CN115666542A - 用于治疗上皮性卵巢癌的乙醇胺调配物 - Google Patents
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Abstract
单乙醇胺(Etn)分别在前列腺癌细胞系和异种移植模型以及来自不同癌症类型的细胞系中显示出强大的体外和体内功效。Etn是一种前药,其在进入肿瘤细胞后转化为细胞毒性磷酸乙醇胺(PhosE)。Etn治疗有效地下调HIF‑1α并驱动多种途径的灾难性解偶联以选择性地在肿瘤细胞中诱导代谢危机和细胞死亡,而不影响正常细胞。重要的是,卵巢癌细胞系OVCAR3对Etn的敏感性高于所有测试的前列腺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌和胰腺癌细胞系。因此,在一些实施例中,具有良好药代动力学/药效学(PK/PD)的Etn类调配物可用作EOC或OCCC的单一治疗剂。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2020年4月7日提交的美国临时申请第63/006,426号的权益,所述美国临时申请特此通过引用整体并入本文。
背景技术
上皮性卵巢癌(EOC)是一种以晚期表现为特征的危及生命的疾病;因此,EOC是导致妇科癌症死亡的主要原因。EOC的标准治疗是减瘤手术,然后是铂类化疗。虽然这些治疗最初通常是有效的,但大多数患者会出现复发性疾病,这是一种基本上无法治愈的状态。卵巢透明细胞癌(OCCC)是EOC的一种亚型,其特征在于透明细胞具有异常的脂质和糖原积累。OCCC占北美卵巢癌的5-10%和日本EOC的约25%。其经常出现在围绝经期妇女中,并且通常与子宫内膜异位症、血栓栓塞性血管并发症和高钙血症有关。与高级别浆液性卵巢癌相比,OCCC通常在早期(I期)被发现。尽管如此,晚期/复发性OCCC患者的预后比其它EOC亚型患者差得多,这主要是因为铂类方案对前者无效。因此,迫切需要新的OCCC治疗范例。
发明内容
占北美10-15%的上皮性卵巢癌(EOC)的卵巢透明细胞癌(OCCC)的标准治疗是减瘤手术,然后是铂类化疗。众所周知,OCCC难以治疗,因为它们对铂类化疗耐药;因此,OCCC患者的预后比其它EOC亚型患者更差。迫切需要为OCCC寻找新的有效治疗方法。恶性细胞响应于肿瘤微环境(TME)压力源而进行代谢重编程。肿瘤内缺氧通过其对肿瘤细胞和肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的影响使TME产生免疫抑制作用。OCCC表达高水平的缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α),其响应于缺氧而重新编程细胞代谢并激活促进疗法抵抗和细胞存活的基因。OCCC细胞表现出异常的脂质和糖原积累——这是代谢显著重编程的标志。迄今为止,免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)的单一疗法在卵巢癌中取得了令人失望的结果,并且正在进行多项试验,将ICI与影响其它靶点的药物结合起来。2015年的两项免疫疗法研究表明了入组的少数OCCC患者的响应。OCCC和肾细胞癌(RCC)共享相似的基因表达谱,并且目前,纳武单抗(一种ICI)已获得FDA批准用于RCC;因此,纳武单抗可能值得在OCCC中进一步探索。针对代谢脆弱性的药物可能与纳武单抗协同作用,为OCCC提供更有效的疗法。
单乙醇胺(Etn)是一种前药,其在进入肿瘤细胞后转化为细胞毒性磷酸乙醇胺(PhosE)。Etn治疗有效地下调HIF-1α并驱动多种途径的灾难性解偶联以选择性地在肿瘤细胞中诱导代谢危机和细胞死亡,而不影响正常细胞。重要的是,卵巢癌细胞系OVCAR3对Etn的敏感性高于所有测试的前列腺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌和胰腺癌细胞系。因此,在一些实施例中,具有良好药代动力学/药效学(PK/PD)的Etn类调配物可用作EOC的单一治疗剂。
因此,本文公开了一种用于治疗上皮性卵巢癌(EOC)的方法,所述方法包括向有需要的受试者施用有效量的包括单乙醇胺或其药学上可接受的盐的第一药物组合物,以及药学上有效的载体。在一些实施例中,所述EOC包括卵巢透明细胞癌(OCCC)。在一些实施例中,所述EOC包括浆液性卵巢癌。在一些实施例中,所述EOC包括子宫内膜样卵巢癌。在一些实施例中,所述EOC包括粘液性卵巢癌。
在一些实施例中,所公开的Etn组合物可以用作检查点抑制剂的佐剂。在一些实施例中,单乙醇胺是所述第一药物组合物中唯一的治疗活性剂。在一些实施例中,所述药物组合物包括单乙醇胺和检查点抑制剂。
两种已知的抑制性检查点途径涉及通过细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4(CTLA-4)和程序性死亡1(PD-1)受体进行信号传导。这些蛋白质是共信号传导分子CD28-B7家族的成员,所述成员在T细胞功能的所有阶段都发挥着重要作用。PD-1受体(也称为CD279)在激活的T细胞的表面上表达。其配体PD-L1(B7-H1;CD274)和PD-L2(B7-DC;CD273)在APC的表面上表达,如树突细胞或巨噬细胞。PD-L1是主导配体,而PD-L2的表达模式更加受限。当配体与PD-1结合时,抑制性信号会传递到T细胞中,这减少细胞因子产生并抑制T细胞增殖。检查点抑制剂包含但不限于阻断PD-1的抗体(纳武单抗(BMS-936558或MDX1106)、CT-011、MK-3475)、PD-L1(MDX-1105(BMS-936559)、MPDL3280A、MSB0010718C)、PD-L2(rHIgM12B7)、CTLA-4(易普利姆玛(Ipilimumab)(MDX-010)、曲美木单抗(Tremelimumab)(CP-675,206))、IDO、B7-H3(MGA271)、B7-H4、TIM3、LAG-3(BMS-986016)。
美国专利第8,008,449号中描述了针对程序性死亡1(PD-1)的人单克隆抗体和单独使用抗PD-1抗体或与其它免疫治疗剂组合治疗癌症的方法,所述美国专利因这些抗体通过引用并入。在美国专利第8,552,154号中描述了抗PD-L1抗体以及其用途,所述美国专利因这些抗体通过引用并入。在美国专利第8,617,546中描述了包括抗PD-1抗体或抗PD-L1抗体的抗癌剂,所述美国专利因这些抗体通过引用并入。
在一些实施例中,PDL1抑制剂包括与PDL1特异性结合的抗体,如BMS-936559(百时美施贵宝公司(Bristol-Myers Squibb))或MPDL3280A(罗氏公司(Roche))。在一些实施例中,PD1抑制剂包括与PD1特异性结合的抗体,如兰博利珠单抗(lambrolizumab)(默克公司(Merck))、纳武单抗(百时美施贵宝公司)或MEDI4736(阿斯利康公司(AstraZeneca))。美国专利第8,008,449号中描述了针对PD-1的人单克隆抗体和单独使用抗PD-1抗体或与其它免疫治疗剂组合治疗癌症的方法,所述美国专利因这些抗体通过引用并入。在美国专利第8,552,154号中描述了抗PD-L1抗体以及其用途,所述美国专利因这些抗体通过引用并入。在美国专利第8,617,546中描述了包括抗PD-1抗体或抗PD-L1抗体的抗癌剂,所述美国专利因这些抗体通过引用并入。
在附图和以下描述中阐述本发明的一个或多个实施例的细节。本发明的其它特征、目的和优点将根据描述和附图以及权利要求变得明显。
附图说明
