包括:
(1)提供根据实施方案1-11中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,和
(2)将来自发动机的排气引导通过所述颗粒过滤器。
14.根据实施方案13所述的方法,其中排气包含未燃烧的碳氢化合物、一氧化碳、氮氧化物和颗粒物。
实施例
本发明通过以下实施例更充分地说明,这些实施例是为了说明本发明而阐述的且不应解释为对其的限制。除非另有说明,否则所有份数和百分比均以重量计,且所有的重量百分比均以干基础表示,这是指不包括水含量,除非另有说明。在各实施例中,载体是堇青石。
实施例1-对比
具有催化层的汽油颗粒过滤器使用由购自的过滤器基材的入口侧开始的单涂层制备。过滤器基材具有143.8mm(D)*152.4mm(L)的尺寸,2.47L的体积,每平方英寸300个孔的孔密度,约200μm的壁厚,65%的孔隙率和直径为18μm的平均孔尺寸(通过压汞法测量)。
基材上的催化层含有现有技术的三效转化(TWC)催化剂复合物,其含有钯和铑,其中总贵金属负载量为7g/ft3且Pt/Pd/Rh比值为0/2/5。该涂层如下制备:
从入口侧施加的组分是高比表面积的γ-氧化铝、氧化铈-氧化锆复合物(具有40重量%作为储氧组分的氧化铈,钯、铑、氧化钡和氧化锆,基于催化剂的煅烧重量,其浓度分别为约24.8重量%、68.7重量%、0.1重量%、0.2重量%、5.0重量%和1.3重量%)。氧化钡以氢氧化物溶液形式引入。氧化锆以硝酸盐溶液形式引入。涂层的总负载量为1.23g/in3。
硝酸铑溶液形式的铑通过行星式搅拌机(P-mixer)在实现初始湿度(incipientwetness)的同时浸渍于高表面积γ-氧化铝和氧化铈氧化锆复合物上,以形成湿粉末。通过行星式搅拌机(P-mixer)在实现初始湿度的同时将硝酸钯溶液形式的钯浸渍于表面积γ-氧化铝和氧化铈氧化锆复合物上,以形成湿粉末。形成含水浆料。加入钡溶液和锆溶液。将浆料研磨为90%为5微米的颗粒尺寸。然后用本领域中已知的沉积方法将浆料涂覆于壁流式堇青石过滤器的入口侧。在涂覆后,将过滤器和入口涂层干燥,然后在550℃的温度下煅烧约1小时。所得催化汽油颗粒过滤器用作对比实施例。
实施例2-对比
根据实施例1的催化汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将功能层施加于过滤器的入口侧。
所施加的功能材料层是高表面积γ-氧化铝。将氧化铝干磨为90%为5微米,50%为2.5微米且10%为1微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下为147m2·g-1且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后为70m2·g-1。将粉末形式的高表面积γ-氧化铝与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。功能材料层的负载量为0.049g/in3。
在涂覆后,将过滤器和入口功能材料层干燥,然后在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例3-对比
根据实施例1的催化汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将功能层施加于过滤器的入口侧。
所施加的功能材料层是高表面积5重量%二氧化硅掺杂的γ-氧化铝。将氧化铝干磨为90%为5.5微米,50%为2.4微米且10%为0.9微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下为155m2·g-1且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后为95m2·g-1。将粉末形式的高表面积γ-氧化铝与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。功能材料层的负载量为0.049g/in3。
在涂覆后,将过滤器和入口功能材料层干燥,然后在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例4-对比
根据实施例1的催化汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将功能层施加于过滤器的入口侧。
所施加的功能材料层是高表面积5重量%二氧化硅掺杂的γ-氧化铝。将氧化铝干磨为90%为5.5微米,50%为2.4微米且10%为0.9微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下为155m2·g-1且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后为95m2·g-1。将粉末形式的高表面积γ-氧化铝与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。功能材料层的负载量为0.245g/in3。
在涂覆后,将过滤器和入口功能材料层干燥,然后在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例5-对比
根据实施例1的汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将功能层施加于过滤器的入口侧。
所施加的功能材料层是高表面积γ-氧化铝和氧化钙的混合物。该混合物分别由63重量%的氧化铝和37重量%的氧化钙制成。将混合物中的氧化铝干磨为90%为5微米,50%为2.5微米且10%为1微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下为147m2·g-1且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后为70m2·g-1。且将混合物中的氧化钙干磨为90%为90微米,50%为32微米且10%为1.5微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后均<1m2·g-1。将粉末形式的混合物材料与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。功能材料层的负载量为0.294g/in3。
在涂覆后,将过滤器和入口功能材料层在高湿度条件下处理,干燥,然后在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例6
根据实施例1的汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将功能层施加于过滤器的入口侧。
