CN115707649A - 生产h2和合成气的工艺 - Google Patents
生产h2和合成气的工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种生产合成气的工艺,该工艺使用来自部分氧化反应器的合成气产品来提供所有必要的热负荷,从而消除对火焰加热器的需求。使用干滤器将煤烟从合成气中脱除以避免湿式除尘器对合成气流进行淬火、浪费优质热量。在没有离开火焰加热器的烟气流的情况下,重整工艺中产生的所有二氧化碳集中于高压合成气流中,使得基本上实现完全捕集二氧化碳。
Description
背景技术
工业工艺诸如重整烃进料生产氢气和合成气将需要捕集二氧化碳(CO2)来减轻气候变化的影响。蒸汽甲烷重整(SMR)是最常见的重整技术,但其使用空气燃烧来生成驱动重整反应所需的热量。无论是在SMR中还是在火焰加热器中,空气燃烧生成烟气,其中因为空气中有大量的惰性氮气,所以CO2的压力和浓度低。从烟气中捕集碳成本高、效率低且规模庞大。消除空气燃烧不仅使得在工艺中100%有效地捕集CO2成为可能,而且通过消除对空气中氮气的处理的需求降低了投资成本。
由于大部分燃氧重整方法产生的CO2可以使用传统酸性气体脱除操作从高压合成气中回收,相对于传统蒸汽/烃重整方法,燃氧重整方法可以实现较高的碳捕集。燃氧重整,如部分氧化(POX)产生H2和/或CO以及大量余热。该热量可以用于过程加热和蒸汽形成,如果当地有需求,蒸汽可作为蒸汽产品输出。因此,优化燃氧重整用热整合是关键的设计考虑因素。
需要一种降低CO2捕集成本的改进的燃氧重整工艺。
发明内容
本公开涉及一种工艺,该工艺用燃氧重整器的合成气产品来提供重整工艺中所有必须的热负荷,包括输出过热蒸汽,同时消除对火焰加热器的需求。由于消除了烟气流,基本完全的CO2捕集成为可能。废热锅炉的尺寸缩小以增加优质热量。能够传递下游合成气流用于过程加热和蒸汽形成。
方面1:一种生产合成气的工艺,该工艺包括:将包含甲烷和选自水和二氧化碳的列表的氧化剂的预热进料流与富氧流反应以产生包含氢气、一氧化碳、水和煤烟的第一合成气流;通过与第一合成气流间接热交换来加热锅炉给水流以产生蒸汽流和第二合成气流;以及通过与所述第二合成气流间接热交换来加热一个或多个蒸汽流和混合进料流以产生第三合成气流,其中预热进料流包含混合进料流。
方面2:根据方面1的工艺,其中第二合成气流的温度在345℃到455℃之间。
方面3:根据方面1或方面2的工艺,进一步包括将水与第三合成气流中的一氧化碳反应以产生变换合成气;以及通过与变换合成气流间接热交换来加热一个或多个蒸汽流和所述混合进料流以产生第二变换合成气流。
方面4:根据方面1到方面3任一项的工艺,进一步包括在第三合成气流和液态水不接触的情况下从第三合成气流中脱除煤烟。
方面5:一种生产合成气的装置,所述装置包括:部分氧化反应器,其被配置为将预热进料流与富氧流反应以产生包含氢气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、水和煤烟的第一合成气流;第一换热器系统,其用于通过与第一合成气流间接热交换来加热锅炉给水流以产生蒸汽流和第二合成气流;第二换热器系统,其用于通过与第二合成气流间接热交换来加热一个或多个蒸汽流和混合进料流以产生第三合成气流,其中当第二换热器系统加热混合进料流时,第二换热器系统与部分氧化反应器流体流动连通。
方面6:根据方面5的装置,进一步包括变换反应器,其被配置为接收第三合成气流或来自第三合成气流的蒸汽以产生变换合成气流,其中变换反应器包括将水与二氧化碳反应来生成氢气和一氧化碳的变换催化剂;以及第三换热器,其用于通过与变换合成气流间接热交换来加热一个或多个蒸汽流和混合进料流以产生第二变换合成气流。