图1.(A)Etn和PhosE对PC-3细胞增殖的代表性剂量响应曲线(i)。在用浓度增加的Etn和PhosE在pH 7.4下处理细胞48小时后,通过MTT测定法测量细胞存活百分比。来自对照处理组、Etn处理组和PhosE处理组的结晶紫染色的存活菌落的条形图表示和照片(ii)。对于克隆存活测定,将PC-3细胞在pH 7.4下用2mg/mL Etn/PhosE处理。(B)Etn处理对前列腺癌细胞系(PC-3、DU145和C42B)和正常细胞系(RWPE-1)的抗增殖作用。将PC-3、DU145、C42B和RWPE-1细胞在pH 7.4下用0.5和1mg/mL Etn处理48小时,然后通过MTT测定法测量细胞存活率(i)。癌细胞系MDA-MB-486(乳腺)、OVCAR-3(卵巢)、CFPAC(胰腺)和PC-3的Etn处理的IC50值(ii)。
图2.(A)用Etn和PhosE处理PC-3细胞时Etn和PhosE的细胞内水平。(B)胆碱激酶抑制对PC-3细胞增殖的影响。(C)Etn处理时的细胞内PhosE水平。
图3.(Ai)每组一只动物的代表性生物发光图像,其表明对照和Etn治疗的小鼠在4周内肿瘤生长的进展。(Aii)在4周的时段内监测肿瘤生长(通过游标卡尺)。(Aiii)来自对照和Etn治疗的小鼠的肿瘤的重量。(B)在4周的治疗时段内,媒剂和Etn喂养小鼠的体重。(C)Etn治疗4周后,媒剂和Etn喂养的小鼠中PhosE和Etn的瘤内水平。
图4.(A)针对pRb、cdk4、cdk2、p21、c-PARP、Bim、Bcl-2和β肌动蛋白的对照和Etn处理的细胞裂解物的免疫印迹。(B)Etn处理对膜联蛋白V与PC-3细胞的结合的影响。(C)针对p53、p21、Bax、pBcl-2、c-PARP、Bim、Bid和β肌动蛋白的对照和Etn处理的肿瘤裂解物的免疫印迹。(D)显微照片示出了Ki67和c-PARP在对照和Etn处理的前列腺癌异种移植物中的IHC染色。
图5.(A)针对HIF1-α的对照和Etn处理的细胞裂解物的免疫印迹。(B)Etn处理对PC-3细胞耗氧率的影响。对照和Etn处理的肿瘤中的细胞内葡萄糖(Ci)和谷氨酰胺(Cii)水平。(D)胆碱激酶抑制对Etn处理的细胞中葡萄糖(Di)和谷氨酰胺(Dii)细胞内水平的影响。
图6.(A)对照和40mg/kg Etn处理的肿瘤的代表性TEM,其示出了Etn处理时线粒体形态和脂质积累的变化。在Boeckeler MTx超薄切片机上切割超薄切片,用柠檬酸铅复染,并在LEO 906e TEM上检查。红色箭头突出显示线粒体和积累的脂质颗粒。与对照肿瘤(i和iii)相比,经处理的肿瘤显示出具有降解性线粒体基质(ii)和丰富的富含脂质的颗粒(iv)的细长线粒体。左图,比例尺1/42mm;右图,比例尺1/45mm。(B)Etn处理增加经Etn处理的肿瘤的脂质水平。对照和Etn处理的肿瘤中PE(i)、PS(ii)、PC(iii)和SM(iv)脂质的水平。在脂质的缩写中,第1个和第2个数字分别表示存在于脂质中的碳原子和不饱和键的数量。通过LC/MS-MS对脂质量进行量化。显示的值和误差条分别表示平均值和SE。
具体实施方式
在更详细地描述本公开之前,应理解的是,本公开不限于所描述的具体实施例,并且因此当然可以变化。还应当理解,本文所使用的术语仅仅是出于描述具体实施例的目的,并且不旨在是限制性的,因为本公开的范围将仅由所附权利要求限定。
在提供了值范围的情况下,应当理解的是,介于所述范围的上限与下限之间的每个中间值(到下限的单位的十分之一,除非另外明确说明)以及所述范围中的任何其它所陈述或中间值均涵盖于本公开内。这些较小范围的上限和下限可以独立地包含在更小的范围中,并且也涵盖在本公开内,这受制于所陈述的范围中的任何明确排除的限值。在所陈述的范围包含限值中的一个或两个限值的情况下,排除被包含在内的限值中的任一个或两个限值的范围也包含在本公开内。
除非另外定义,否则本文所使用的所有技术术语和科学术语具有与本公开所属领域的普通技术人员通常所理解的含义相同的含义。虽然与本文所描述的那些方法和材料类似或等同的任何方法和材料也可以用于本公开的实践或测试中,但是现在描述优选的方法和材料。
本说明书中引用的所有出版物和专利均通过引用并入本文中,就好像每个单独的出版物或专利被具体地并单独地指示为通过引用并入一样,并且通过引用并入本文中以结合所引用的出版物来公开和描述所述方法和/或材料。对任何出版物的引用是针对其在提交日之前的公开内容,并且不能理解为承认本公开因先前的公开而无权先于此类出版物。进一步地,所提供的公开日期可能与实际的公开日期不同,实际的公开日期可能需要单独确认。
如对于本领域技术人员将显而易见的是,在阅读本公开时,本文描述和展示的单独实施例中的每一个均具有离散的组成部分和特征,所述组成部分和特征可以在不偏离本公开的范围或精神的情况下易于与其它若干实施例中的任何实施例的特征分离或组合。任何所叙述的方法都可以按所叙述的事件顺序或逻辑上可能的任何其它顺序进行。
除非另外指示,否则本公开的实施例将采用在本领域技术范围内的化学、生物学等技术。
提出以下实例以便向本领域的普通技术人员提供如何进行本文公开和要求保护的方法和使用探针的完整公开内容和描述。已经做出努力来确保关于数字(例如,量、温度等)的准确性,但应考虑到一些误差和偏差。除非另外指明,否则份数为重量份,温度以℃为单位,并且压力为大气压或接近大气压。标准温度和压力被定义为20℃和1个大气压。
在详细描述本公开的实施例之前,应理解,除非另外指明,否则本公开不限于特定材料、试剂、反应材料、制造工艺等,因为这些可以改变。还应该理解,本文所使用的术语仅出于描述特定实施例的目的,并且不旨在是限制性的。在本公开中,在逻辑上可能的情况下,还可以按不同顺序执行步骤。
必须注意,如在说明书和所附权利要求中所使用的,单数形式“一个/一种(a和an)”和“所述(the)”包含复数指示物,除非上下文另外清楚地指示。
肯尼迪途径(Kennedy pathway)包含两个平行的分支,一个用于合成磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE),另一个用于合成磷脂酰胆碱(PC)。PE合成途径由三个酶促步骤组成,乙醇胺激酶(EtnK)催化乙醇胺的ATP依赖性磷酸化以形成PhosE和ADP。ETnK专门用于乙醇胺;其不催化胆碱的磷酸化。在第二个限速步骤中,CTP:磷酸乙醇胺胞苷转移酶(ECT)使用PhosE和CTP形成高能供体CDP-乙醇胺,同时释放焦磷酸。CDP-乙醇胺:1,2-二酰基甘油乙醇胺磷酸转移酶(EPT)催化途径中的最后一步,即使用CDP-乙醇胺和脂质锚,如二酰基甘油(DAG)或烷基-酰基甘油(AAG)形成PE和CMP。
PC合成的类似途径使用一系列类似的反应,不同之处在于,胆碱而不是乙醇胺参与形成PC。然而,与PE途径相比,PC途径包含几种具有胆碱/乙醇胺激酶(ChoK/EtnK)结构域的哺乳动物胆碱激酶(CK)异构体:ChoKα1(NP_001268)、ChoKα2(NP_997634)和ChoKβ1(NP_005189),它们能够磷酸化胆碱和乙醇胺。先前的研究表明,ChoK作为二聚体蛋白,形成不同的同二聚体或异二聚体异构体组合,从而导致不同水平的ChoK活性,其中α/α同二聚体是最活跃的胆碱激酶形式,β/β同二聚体是最不活跃的,并且α/β异二聚体具有中间表型。
本申请的一个方面涉及一种用于治疗癌症的方法,所述方法包括向有需要的受试者口服施用有效量的包括Etn或其药学上可接受的盐的第一药物组合物,以及药学上有效的载体。
在本公开的治疗方法中使用的Etn可以从天然产物或其加工产物或合成产物中分离和纯化。乙醇胺可通过使环氧乙烷与氨反应生成。乙醇胺也可以通过已知技术(如溶剂萃取、各种色谱方法等)从天然产物或其加工产物中分离和纯化。可替代地,乙醇胺可以从商业来源获得,例如西格玛-奥德里奇公司有限公司(Sigma-Aldrich Co.,Ltd.)等。