所施加的功能材料层是铝酸钙复合材料,其具有56重量%的氧化铝、33重量%的氧化钙、5.0重量%的二氧化硅、3.0重量%的二氧化钛、1.7重量%的氧化镁和1.4重量%的氧化铁。将该铝酸钙复合材料干磨为90%为103微米,50%为28微米且10%为3.0微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后均<1m2·g-1。将粉末形式的铝酸钙复合材料与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。功能材料层的负载量为0.245g/in3。
在涂覆后,将过滤器和入口功能材料层在高湿度条件下处理,干燥,然后在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例7
根据实施例1的汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将功能层施加于过滤器的入口侧。
所施加的功能材料层是高表面积γ-氧化铝和铝酸钙复合材料的混合物。该混合物分别由16.7重量%的氧化铝和83.3重量%的铝酸钙复合材料制成。铝酸钙复合材料包含56重量%的氧化铝、33重量%的氧化钙、5.0重量%的二氧化硅、3.0重量%的二氧化钛、1.7重量%的氧化镁和1.4重量%的氧化铁。将混合物中的氧化铝干磨为90%为5微米,50%为2.5微米且10%为1微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下为147m2·g-1且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后为70m2·g-1。且将铝酸钙复合材料干磨为90%为103微米,50%为28微米且10%为3.0微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后均<1m2·g-1。将粉末形式的混合物材料与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。功能材料层的负载量为0.294g/in3。
实施例8
根据实施例6的汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将第二功能层施加于过滤器的出口侧。
施加于过滤器的出口侧的该第二功能材料层是铝酸钙复合材料,其具有56重量%的氧化铝、33重量%的氧化钙、5.0重量%的二氧化硅、3.0重量%的二氧化钛、1.7重量%的氧化镁和1.4重量%的氧化铁。将该铝酸钙复合材料干磨为90%为103微米,50%为28微米且10%为3.0微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后均<1m2·g-1。将粉末形式的铝酸钙复合材料与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。第二功能材料层的负载量为0.245g/in3。组合的第一和第二功能材料层的总负载量为0.49g/in3。
在涂覆后,将过滤器和出口功能材料层在高湿度条件下处理,干燥,然后在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例9
根据实施例1的汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将功能层施加于过滤器的入口侧。
所施加的功能材料层是铝酸钙复合材料,其具有56重量%的氧化铝、33重量%的氧化钙、5.0重量%的二氧化硅、3.0重量%的二氧化钛、1.7重量%的氧化镁和1.4重量%的氧化铁。将该铝酸钙复合材料干磨为90%为35微米,50%为3.4微米且10%为0.87微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后均<1m2·g-1。将粉末形式的铝酸钙复合材料与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。功能材料层的负载量为0.245g/in3。
在涂覆后,将过滤器和入口功能材料层在高湿度条件下处理,干燥,然后在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例10
根据实施例1的汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将功能层施加于过滤器的入口侧。
所施加的功能材料层是铝酸钙复合材料,其具有81重量%的氧化铝、17重量%的氧化钙、0.7重量%的二氧化硅、0.6重量%的氧化镁和0.7重量%的氧化锆。将该铝酸钙复合材料干磨为90%为29微米,50%为8.8微米且10%为2.0微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后均<1m2·g-1。将粉末形式的铝酸钙复合材料与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。功能材料层的负载量为0.245g/in3。
在涂覆后,将过滤器和入口功能材料层在高湿度条件下处理,干燥,然后在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例11
根据实施例1的汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将功能层施加于过滤器的入口侧。
所施加的功能材料层是铝酸钙复合材料和高表面积γ-氧化铝的混合物。该混合物分别由83重量%的铝酸钙复合材料和17重量%的高表面积γ-氧化铝制成。铝酸钙复合材料由81重量%的氧化铝、17重量%的氧化钙、0.7重量%的二氧化硅、0.6重量%的氧化镁和0.7重量%的氧化锆组成。将该铝酸钙复合材料干磨为90%为29微米,50%为8.8微米且10%为2.0微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后均<1m2·g-1。将高表面积γ-氧化铝干磨为90%为5微米,50%为2.5微米且10%为1微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下为147m2·g-1且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后为70m2·g-1。将粉末形式的混合物材料与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。功能材料层的负载量为0.294g/in3。