方面7:根据方面6或方面7的装置,进一步包括煤烟脱除系统,其被配置为在第三合成气流和液态水不接触的情况下从第三合成气流中脱除煤烟。
附图说明
以下将结合附图对本发明进行描述,其中相同数字表示相同元件。
图1为描述带二氧化碳捕集的氢气生产用现有技术部分氧化工艺的流程示意图。
图2为根据示例性实施例描述部分氧化工艺实施例的流程示意图,其中在废热锅炉后、高温变换反应器前从合成气流回收热来使饱和蒸汽流过热。
图3为根据附加示例性实施例描述图2的更改的流程示意图,其中在废热锅炉后、高温变换反应器前从合成气流回收热来预热混合进料。
图4为根据另一示例性实施例描述图3的更改的流程示意图,其中饱和蒸汽两级过热,一个在水煤气变换反应器之前、另一个在水煤气变换反应器之后。
具体实施方式
图1示出了现有技术氧化工艺1。进料流101和富氧流102进料到部分氧化(POX)反应器100(又称耐火材料衬里的气化炉)的燃烧室,其中部分氧化反应在约1315℃发生或在1200℃到1400℃之间发生以生成主要包含H2、CO、H2O、CO2、CH4和煤烟的合成气流103。合成气流103直接将热量传递到废热锅炉(WHB)110的锅炉给水流111来生成高压饱和流112。合成气流113在约300℃下离开WHB并进入合成气湿式除尘器120以使用液态水洗来脱除任何夹杂的煤烟。纯合成气流121进入高温水煤气变换(WGS)反应器130,其中CO与H2O反应生成H2和CO2。放热反应产生的热将变换合成气流131的温度上升到约470℃,是比合成气流113的300℃温度优质得多的热源。变换合成气流131直接将热量传递到蒸汽过热器(SSH)140中的高压饱和流112以生成过热流141。变换合成气流131也可以用于预热进料流、锅炉给水、生成蒸汽或到高温WGS反应器的进料。关键在于,变换合成气流131的热量有限,不能满足所有的这些要求。变换合成气流142离开蒸汽过热器(SSH)140并进入二氧化碳分离系统185,二氧化碳分离系统生成粗H2流186进一步纯化为H2产品和能被捕集和/或利用的CO2流187。二氧化碳分离系统185可以是胺类CO2酸气脱除(AGR)单元。再沸器的热负荷可以由变换合成气流142的热量提供,如有需要,可以由蒸汽补充。二氧化碳分离系统185也可以是其他基于不同溶剂的AGR单元或基于真空变压吸附(VSA)的CO2回收单元。
部分氧化工艺1没有火焰加热器,使得CO2从浓缩合成气流而非稀释的烟气流中捕集。火焰加热器能提供更为优质的热量来进行蒸汽过热和进料流预热。蒸汽过热要求温度在约400℃,而且需要输出气流。进料流预热则需要温度越高越好(例如高于425℃)以降低部分氧化反应器100的O2消耗量。部分氧化工艺1没有高于400℃的足够的热量来执行这两种功能,因此,在图1中,蒸汽过热取代了进料预热。可选地,变换合成气流131可以用于预热进料流,但没有足够的热量来执行这两种操作。
本发明寻求通过增加优质温度可用的热量来改善现有技术工艺。本发明的一个实施例如图2中的部分氧化工艺2所示。预热进料流201与部分氧化(POX)反应器200中的富氧流202反应来生成主要包含H2、CO、H2O、CO2、CH4和煤烟的第一合成气流203。工艺蒸汽也可以注入到部分氧化(POX)反应器200中的气化炉烧嘴中作为减速剂或用来改善烧嘴运行。富氧流202可以在氧气预热器205中预热,例如,使用工艺的过量蒸汽作为热源来加热环境温度富氧流206。第一合成气流203直接将热量传递到废热锅炉(WHB)210中的锅炉给水流211以生成高压饱和流212和第二合成气流213。第二合成气流213在200℃到455℃,或345℃到455℃,或400℃到455℃的温度下离开WHB。选择455℃的上限以避免金属粉化机制。