在其它实施例中,治疗癌症的方法包括向有需要的受试者施用有效量的药物组合物,所述药物组合物包括Etn的类似物、Etn的前药、Etn杂合分子或其药学上可接受的盐;以及药学上有效的载体。在某些实施例中;所述药物组合物可以进一步包含一种或多种额外的抗癌剂。示例性抗癌剂包含抗有丝分裂剂、抗间期剂、抗微管剂、蒽环类药物、芳香酶抑制剂、抗血管生成剂、免疫检查点调节剂及其组合。
在一些实施例中,所述药物组合物通过口服、静脉内、腹膜内、皮下、鼻内或皮肤施用来施用。在一些实施例中,其中所述药物组合物以胶囊中的固体或半固体形式施用。
在某些实施例中,所述Etn类似物是由下式表示的化合物:X--CH2--CH2--O--Y,其中X是R1--N(R2)--[R1和R2相同或不同且各自为氢原子或氨基保护基团J或R3--CH--N--[R3--CH是H--CH或席夫碱型氨基保护基团];并且Y是--P(=O)(OH)--O--R4[R4是–CH2--CH(O--R5)--CH2--O--R6(R5和R6相同或不同且各自为具有2-30个碳原子的酰基或氢原子]、氢原子或羟基保护基团。
在其它实施例中,R1和R2相同或不同且各自为氢原子、卤素原子、羟基、芳基、具有2~30个碳原子的酰基、具有1-6个碳原子的烷基、具有1-6个碳原子的烷氧基、具有1-6个碳原子的羟烷基、具有1-6个碳原子的卤代烷基、具有1-6个碳原子的卤代烷氧基或具有1-6个碳原子的卤代羟烷基,并且R3是氢原子、卤素原子、羟基、芳基、具有2-30个碳原子的酰基、具有1-6个碳原子的烷基、具有1-6个碳原子的烷氧基、具有1-6个碳原子的羟烷基、具有1-6个碳原子的卤代烷基、具有1-6个碳原子的卤代烷氧基或具有1-6个碳原子的卤代羟烷基。
示例性的Etn类似物包含磷酸乙醇胺、单甲基乙醇胺、二甲基乙醇胺、N-酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰乙醇胺和溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺,并且可以包含任何Etn类似物。
如本文所使用的,术语“Etn前药”是指当施用于生物系统时,由于自发化学反应、酶催化化学反应和/或代谢化学反应或每一种的组合,生成具有生物活性的Etn化合物的任何化合物。标准的Etn前药可以使用连接到与药物相关的官能团(例如HO--、HS--、HOOC--、HOOPR2--)的基团形成,这些基团在体内切割,下表1表示可用于产生Etn前药或Etn杂合分子的各种键,如下午进一步讨论的那样。
标准前药包含但不限于羧酸酯,其中所述基团是烷基、芳基、芳烷基、酰氧基烷基、烷氧基羰基氧基烷基,以及羟基、硫醇和胺的酯,其中连接的基团是酰基、烷氧基羰基、氨基羰基、磷酸盐或硫酸盐,Etn前药经过化学转化产生具有生物活性的化合物或作为生物活性化合物的前体的化合物。在一些情况下,前药具有生物活性,通常低于药物本身,并用于通过提高口服生物利用度、药效半衰期等来提高药物功效或安全性。示例性Etn前药描述于下表2中。
在表2中进一步举例说明的某些实施例中(即,分子数x-y),所述药物组合物包含Etn和另一种化疗药物的杂合分子。如本文所使用的,术语“Etn杂合体”是指例如,贝利司他(belinostat)、帕比司他(panobinostat)和伏立诺他(vorinostat)的Etn杂合体显示于表2中,分子编号分别为36至41。本文所述的任何化疗药物都可以以与Etn杂合形式使用,条件是其含有足够的反应性基团以使用酯、碳酸酯、氨基甲酸乙酯、酸酐共轭形成杂合分子。Etn的羟基或氨基可以位于杂合结构的末端,示例性的Etn杂合物包含表2中列出的化合物。
在一些实施例中,Etn与聚合物缀合。此类聚合物的实例包含但不限于聚乙二醇(PEG)、N-2-羟丙基甲基丙烯酰胺(HPMA)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙烯醇、聚谷氨酸(PGA)、聚苹果酸、甘氨酰苯丙氨酰甘氨酸(GFLG)—溶酶体切割接头、树枝状大分子—聚乙烯亚胺和聚酰胺胺(PAMAM)、聚合胶束(如环氧丙烷、L-赖氨酸、己内酯、D,L-乳酸、苯乙烯、天冬氨酸、β-苯甲酰基-L-天冬氨酸和精胺)、可生物降解的聚合物(如聚(L-赖氨酸)、聚(L-谷氨酸)和聚(N-羟烷基)谷氨酰胺)、碳水化合物聚合物(如糊精、羟乙基淀粉(HES)和聚唾液酸)、智能聚合物(如聚(丙烯酰胺)、聚(甲基丙烯酸)、聚(丙烯酸)和聚(2-(二甲基氨基)乙基甲基丙烯酸酯))。表3提供了用于缀合的示例性聚合物的分类。
表3:示例性聚合物的分类。分类聚合物天然聚合物蛋白质类聚合物胶原蛋白、白蛋白、明胶多糖琼脂糖、藻酸盐、角叉菜胶、透明质酸、葡聚糖、壳聚糖、环糊精合成聚合物-可生物降解的聚酯聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、聚(羟基丁酸酯)、聚(ε-己内酯)、聚(β-苹果酸)、聚(二噁烷酮)聚酸酐聚(癸二酸)、聚(己二酸)、聚(对苯二甲酸)和各种共聚物聚酰胺聚(亚氨基碳酸酯)、聚氨基酸、磷基聚磷酸酯、聚膦酸酯、聚合物聚磷腈其它聚(氰基丙烯酸酯)、聚氨酯、聚原酸酯、聚二氢吡喃、聚缩醛合成聚合物-不可生物降解的纤维素衍生物羧甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、醋酸纤维素、醋酸丙酸纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素有机硅聚二甲基硅氧烷、胶体二氧化硅丙烯酸聚合物聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚氢化(甲基丙烯酸乙酯)其它聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、乙酸乙酯、泊洛沙姆、泊洛沙胺
在一些实施例中,药物组合物包括纳米体、脂质体、噪声体、纳米颗粒、纳米球、微球、微粒、微乳液、纳米混悬液和/或胶束形式的Etn或Etn缀合物。
在其它实施例中,组合物可替代地或另外地包含PE脂质生物合成的肯尼迪途径的一种或多种底物或产物化合物(图1)。示例性化合物包含选自由以下组成的组的一个或多个成员:PhosE、胞苷-二磷酸乙醇胺(CDP-Etn)、磷脂酰乙醇胺、它们的类似物、它们的衍生物以及它们的组合
在一个实施例中,组合物进一步包含PhosE。在一些实施例中,组合物包含的PhosE的量为Etn的量的5%(w/w)或更少、10%(w/w)或更少、20%(w/w)或更少、30%(w/w)或更少、40%(w/w)或更少、50%(w/w)或更少、60%(w/w)或更少、70%(w/w)或更少、80%(w/w)或更少、90%(w/w)或更少或100%(w/w)或更少。在另一个实施例中,组合物不含PhosE。如本文所使用的,如果组合物不含任何PhosE,或含有低于0.1%w/w的水平的PhosE,则所述组合物“不含PhosE”。
在另一个实施例中,组合物可替代地或另外地包含磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质生物合成的肯尼迪途径的一种或多种底物或产物化合物。示例性化合物包含选自由以下组成的组的一个或多个成员:胆碱、磷酸胆碱、胞苷-二磷酸胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱、它们的类似物、它们的衍生物以及它们的组合。