在涂覆后,将过滤器和入口功能材料层在高湿度条件下处理,干燥,然后在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例12
根据实施例1的汽油颗粒过滤器,在其上将功能层施加于过滤器的入口侧。
所施加的功能材料层是铝酸钙复合材料和高表面积氧化镁掺杂的γ-氧化铝的混合物。该混合物分别由83重量%的铝酸钙复合材料和17重量%的高表面积氧化镁掺杂的γ-氧化铝制成。铝酸钙复合材料由81重量%的氧化铝、17重量%的氧化钙、0.7重量%的二氧化硅、0.6重量%的氧化镁和0.7重量%的氧化锆组成。将该铝酸钙复合材料干磨为90%为29微米,50%为8.8微米且10%为2.0微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后均<1m2·g-1。高表面积氧化镁掺杂的γ-氧化铝由50重量%γ-氧化铝、50重量%氧化镁组成。将该镁掺杂的氧化铝材料干磨为90%为8微米,50%为2.8微米且10%为1.2微米的颗粒尺寸,其比表面积(BET模型,77K氮气吸附测量)在新鲜状态下为121m2·g-1且在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后为52m2·g-1。将粉末形式的混合物材料与气体载体混合并在室温下吹入部件。气体载体的流速为750kg/h。功能材料层的负载量为0.294g/in3。
在涂覆后,将过滤器和入口功能材料层在高湿度条件下处理,干燥,然后在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例13-水处理
上述经涂覆的汽油颗粒过滤器实施例(实施例1至12)的水处理如下进行:将过滤器侧放并浸泡在水中1小时,在此期间水的深度保持在40-50mm之间。然后将过滤器部分向上翻转,其中入口侧在上面,以排出过多量吸收的水,通过强制热空气流(180℃入口温度和50kg/h流速)由入口侧至出口侧通过过滤器而干燥并在450℃的温度下煅烧约30分钟。
实施例14-测试
在600立方米/小时(cmh)的冷气流下,研究了上述经涂覆的汽油颗粒过滤器实施例(实施例8-12)的背压特性。结果显示在图2中。与现有技术的催化汽油颗粒过滤器(实施例1)相比,施加有功能材料层的过滤器(实施例2-12)在水处理后显现出没有大的区别或轻微的背压增加。
上述经涂覆的汽油颗粒过滤器实施例在新鲜状态(0km或开箱状态(out-of-boxstate))下的过滤效率在第一紧密耦合位置(SGE 1.5L涡轮汽油直喷发动机;WLTC测试;PN发动机失效(engine out)=4.0×1012#/km)测量,且结果显示于图3。显著地,在水处理之后,与现有技术的催化汽油颗粒过滤器(实施例1)相比,仅具有铝酸钙作为功能材料的实施例(实施例6-12)显示出较高的过滤效率增加。
Claims (14)
1.一种用于来自内燃机的排气处理的颗粒过滤器,包括:
具有入口侧和出口侧的过滤器;
涂覆在过滤器的入口侧、出口侧或两侧上的功能材料层;
其中功能材料层包含铝酸钙。
2.根据权利要求1所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙在新鲜状态下具有不超过10m2/g的比表面积。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙在1000℃下在空气中煅烧4小时后具有不超过10m2/g的比表面积。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙具有6至400μm,优选10至200μm的D90。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙具有0.2至3.0g/cm3,优选0.3至1.8g/cm3的堆积密度。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙中的氧化铝与氧化钙的质量比为1.1至9,优选1.5至5。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中铝酸钙包含以其氧化物计算不超过20重量%,优选不超过15重量%,更优选不超过10重量%的无机杂质。
8.根据权利要求7所述的颗粒过滤器,其中所述无机杂质包含硅、钛、镁、铁、铜、锆、铈、钡中的至少一种。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中功能材料以颗粒形式涂覆,优选通过气相载体以颗粒形式涂覆。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中功能材料层的负载量为0.1至100g/L,优选1至75g/L,更优选10至50g/L。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,其中过滤器进一步包括包含多个孔的多孔体,和在多个孔的至少一部分内的催化载体涂层;其中所述催化载体涂层包含选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂、柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)、三效转化(TWC)催化剂、AMOx催化剂、NOx捕集剂、NOx吸收剂催化剂、碳氢化合物捕集剂催化剂中的一种或多种;
其中在施加功能材料层之前,将催化载体涂层施加于颗粒过滤器。
12.一种用于来自内燃机的排气处理的系统,包括:根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器以及选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂、三效转化(TWC)催化剂、柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)、AMOx催化剂、NOx捕集剂、NOx吸收剂催化剂、碳氢化合物捕集催化剂中的一种或多种。
13.一种用于处理来自内燃机的排气的方法,包括
(1)提供根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的颗粒过滤器,和
(2)将来自发动机的排气引导通过所述颗粒过滤器。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中排气包括未燃烧的碳氢化合物、一氧化碳、氮氧化物和颗粒物。
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