金属粉化是合成气中CO与热回收设备表面的铁反应的结果。反应形成从金属表面剥落(粉化)的碳化铁,最终导致设备失效。受限于热力学和动力学,当金属温度在金属粉化温度范围(-455℃到-700℃)内时,金属粉化最为迅速。因此,很难在金属粉化温度范围内从合成气回收热量。通常,废热锅炉(WHB)用于从其重整器出口温度到约455℃回收合成气热量。沸腾会保持低的WHB金属温度(例如,低于455℃)以防止金属粉化,对合成气进行有效淬火。
优选保持第二合成气流213的温度更接近金属粉化极限以维持优质热源,优质热源可以用于进料预热或蒸汽过热。相对于图1中的等量合成气流113,第二合成气流213可能温度更高,这是因为图2的煤烟脱除系统220为干滤器,或任何其他合适的不使合成气流和液态水接触的煤烟脱除系统,而非现有技术的合成气湿式除尘器120。湿式除尘器会如图1中使合成气与液态水接触,对合成气流进行淬火并浪费热量。与其浪费来自下游煤烟脱除系统220的更高温度的第二合成气流213的优质热量,不如将优质热量用于满足工艺2的所有过程加热需要,并输出过热蒸汽216,而不需要任何预热器或锅炉。虽然使用使合成气与液态水流接触的煤烟脱除系统220的投资成本高于湿式除尘器120,但是不消耗优质热量,因此,使得热整合更有效。
第二合成气流213直接将热量传递到蒸气过热器(SSH)215的高压饱和流212以生成第三合成气流217。第三合成气流的煤烟由煤烟脱除系统220脱除以生成纯净的第三合成气流221。在此过程中,可以输出或使用过热蒸汽216。纯净的第三合成气流221接下来直接将热量传递到第一级混合进料预热器225中的进料流226。在进入高温水煤气变换(WGS)反应器230之前,CO与H2O在反应器中反应生成H2和CO2,合成气流228然后可选地具有更多的工艺蒸汽229。工艺蒸汽229可以是饱和蒸汽、过热蒸汽,或两者的组合。
高温水煤气变换(WGS)反应器230包括变换催化剂,该变换催化剂包括一种或多种材料诸如氧化铁、氧化铬、氧化铜和氧化锌来催化WGS反应。放热WGS反应的热量如现有技术一样升高变换合成气流231的温度,从而获得优质热源。变换合成气流231然后可以直接将热量传递到第二级混合进料预热器235中的进料流227,生成预热进料流201。变换合成气流236然后可以直接将热量传递到锅炉给水流241以在蒸汽发生器240需要时生成额外的高压蒸汽242。变换合成气243然后可以将热量传递到第二级进料预热器245中的进料流246,生成进料流247和变换合成气流248。
变换合成气流248然后可以直接将热量传递到第二级锅炉给水预热器250中的锅炉给水硫251以生成锅炉给水流211。变换合成气流252然后可以进入低温WGS反应器255,CO与H2O在反应器中反应生成H2和CO2以生成第二变换合成气流256。第二变换合成气流256然后可以用做劣质热源用于更多的热量整合并且能够直接将热量传递到第一级锅炉给水预热器260中的锅炉给水流261,然后为二氧化碳分离系统换热器265、第一级进料预热器270中的进料流271以及热水器275的锅炉给水流276提供热量。
本领域技术人员应当意识到为了在特定情况下优化热整合,预热进料和锅炉给水的顺序可以改变。为权衡热力学效率和投资成本,多级传热可以合并为单级。