在某些实施例中,还向患者施用一种或多种中心体去聚集剂,包含但不限于灰黄霉素;那可丁(noscapine)、那可丁衍生物,如溴化那可丁(例如,9-溴那可丁)、还原的溴化那可丁(RBN)、N-(3-溴苄基)那可丁、氨基那可丁及其水溶性衍生物;CW069;菲衍生的聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶抑制剂,PJ-34;N2-(3-吡啶基甲基)-5-硝基-2-呋喃酰胺、N2-(2-噻吩基甲基)-5-硝基-2-呋喃酰胺、N2-苄基-5-硝基-2-呋喃酰胺,蒽化合物,如在美国专利申请公开2008/0051463中描述的;5-硝基呋喃-2-甲酰胺衍生物,如美国临时申请61/619,780中描述的;及其衍生物和类似物。
在其它实施例中,还向患者施用HSET抑制剂,所述HSET是中心体聚集的关键介质。在一些实施例中,HSET抑制剂是抑制靶细胞中HSET的活性和/或表达的小分子药物。可替代地或另外地,可以向患者施用用HSET上调的蛋白质的抑制剂或与中心体聚集有关的其它蛋白质的抑制剂。HSET共同调控的产品靶点包含但不限于Npap60L、CAS、Prc1、Ki67、生存素、磷-生存素、Hif1α、极光激酶B、p-Bcl2、Mad1、Plk1、FoxM1、KPNA2、Aurora A及其组合。在其它实施例中,向患者施用一种或多种阻断间期HSET核积累的药剂。
在某些实施例中,小分子药物靶向HSET的运动结构域和/或与HSET/微管二元复合物特异性结合,以抑制HSET的微管刺激和/或微管非依赖性ATP酶活性。在具体实施例中,小分子药物是AZ82或CW069或其在治疗上有效的衍生物、盐、对映异构体或类似物。
AZ82与KIFC1/微管(MT)二元复合物特异性结合,并以ATP竞争性和MT非竞争性方式抑制MT刺激的KIFC1酶活性,Ki为0.043μM。用AZ82治疗会导致中心体扩增的BT-549乳腺癌细胞中的中心体去聚集。
可替代地或另外地,可以向患者施用聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶(PARP)抑制剂、Ras/MAPK途径抑制剂、PI3K/AKT/mTOR途径抑制剂、FoxM1、Hif1α、生存素、Aurora、Plk1或其组合的抑制剂。示例性PARP抑制剂包含但不限于奥拉帕尼(olaparib)、依尼帕尼(iniparib)、维利帕尼(velaparib)、BMN-673、BSI-201、AG014699、ABT-888、GPI21016、MK4827、INO-1001、CEP-9722、PJ-34、Tiq-A、Phen、PF-01367338及其组合。示例性Ras/MAPK途径剂包含但不限于MAP/ERK激酶(MEK)抑制剂,如曲美替尼(trametinib)、司美替尼(selumetinib)、考比替尼(cobimetinib)、CI-1040、PD0325901、AS703026、RO4987655、RO5068760、AZD6244、GSK1120212、TAK-733、U0126、MEK162、GDC-0973及其组合。示例性PI3K/AKT/mTOR途径抑制剂包含但不限于依维莫司(everolimus)、西罗莫司(temsirolimus)、GSK2126458、BEZ235、PIK90、PI103及其组合。
抗血管生成抑制剂包含靶向VEGF途径、Tie2途径或两者的小分子药剂或拮抗剂。VEGF途径的示例性小分子拮抗剂包含VEGFR-2的多激酶抑制剂,包含舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、西地拉尼(cediranib)、帕松帕尼(pazonpanib)和尼达尼布(nintedanib)。Tie2结合拮抗剂还包含小分子抑制剂CGI-1842(CGI制药公司)、LP-590(Locus制药公司)、ACTB-1003(Act生物科技/拜耳公司)、CEP-11981(Cephalon/Teva)、MGCD265(Methylgene)、瑞戈非尼(Regorafenib)(拜耳公司)、卡博替尼(Cabozantinib)/XL-184/BMS-907351(Exelixis)、福瑞替尼(Foretnib)(Exelixis)、MGCD-265(MethylGene公司)。
近年来,已经鉴定了许多呈受体形式的免疫检查点调节剂及其配体。免疫检查点调节剂包含但不限于PD-1及其配体PD-L1和PD-L2;CTLA-4及其配体B7-1和B7-2;TIM-3及其配体半乳糖凝集素-9;LAG-3及其配体,包含肝窦内皮细胞凝集素(LSECtin)和半乳糖凝集素-3;T细胞Ig和ITIM结构域(TIGIT)及其CD155配体;CD122及其CD122R配体;CD70、糖皮质激素诱导的TNFR家族相关蛋白(GITR)、B7H3、B和T淋巴细胞衰减因子(BTLA)和VISTA(LeMercier等人,《免疫学前沿(Front.Immunol.)》,(6),第418章,2015)。此外,许多检查点调节剂抑制剂已经在各种临床和临床前模型中鉴定和测试和/或获得FDA批准(Kyi等人,《欧洲生化学会联合会快报(FEBS Letters)》,588:368-376(2014)。抑制性受体阻断(也被称为免疫检查点阻断)的概念已在人体中得到验证,抗CTLA-4抗体伊匹单抗(ipilimumab)获批用于转移性黑色素瘤。
辅助化疗组合物还可以包含多种细胞毒剂,其具有可诱导细胞凋亡的不同细胞内靶点。这意味着细胞毒性药物的细胞毒活性不仅取决于特定的药物-靶点相互作用,还取决于癌细胞的凋亡(细胞信号传导)机制的活性。细胞毒剂的实例包含但不限于铂类药物(例如,卡铂、顺铂、奥沙利铂、沙铂、四宁三铂和卡铂等)、天然酚类(例如,小豆蔻、姜黄素、高良姜、生姜、白胡椒、姜黄等)、植物生物碱和紫杉烷类(例如,喜树碱、多西紫杉醇、紫杉醇、长春碱、长春新碱、长春瑞滨(virorelbine)、长春新碱等)、其它烷化剂(例如,阿曲他明、白消安、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、环磷酰胺、达卡巴嗪、乙烯亚胺、六甲基三聚氰胺、肼、异环磷酰胺、洛莫司汀、甲氯乙胺、美法仑、亚硝基脲、胡椒碱、丙卡巴肼、链脲佐菌素、替莫唑胺、噻替哌、三嗪等)、肿瘤抗生素和蒽环类药物(例如,博来霉素、色霉素、放线菌素、柔红霉素、多柔比星、表柔比星、伊达比星、丝裂霉素、米托蒽醌、普卡霉素等)、拓扑异构酶抑制剂(例如,安吖啶、依托泊苷、伊立替康、替尼泊苷、托替康等)、抗代谢物(例如,5-氟尿嘧啶、6-硫鸟嘌呤、6-巯基嘌呤、腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂、卡培他滨、克拉屈滨、阿糖胞苷、福尿苷、氟达拉滨、吉西他滨、甲氨蝶呤、奈来滨、喷他汀有丝分裂抑制剂、嘌呤拮抗剂、嘧啶拮抗剂等)、各种抗癌剂(例如,伊沙匹隆、天冬酰胺酶、贝沙罗汀、雌莫司汀、羟基脲、异维A酸、米托坦、培门冬酶、类维生素A、维甲酸等)、它们的组合、以及它们的药学上可接受的盐。
由于其碱性氨基和羟基,Etn具有类似于胺和醇的性质。因此,它们可以与酸形成盐,并且羟基允许形成酯。当Etn与有机酸反应时,盐的形成总是优先于酯的形成。
在某些实施例中,活性剂(包含Etn)可以作为药学上可接受的盐施用。活性剂可以作为无机酸盐、有机酸盐或有机取代的无机酸盐施用。如本文所使用的,术语“药学上可接受的盐”意指由可为施用于患者(如哺乳动物)所接受的碱或酸制备的盐(例如,对于给定给药方案具有可接受的哺乳动物安全性的盐)。药学上可接受的盐可以衍生自药学上可接受的无机或有机酸或药学上可接受的无机或有机碱。
药学上可接受的酸加成盐可以由无机酸、有机酸或有机取代的无机酸制备。衍生自药学上可接受的无机酸的盐包含以下各项的盐:硼酸、碳酸、氢卤酸(例如,氢溴酸、盐酸、氢氟酸或氢碘酸);硝酸、磷酸、氨基磺酸、硫酸等。
衍生自药学上可接受的有机酸的盐包含以下各项的盐:脂肪族羟基酸(例如,柠檬酸、葡糖酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、乳糖酸、苹果酸和酒石酸);脂肪族一元羧酸(例如,乙酸、丁酸、甲酸、丙酸和三氟乙酸);氨基酸(例如,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸);芳香族羧酸(例如,苯甲酸、对氯苯甲酸、二苯乙酸、龙胆酸、马尿酸和三苯乙酸)、芳香族羟基酸(例如,邻羟基苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸、1-羟基萘-2-羧酸和3-羟基萘-2-羧酸);抗坏血酸、二羧酸(例如,富马酸、马来酸、草酸和琥珀酸);葡糖醛酸、扁桃酸、粘酸、烟酸、乳清酸、棕榈酸、泛酸;磺酸(例如,苯磺酸、樟脑磺酸、乙二磺酸、乙磺酸、羟乙基磺酸、甲磺酸、萘磺酸、萘-1,5-二磺酸、萘-2,6-二磺酸和对甲苯磺酸);昔萘酸(xinafoic acid)等。
衍生自无机酸的盐包含盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸等。衍生自有机酸的盐包含乙酸、丙酸、乙醇酸、丙酮酸、草酸、苹果酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、富马酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸、肉桂酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、水杨酸等。
组合物可以进一步通过它们的pH来区分。在一些实施例中,组合物呈液体形式,其pH在2.0-8.0之间、3.0-7.0之间、4.0-6.0之间、4.0-5.0之间、4.5-5.5之间、5.0-6.0之间、5.5-6.5之间、6.0-7.0之间、6.5-7.5之间、7.0-8.0之间、7.5-8.5之间、8.0-9.0之间或由这些pH值中的任何一个定义的任何范围之间。在一些实施例中,组合物的pH为约4、5、6、7、8或9。在一些实施例中,组合物的pH为约5。在一些实施例中,组合物的pH为约7.4。
如本文所使用的,“药学上可接受的载体”包含任何和所有溶剂、分散介质、包衣、抗菌剂和抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延迟剂等。此类介质和药剂用于药物活性物质的用途是本领域公知的。除非任何常规介质或药剂与活性成分不相容,否则考虑其在治疗性组合物中的用途。在优选的实施例中,所述组合物是口服施用的。例如,在“雷明顿:药学科学与实践(Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy)”(第20版,编者:A.R.Gennaro,2000,利平科特·威廉斯·威尔金斯出版公司(Lippincott Williams&Wilkins)中发现了制备用于口服施用的调配物的方法。口服组合物通常包含可食用载体、惰性稀释剂或两者。用于口服施用的调配物包含例如片剂、丸剂、囊片、硬胶囊、软胶囊、散剂(sachet)和液体剂型,并且可以根据需要含有各种添加剂和/或赋形剂。此外,液体填充胶囊可以包含本公开的活性剂。
当以固体形式施用时,组合物可以包含固体载体。载体可以包括多孔赋形剂和任选的粘合剂和/或崩解剂。当固体载体为颗粒形式时,颗粒的中值粒度可以为约5微米至约600微米,例如约10至约300微米。颗粒可被压制成片剂,所述片剂用作固体载体。
多孔赋形剂通常形成固体载体的主体。例如,多孔赋形剂(和固体载体)的孔隙率大于约10%v/v、如大于约15%v/v、大于约20%v/v、大于约30%v/v或大于约30%v/v。在优选的实施例中,孔隙率大于约30%v/v,例如,约30至约50%v/v。在另一个实施例中,孔隙率高达约97%(例如,约90至约94%)(如Zeopharm或Aeroperl)。
多孔赋形剂的中值粒度可以为约5微米至约600微米,例如约10至约300微米。在一个实施例中,多孔赋形剂的粒度可以为约10微米至约150微米。
固体载体可以包含多孔赋形剂,其浓度为约20%w/w或更多,如约25%w/w或更多、约30%w/w或更多、约35%w/w或更多、约40%w/w或更多、约45%w/w或更多、约50%w/w或更多、约60%w/w或更多、约70%w/w或更多、约80%w/w或更多,约90%w/w或更多、约95%w/w或更多、98%w/w或更多或它们之间的任何百分比范围。
示例性的多孔赋形剂包含但不限于金属氧化物、金属硅酸盐、金属碳酸盐、金属磷酸盐、金属硫酸盐、糖醇、糖、纤维素、纤维素衍生物以及它们的任何组合。在优选的实施例中,多孔赋形剂是金属硅酸盐,例如二氧化硅,如Zeopharm(可从J.M.Huber公司获得)或Aeroperl(可从赢创工业公司(Evonik Industries)获得)。在另一个优选的实施例中,多孔赋形剂是金属氧化物,如硅酸铝镁。
例如,金属氧化物包含但不限于氧化镁、氧化钙、氧化锌、氧化铝、二氧化钛(如Tronox A-HP-328和Tronox A-HP-100)、二氧化硅(如Aerosil、Cab-O-Sil、Syloid、Aeroperl、Sunsil(硅珠)、Zeofree、Zeopharm、Sipernat)及其混合物。在一个实施例中,金属氧化物是二氧化钛、二氧化硅或其混合物。二氧化硅可细分为多孔和无孔二氧化硅。
金属硅酸盐包含但不限于硅酸钠、硅酸钾、硅酸镁、硅酸钙(包含合成硅酸钙,如例如Hubersorp)、硅酸锌、硅酸铝、铝硅酸钠(如例如Zeolex)、硅酸镁铝、偏硅酸镁铝、偏硅酸铝。多孔赋形剂可以是含水硅酸铝或碱土金属硅酸盐,如偏硅酸镁铝(例如,可从富士化学公司(Fuji Chemical Co.)获得的Neusilin)。
合适的金属磷酸盐包含但不限于磷酸钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸钾、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸钙、磷酸镁、磷酸锌、磷酸铝及其组合。例如,多孔赋形剂可以是无水磷酸氢钙、二水合磷酸氢钙、磷酸三钙或其组合。
示例性的金属硫酸盐包含例如硫酸钠、硫酸氢钠、硫酸钾、硫酸氢钾、硫酸钙、硫酸镁、硫酸锌、硫酸铝及其混合物。
示例性糖醇包含例如山梨糖醇、木糖醇、甘露糖醇、麦芽糖醇、肌醇,和/或其可以是选自由以下组成的组的糖:单糖、二糖或多糖,包含蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、山梨糖、木糖、乳糖、葡聚糖、葡聚糖衍生物、环糊精及其混合物。
示例性的纤维素和纤维素衍生物包含例如纤维素、微晶纤维素、包含多孔纤维素珠的纤维素衍生物:纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、羟丙基纤维素(HPC)、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、羟乙基纤维素等。
固体口服剂型可以进一步包括一种或多种药学上可接受的赋形剂。此类赋形剂的实例包含但不限于填充剂、稀释剂、粘合剂、润滑剂、助流剂、增强剂、润湿剂、表面活性剂、抗氧化剂、金属清除剂、pH调节剂、酸化剂、碱化剂、防腐剂、缓冲剂、螯合剂、稳定剂、着色剂、络合剂、乳化剂和/或增溶剂、吸收增强剂、调节释放剂、调味剂、掩味剂、保湿剂和甜味剂。
固体口服剂型中固体载体的量可以根据其孔隙率而变化,如液体调配物。由于固体口服剂型(如片剂或胶囊)旨在供哺乳动物(如人类受试者)口服摄取,因此固体口服剂型优选地重量为约500mg至约5000mg,如约600mg至约2000mg,或约600mg至约1500mg。在一个实施例中,固体口服剂型的重量为约700mg至约1200mg。