如有需要,可以使用冷却水流281在调温冷却器280中冷却合成气流278以便达到下游加工所需温度,生成冷却合成气流283和废冷却水流282。如果水在冷却合成气流283中冷凝,可以使用气液分离器脱除它。然后可以从二氧化碳分离系统285的冷却合成气流283中脱除二氧化碳,二氧化碳分离系统生成粗H2流286和CO2流287,粗H2流进一步被纯化为H2产品,CO2流可以被捕集和/或利用。如图1,二氧化碳分离系统285可以是胺类CO2酸气脱除(AGR)单元。在这种情况下,二氧化碳分离系统换热器265将会是AGR单元中脱气柱的再沸器。如有需要,再沸器的热负荷可以由蒸汽补充。二氧化碳分离系统285也可以是基于不同溶剂的其他AGR单元。其也可以是基于真空变压吸附(VSA)的CO2回收单元。在这种情况下,二氧化碳分离系统换热器265不需要热量输入。
粗H2流286可以通过包括吸附、冷盒或甲烷转化器的任何实用装置纯化。通常对于H2产品而言,这会通过变压吸附装置进行。变压吸附装置会生成纯H2产品和包括CO、H2和能够回收到进料流的未转化甲烷的尾气流。当需要具有任意组合成分(从纯H2到纯CO以及两者的任意混合物)的一种或多种产品流时,通常会使用冷盒或深低温分离单元。当被最终用途接受时,AGR单元的合成气也能通过甲烷化反应器(甲烷转化器),合成气中的CO与H2反应以形成CH4,从而得到含有H2和少量CH4(例如,少于5摩尔%)、且不含CO的产品流。该甲烷转化器在高温(例如,高于260℉)下运行。进料到甲烷转化器的进料合成气可以由其换热器中的流出物加热。换热器的流出物将被冷却以从在甲烷转化器中形成的水中冷凝出。当甲烷化在工艺后端使用时,不需要回收。
进料流和/或锅炉给水流可能需要额外的纯化步骤。可以从氢化脱硫器(HDS)单元295中的进料流247脱除硫。通常,部分氧化(POX)反应器200可以在进料流中存在硫的情况下运行。结合二氧化碳分离系统285为AGR单元,或使用硫吸附器来处理进料流271,脱硫的替代选项是在合成气流上使用HDS单元。进料流296则可以在进入第一级混合进料预热器225之前与工艺蒸汽297结合为进料流226。当进料包含重烃和/或进料在第二级混合进料预热器235中被预热到高于约425℃的温度时,可选地(但优选地)加入蒸汽。锅炉给水流277可以进入脱气器290以分离任何溶解气。
如果终产品需要更多的CO,二氧化碳可以注入到部分氧化(POX)反应器200的上游工艺。在重整反应中,二氧化碳可部分或完全取代蒸汽。二氧化碳作为氧化剂与甲烷反应,正如蒸汽重整中,蒸汽与甲烷反应。实际上,干重整可被认为化学计量上等同于如下所示的蒸汽重整反应和逆向WGS反应的组合。在这种情况下,富二氧化碳流可与进料流226、进料流227或预热进料流201结合。
CO2+CH4=2H2+2CO (干重整)
H2O+CH4=3H2+CO (蒸汽重整)
CO2+H2=CO+H2O (逆向WGS)
本发明的另一实施例如图3的POX工艺3所描述。这里离开废热锅炉210的合成气流213用于通过第二级混合进料预热器315中的间接热交换加热混合进料流227。在煤烟脱除系统220中脱除煤烟后,合成气流用于通过第一级混合进料预热器325中的间接热交换加热混合进料流296。离开高温WGS反应器230的变换合成气流231用于通过蒸汽过热器335中的间接热交换使饱和蒸汽212过热。
如图4中POX工艺4所描述的,POX工艺3可以被进一步修改。饱和蒸汽212两级过热,高温WGS反应器的上游第一级蒸汽过热器435A和下游第二级蒸汽过热器435B,从而得到过热蒸汽416。本领域技术人员能领会热负荷的任意组合可以在废热锅炉210和放热高温WGS反应器230之后由合成气提供,放热高温WGS反应器可以用于进料预热、蒸汽过热、二氧化碳捕集或其他过程加热需要。