本文所述的固体口服剂型(例如,口服片剂)可任选地含有一种或多种包衣,如底包衣和/或改良释放包衣(例如肠溶衣)。底包衣可以是例如Opadray AMB OY-B。肠溶衣可以含有例如Acryl EZE、二甲硅油和柠檬酸三乙酯。
在一个实施例中,固体口服剂型不具有包衣。在优选的实施例中,固体口服剂型不具有肠溶衣。在另一个实施例中,固体口服剂型不具有改良释放包衣。在某些实施例中,固体口服剂型提供活性剂的立即释放。在其它实施例中,固体口服剂型提供活性剂的延长释放。
固体口服剂型可以是片剂的形式。在一个实施例中,片剂是压制或模压片剂,例如,具有约20N至约150N的硬度。片剂的硬度可以为约30、40或50N至约70、80、90或100N。
口服片剂可以包含一种或多种赋形剂,如上面提到的那些,包含但不限于调味剂、润滑剂、粘合剂、防腐剂和崩解剂。
在一些实施例中,活性剂吸附到纳米颗粒或固体基质(例如,多孔硅酸盐,包含碱金属硅酸盐、碱土金属硅酸盐或硅酸铝,或包含硅酸铝、硅酸镁铝、硅酸钠、硅酸钾、硅酸镁或硅酸钙)或本文所述的任何其它固体基质上。在某些实施例中,将活性剂掺入纳米颗粒中或纳米颗粒上。如本文所使用的,术语“纳米颗粒”是指具有包含至少一个区域或特性尺寸的结构的固体颗粒,其尺寸在1-500nm之间并且具有任何合适的形状,例如矩形、圆形、球体、立方体、椭圆或其它规则或不规则形状。合适的纳米颗粒的非限制性实例可以包含脂质体、泊洛沙姆、微乳液、胶束、树枝状大分子和其它含磷脂系统,以及全氟碳纳米颗粒。术语“纳米颗粒”可以包含纳米球、纳米棒、纳米壳和纳米棱柱,并且这些纳米颗粒可以是纳米网络的一部分。没有限制,本文使用的纳米颗粒可以是本领域可用的或本领域技术人员可用的任何纳米颗粒。
在一些实施例中,纳米颗粒的大小为约10nm至约750nm、约20nm至约500nm、约25nm至约250nm或约50nm至约150nm。在一些实施例中,纳米颗粒的大小为约5nm至约75nm、约10nm至约50nm、约15nm至约25nm。纳米颗粒可以是例如单分散的或多分散的,并且给定分散液的颗粒直径的变化可以不同。纳米颗粒可以是中空的或实心的。在一些实施例中,纳米颗粒具有小于500nm、小于300nm、小于100nm、小于50nm、小于25nm、小于10nm或小于5nm的平均直径。
纳米颗粒可以例如由以下各项制成:金属,如铁、镍、铝、金、铜、锌、镉、钛、锆、锡、铅、铬、锰和钴;金属氧化物和水合氧化物,如氧化铝、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锌、氧化钴;金属硅酸盐,如镁、铝、锌、铅、铬、铜、铁、钴和镍的金属硅酸盐;合金,如青铜、黄铜、不锈钢等。纳米颗粒也可以由非金属或有机材料制成,如纤维素、陶瓷、玻璃、尼龙、聚苯乙烯、橡胶、塑料或乳胶。在一些实施例中,纳米颗粒包括金属和非金属或有机化合物的组合,例如,甲基丙烯酸酯或苯乙烯涂覆的金属和硅酸盐涂覆的金属。基础材料可以掺杂药剂以改变其物理或化学性质。例如,稀土氧化物可以包含在铝硅酸盐玻璃中以产生具有高密度的顺磁性玻璃材料(参见White和Day,《重点工程材料(Key Engineering Materials)》第94-95卷,181-208,1994)。在一些实施例中,纳米颗粒包括可生物降解的有机材料(如纤维素、葡聚糖等)或由其组成。合适的市售颗粒包含例如镍颗粒(新泽西州威科夫的Novamet专业产品公司(Novamet Specialty Products,Inc.,Wyckoff,N.J.)出售的123型、VM 63、18/209A、10/585A、347355和HDNP;Spex公司出售的08841R;奥德里奇公司(Aldrich)出售的01509BW)、不锈钢颗粒(Ametek出售的P316L)、锌粉(奥德里奇公司)、钯颗粒(D13A17,John MattheyElec.)和TiO2、SiO2或MnO2颗粒(奥德里奇公司)。
在一些实施例中,纳米颗粒被冷冻干燥以形成固体干燥的纳米颗粒。可将干燥的纳米颗粒装入胶囊(如两部分硬明胶胶囊)中,用于在受试者中口服施用。此外,胶囊可以进一步用肠溶衣包衣。冷冻干燥的纳米颗粒可以在溶液中再水合或通过接触流体以恢复为具有正表面电荷的湿纳米颗粒。
在一些实施例中,可以利用脂质体递送媒剂。取决于实施例,鉴于脂质体的结构和化学性质,脂质体适合递送本公开中的活性剂。一般来说,脂质体是具有磷脂双层膜的球形囊泡。脂质体的脂质双层可以与其它双层(例如,细胞膜)融合,从而将脂质体的内容物递送到细胞。
脂质体可以包括具有不同烃链长度的各种不同类型的磷脂。磷脂通常包括通过甘油磷酸酯与各种极性基团之一连接的两种脂肪酸。合适的磷脂包含磷脂酸(PA)、磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)、磷脂酰肌醇(PI)、磷脂酰甘油(PG)、二磷脂酰甘油(DPG)、磷脂酰胆碱(PC)和磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)。包括磷脂的脂肪酸链的长度的范围可以为约6到约26个碳原子,并且脂质链可以是饱和或不饱和的。合适的脂肪酸链包含(常用名呈现于括号中)正十二烷酸酯(月桂酸酯)、正十四烷酸酯(肉豆蔻酸酯)、正十六烷酸酯(棕榈酸酯)、正十八烷酸酯(硬脂酸酯)、正二十烷酸酯(花生酸酯)、正二十二烷酸酯(山嵛酸酯)、正二十四烷酸酯(木蜡酸酯)、顺式-9-十六烷酸酯(棕榈油酸酯)、顺-9-十八烷酸酯(油酸酯)、顺,顺-9,12-十八烷二烯酸酯(亚油酸酯)、全顺-9,12,15-十八烷三烯酸酯(亚麻酸酯)和全顺-5,8,11,14-二十烷四烯酸酯(花生四烯酸酯)。磷脂的两个脂肪酸链可以相同或不同。可接受的磷脂包含二油酰基PS、二油酰基PC、二硬脂酰基PS、二硬脂酰基PC、二肉豆蔻酰基PS、二肉豆蔻酰基PC、二棕榈酰基PG、硬脂酰基、油酰基PS、棕榈酰基、亚麻烯基PS等。
磷脂可以来自任何天然来源,并且如此,可以包括磷脂的混合物。例如,蛋黄富含PC、PG和PE,大豆含有PC、PE、PI和PA,并且动物脑或脊髓富含PS。磷脂也可以来自合成来源。可以使用具有不同比率的单个磷脂的磷脂的混合物。不同磷脂的混合物可以产生具有有利的活性或活性性质的稳定性的脂质体组合物。上文提及的磷脂可以与阳离子脂质以最佳比率混合,所述阳离子脂质如N-(1-(2,3-二油酰氧基)丙基)-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵、1,1'-二十八烷基-3,3,3',3'-四甲基吲哚羰花青、3,3'-脱庚基氧杂羰花青碘化物、高氯酸1,1'-二十二烷基-3,3,3',3'-四甲基吲哚羰花青酯、甲磺酸1,1'-二油酰基-3,3,3',3'-四甲基吲哚羰花青酯、N-4-(脱亚油基氨基苯乙烯基)-N-甲基碘化吡啶鎓或高氯酸1,1,-二亚油基-3,3,3',3'-四甲基吲哚羰花青酯。
脂质体可以任选地包括鞘脂或胆固醇(动物细胞膜的主要组分),在鞘脂中,鞘胺醇是甘油和磷酸甘油酯的脂肪酸之一的结构对应物。脂质体可以任选地包含聚乙二醇化脂质,其是共价连接到聚乙二醇(PEG)或其衍生物的脂质。示例性PEG可以具有200-10,000kDa(例如,400-4000kDa、500-1000kDa、750-1500kDa、800-1200kDa、900-1100kDa或约1000kDa)的分子量。PEG衍生物包含例如甲基化PEG、聚丙二醇(PPG)、PEG-NHS、PEG-醛、PEG-SH、PEG-NH2、PEG-CO2H、PEG-OMe和其它醚、支链PEG和PEG共聚物(例如,PEG-b-PPG-b-PEG-1100、PEG-PPG-PEG-1900、PPG-PEG-MBE-1700和PPG-PEG-PPG-2000)。
脂质体可以进一步包括合适的溶剂。溶剂可以是有机溶剂或无机溶剂。合适的溶剂包含但不限于二甲亚砜(DMSO)、甲基吡咯烷酮、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、乙腈、醇、二甲基甲酰胺、四氢呋喃或其组合
脂质体可以通过任何已知的制备用于药物递送的脂质体的方法来制备,如例如在美国专利第4,241,046号、第4,394,448号、第4,529,561号、第4,755,388号、第4,828,837号、第4,925,661号、第4,954,345号、第4,957,735号、第5,043,164号、第5,064,655号、第5,077,211号和第5,264,618号中详述的。例如,脂质体可以通过在水溶液中超声处理脂质、溶剂注射、脂质水合、反向蒸发或通过反复冷冻和解冻进行冷冻干燥来制备。在某些优选的实施例中,脂质体通过超声处理而形成。脂质体可以是多层的或单层的,所述多层脂质体像洋葱一样具有许多层。脂质体可大可小。持续的高剪切超声处理趋于形成较小的单层脂质体。
如对于普通技术人员而言显而易见的,控制脂质体形成的所有参数都可以变化。这些参数包含但不限于温度、pH、甲硫氨酸化合物的浓度、脂质的浓度和组成、多价阳离子的浓度、混合速率、溶剂的存在和浓度。
在另一个实施例中,组合物作为微乳液递送至组织或细胞。微乳液通常是包括水溶液、表面活性剂和“油”的澄清的、热力学稳定的溶液。在这种情况下,“油”是超临界流体相。表面活性剂停留在油-水界面处。各种表面活性剂中的任何表面活性剂都适用于微乳液调配物中,包含本文所述的微乳液调配物或本领域以其它方式已知的微乳液调配物。适用于本发明的水性微区的特性结构尺寸通常为约5nm至约100nm。这种大小的聚集体是可见光的弱散射体,并且因此,这些溶液是光学澄清的,但根据确切的组成、储存条件、pH、温度、表面电荷、形状等,它们也可能表现为乳状胶体悬浮液。如本领域技术人员将理解的,微乳液可以并且将具有多种不同的微观结构,包含球形、棒状或盘状聚集体。在一个实施例中,所述结构可以是胶束,它是最简单的微乳液结构,通常是球形或圆柱形物体。胶束就像水包油的液滴,并且反胶束就像油包水中的液滴。在替代性实施例中,微乳液结构是薄层。其包括由表面活性剂层隔开的连续的水层和油层。微乳液的“油”可以最佳地包括磷脂,尽管单独或混合物形式的其它疏水性核心组分(例如,全氟碳:见下文)可能有助于颗粒的组成。上文针对脂质体详述的磷脂中的任何磷脂均适合于针对微乳液的实施例。本发明的组合物可以通过本领域通常已知的任何方法封装在微乳液中。
在又一个实施例中,组合物可以在树枝状大分子或树枝状聚合物中递送。一般来说,树状物是分支的树状分子,其中每个分支是在一定长度后分成两个新分支(分子)的分子的互连链。这种分支会持续到分支(分子)变得如此密集,使得树冠层形成球体。通常,树状物的性质是由其表面的官能团确定的。例如,如羧基等亲水端基通常会得到水溶性树状物。可替代地,磷脂可以被掺入在树状物的表面中以促进跨皮肤的吸收。详述的用于脂质体实施例的磷脂中的任何磷脂都适用于树状物实施例中。本领域通常已知的任何方法可用于制备树枝状大分子,并通过本领域已知的标准接头化学来封装或缀合本公开的活性剂。例如,树状物可以通过反应步骤的迭代序列来产生,在所述反应步骤中每个另外的迭代都会导致更高阶的树状物。因此,树状物具有规则的、高度分支的3D结构,并且具有几乎均匀的大小和形状。此外,树状物的最终大小通常由合成期间使用的迭代步骤的数量来控制。各种树状物大小都适合于本发明。通常,树状物的大小可以在约1nm至约100nm的范围内。
在某些实施例中,纳米颗粒是全氟碳纳米颗粒。此类纳米颗粒在本领域中是已知的。例如,参见例如美国专利第5,690,907号;第5,780,010号;第5,989,520号和第5,958,371号。示例性的全氟碳乳液公开于例如美国专利第4,927,623号;第5,077,036号;第5,114,703号;第5,171,755号;第5,304,325号;第5,350,571号;第5,393,524号和第5,403,575号中,并且包含这样的全氟碳乳液,其中全氟碳化合物是全氟萘烷、全氟辛烷、全氟二氯辛烷、全氟正辛基溴、全氟庚烷、全氟癸烷、全氟环己烷、全氟吗啉、全氟三丙胺、全氟三丁胺、全氟二甲基环己烷、全氟三甲基环己烷、全氟二环己基醚、全氟正丁基四氢呋喃,以及结构上与这些化合物相似并且被部分或完全卤化(包含至少一些氟取代基)或部分或完全地全氟化的化合物,包含全氟烷基化醚、聚醚或冠醚。在一些实施例中,全氟碳化合物是全氟正辛基溴。在其它实施例中,全氟碳化合物可以是全氟烷基化冠醚。
在一些实施例中,纳米颗粒在其表面上包括生物相容性层或材料。如本文所使用的,术语“生物相容性层或材料”是指当放置在受试者的生物组织附近时,随着时间的推移不会明显劣化并且不会引起显著的不利影响(例如毒性反应)或在与血液接触时不会引起血液凝固或凝结的任何材料或层。合适的生物相容性材料可以包含但不限于包括氨基的聚合物(例如,基于碳水化合物的氨基聚合物、基于蛋白质的氨基聚合物或包括至少一个氨基的分子)、丝素蛋白、以下各项的衍生物和共聚物:聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯亚胺、聚乙烯胺、聚丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氨酯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚砜、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基戊烯、聚丙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、多晶硅、聚四氟乙烯、聚砜、丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚丁二烯、聚(对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯)、聚(醚砜)、聚(醚酮)、聚(乙二醇)、苯乙烯-丙烯腈树脂、聚(对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚(乙烯基吡咯烷酮)、聚乙二醇、天然或合成磷脂、脂肪酸、胆固醇、溶血脂、鞘磷脂等,包含脂质缀合的聚乙二醇。也可以使用各种市售的阴离子、阳离子和非离子表面活性剂,包含Tween、Span、Triton等。一些表面活性剂本身是氟化的,如全氟化链烷酸(如全氟己酸和全氟辛酸)、全氟化烷基磺酰胺、亚烷基季铵盐等。此外,可以使用全氟化醇磷酸酯。也可以使用阳离子脂质,包含DOTMA、N-[1-(2,3-二油酰氧基)丙基]-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵;DOTAP、1,2-二油酰氧基-3-(三甲基铵)丙烷;DOTB、1,2-二油酰基-3-(4'-三甲基-氨)丁酰基-sn-甘油1,2-二酰基-3-三-二甲基铵-丙烷;1,2-二酰基-3-二甲基铵-丙烷;1,2-二酰基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸胆碱;和3.β-[N',N'-二甲基氨基乙烷)-氨基甲酚]胆固醇-HCl,以及其任何组合。
在某些优选的实施例中,纳米颗粒可以在其表面上包括生物相容性层以延长纳米颗粒在受试者中的循环时间,如聚乙二醇(PEG)。在一些实施例中,可选择生物相容性层以在受试者中诱导抗原特异性免疫。在其它实施例中,可选择生物相容性层以减少或最小化纳米颗粒材料对受试者周围组织的暴露。
用于本方法的示例性纳米颗粒组合物描述于美国专利公开申请号2007/0154559、2010/0104645和2015/0150822中。