实例
使用市场上可买到的Aspen流程建模软件分析图1的现有技术部分氧化工艺1和图2的本发明部分氧化工艺2的实施例。结果在表1中汇总。两种工艺均标准化以生成等量的H2并使蒸气过热到399℃的温度。净能量比耗定义为进料到工艺的天然气的高热值减去工艺输出的蒸汽的热值,除以H2产品的流速对其进行标准化,使得现有技术工艺等于100。也将工艺的耗氧量标准化为100用于现有技术工艺。从表1中可以看出,相对于现有技术,本发明降低了净能量比耗和耗氧量,部分原因是到POX反应器的进料的温度较高、图1中的进料流101以及图2中的预热进料流201。
表1
尽管以上已经结合优选实施例描述了本发明的原理,但应当清楚地理解,这种描述仅是通过举例的方式进行,并非对本发明的范围进行限制。
Claims (8)
1.一种生产合成气的工艺,所述工艺包括:
将包含甲烷和选自由水和二氧化碳组成的群组的氧化剂的预热进料流与富氧流反应以产生包含氢气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、水和煤烟的第一合成气流;
通过与所述第一合成气流间接热交换来加热锅炉给水流以产生蒸汽流和第二合成气流;以及
通过与所述第二合成气流间接热交换来加热一个或多个所述蒸汽流和混合进料流以产生第三合成气流,其中所述混合进料流包含甲烷和选自由水和二氧化碳组成的所述群组的氧化剂,
其中所述预热进料流包含所述混合进料流。
2.根据权利要求1所述的工艺,其中所述第二合成气流的温度在345℃到455℃之间。
3.根据权利要求1所述的工艺,进一步包括将所述水与所述第三合成气流中的一氧化碳反应以产生变换合成气;以及
通过与所述变换合成气流间接热交换来加热一个或多个所述蒸汽流和所述混合进料流以产生第二变换合成气流。
4.根据权利要求1所述的工艺,进一步包括在所述第三合成气流和液态水不接触的情况下从所述第三合成气流中脱除煤烟。
5.一种生产合成气的装置,所述装置包括:
部分氧化反应器,所述部分氧化反应器被配置为将预热进料流与富氧流反应以产生包含氢气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、水和煤烟的第一合成气流;
第一换热器系统,所述第一换热器系统用于通过与所述第一合成气流间接热交换来加热锅炉给水流以产生蒸汽流和第二合成气流;
第二换热器系统,所述第二换热器系统用于通过与所述第二合成气流间接热交换来加热一个或多个所述蒸汽流和混合进料流以产生第三合成气流,
其中当所述第二换热器系统加热所述混合进料流时,所述第二换热器系统与所述部分氧化反应器流体流动连通。
6.根据权利要求5所述的装置,进一步包括变换反应器,所述变换反应器被配置为接收所述第三合成气流或来自所述第三合成气流的蒸汽以产生变换合成气流,其中所述变换反应器包括将水与二氧化碳反应来生成氢气和一氧化碳的变换催化剂;以及
第三换热器,所述第三换热器用于通过与所述变换合成气流间接热交换来加热一个或多个所述蒸汽流和所述混合进料流以产生第二变换合成气流。
7.根据权利要求5所述的装置,进一步包括煤烟脱除系统,所述煤烟脱除系统被配置为在所述第三合成气流和液态水不接触的情况下从所述第三合成气流中脱除煤烟。
8.根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中所述煤烟脱除系统包括干滤器。
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