本公开的药物组合物可以进一步包含一种或多种吸收促进剂以提高通过肠粘膜转运到血液中的效率。在一个实施例中,吸收促进剂包含油包衣,所述油包衣构成提供针对消化酶的额外保护的物理屏障。胆汁酸的分泌通常会导致油悬浮液分散成更小的颗粒,这些颗粒可以在小肠中被吸收。虽然在穿过胃进入小肠后颗粒大小减小,但颗粒仍保持在30-1000nm的大小范围内,这对于脂肪酶和肽酶来说太大而不能作为底物,从而保留了组合物的保护作用。有利地,这种大小的脂质包衣颗粒被乳糜管吸收至乳糜微粒,所述乳糜管是起源于小肠绒毛的淋巴管。以这种方式吸收的颗粒可以在不经历首过代谢的情况下到达血液。
在其它实施例中,吸收促进剂包含一种或多种胆汁盐、阴离子表面活性剂、中链脂肪酸、磷酸酯和N-[8-(2-羟基苯甲酰基)氨基]辛酸钠。
在其它实施例中,可以通过包含酰基肉碱(例如,棕榈酰肉碱)来增强活性剂的口服利用度,所述酰基肉碱任选地与醇、聚山梨醇酯表面活性剂、羧酸、醇、聚乙二醇、聚乙二醇化甘油酯、烷基糖、酯糖、TPGS化合物或糖组合,如美国专利公开申请第2016/0074322号中所述。
在一些实施例中,组合物可以进一步用肿瘤特异性或细胞/组织特异性靶向剂包被、缀合或修饰,以选择性靶向癌细胞。靶向剂可以是小分子(例如,叶酸、腺苷、嘌呤、赖氨酸)、肽、配体、抗体片段、适体或合成体。此类组合物可以允许使用较低剂量的细胞毒性药物,减少不良事件,提高功效,并降低药物从靶向肿瘤或癌细胞中快速清除的可能性。根据本申请的靶向组合物允许活性剂被癌细胞吸收,从而有效地将活性剂递送至癌细胞中的细胞内靶点以促进细胞凋亡并限制化学抗性和全身毒性的可能性。
在一些实施例中,细胞靶向剂针对肿瘤相关抗原,优选地,细胞表面抗原。肿瘤相关抗原的实例包含但不限于腺苷受体、αvβ3、氨肽酶P、甲胎蛋白、癌抗原125、癌胚抗原、cCaveolin-1、趋化因子受体、凝聚素、癌胎儿抗原、CD20、上皮肿瘤抗原、黑色素瘤相关抗原、Ras、p53、Her2/神经元、ErbB2、ErbB3、ErbB4、叶酸受体、前列腺特异性膜抗原、前列腺特异性抗原、嘌呤受体、辐射诱导的细胞表面受体、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂B3、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂B4、鳞状细胞癌抗原、血小板反应蛋白、肿瘤抗原4、肿瘤相关糖蛋白72、酪氨酸酶和酪氨酸激酶。在某些优选的实施例中,细胞靶向剂是叶酸或与叶酸受体(FR)特异性结合的叶酸衍生物。
还原的叶酸载体(RFC)系统是一种低亲和力、高容量系统,其介导药理学(μM)浓度的还原叶酸摄取到癌细胞中。生理叶酸的浓度范围为5至50nM。因此,存在高亲和力人FR,并由其同源产物被称为FR型α、β、γ或δ的基因家族编码,这些同源产物也分别被描述为FR1、FR2、FR3或FR4。膜异构体FR1、FR2和FR4可以结合叶酸或叶酸衍生物并将其转运到细胞中,而FR3缺乏膜锚并且从细胞中分泌。FR1和FR2结合叶酸和6S 5-甲酰基四氢叶酸(即亚叶酸),亲和力相似但不同,分别为1.5nM对0.35nM(叶酸)和800nM对7nM(亚叶酸)。6S 5-甲酰基四氢叶酸是血液中主要的叶酸,其对FR1和FR2具有相似的亲和力,分别为55nM和1nM。
在某些组合物中,尤其是那些用于非口服递送的组合物中,靶向剂可以是能够结合肿瘤相关抗原的抗体或肽。
在某些实施例中,药物组合物作为包括单乙醇胺(Etn)、Etn前药、Etn杂合分子或其组合的无毒抗癌调配物口服施用。在一些实施例中,药物组合物作为包括单乙醇胺(Etn)和磷酸乙醇胺(PhosE)的无毒抗癌调配物口服施用。
如本文所使用的,术语“药学上可接受的载体”包含与药物施用相容的任何和所有溶剂、增溶剂、填充剂、稳定剂、粘合剂、吸收剂、碱、缓冲剂、润滑剂、控释媒剂、稀释剂、乳化剂、保湿剂、润滑剂、分散介质、包衣、抗菌剂或抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延迟剂等。此类介质和药剂用于药物活性物质的用途是本领域公知的。参见例如A.H.Kibbe《药用赋形剂手册(Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients)》,第3版英国伦敦制药出版社(Pharmaceutical Press,London,UK)(2000)。除非任何常规介质或药剂与活性化合物不相容,否则考虑其在组合物中的用途。还可以将补充剂掺入到组合物中。在某些实施例中,药学上可接受的载体包括血清白蛋白。在一些实施例中,本申请的药物组合物包括Etn、磷酸盐、盐和药学上可接受的载体。
药物组合物被配制成与其预期的施用途径相容。化合物可以通过已知的方法施用于患者,如口服施用、静脉内团注施用或通过在一段时间内连续输注,通过肌肉内、腹膜内、脑脊髓内、皮下、关节内、滑膜内、鞘内、局部、经粘膜和/或吸入途径。用于肠胃外、皮内或皮下施用的溶液或悬浮液可以包含以下组分:无菌稀释剂,如注射用水、盐水溶液、固定油、聚乙二醇、甘油、丙二醇或其它合成溶剂;抗菌剂,如苯甲醇或对羟基苯甲酸甲酯;抗氧化剂,如抗坏血酸或硫酸氢钠;螯合剂,如乙二胺四乙酸;缓冲剂,如乙酸盐、柠檬酸盐或磷酸盐;以及用于调节张力的药剂,如氯化钠或右旋糖。pH可以用酸或碱调节,如盐酸或氢氧化钠。肠胃外制剂可以包封在由玻璃或塑料制成的安瓿、一次性注射器或多剂量小瓶中。
适合于可注射用途的药物组合物包含无菌水溶液(在水溶性的情况下)或分散液以及用于临时制备无菌可注射溶液或分散液的无菌粉末。对于静脉内施用,合适的载体包含生理盐水、抑菌水、CREMOPHOR ELTM(新泽西州帕西波尼的巴斯夫公司(BASF))或磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)。在所有情况下,可注射组合物应该是无菌的并且应当具有达到容易注射的程度的流动性。其必须在制造和储存的条件下稳定,并且必须保存以抵抗如细菌和真菌等微生物的污染作用。载体可以是含有例如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如,甘油、丙二醇和液体聚乙二醇等)及其合适的混合物的溶剂或分散介质。可以例如通过使用如卵磷脂等包衣、通过在分散情况下保持所需粒度以及通过使用表面活性剂来保持适当的流动性。可以通过各种抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂(例如,对羟苯甲酸酯、三氯叔丁醇、苯酚、抗坏血酸、硫柳汞等)来实现对微生物的作用的预防。在许多情况下,优选的是,组合物中包含等渗剂,例如糖、多元醇如甘露醇、山梨醇和氯化钠。通过在组合物中包含延迟吸收的药剂,例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶,可以实现可注射组合物的延长吸收。
无菌可注射溶液可以通过将所需量的活性化合物根据需要与以上列举的成分中的一种或其组合一起掺入适当溶剂中,随后过滤灭菌来制备。通常,分散液是通过将活性化合物掺入无菌媒剂中来制备的,所述无菌媒剂含有基础分散介质以及来自以上列举的那些成分的所需其它成分。在用于制备无菌可注射溶液的无菌粉末的情况下,优选的制备方法是真空干燥和冷冻干燥,所述方法从其先前的无菌过滤溶液中产生活性成分和任何其它所希望的成分的粉末。
口服组合物通常包含惰性稀释剂或可食用载体。它们可以被包封在明胶胶囊中或被压制成片剂。出于口服治疗性施用的目的,可以将活性化合物与赋形剂一起掺入并且以片剂、锭剂或胶囊剂的形式使用。口服组合物也可以使用用作漱口水的流体载体来制备,其中将在流体载体中的化合物口服施用并且漱口(swished)并且吐出或吞咽。可以包含药学上相容的粘合剂和/或佐剂材料作为组合物的一部分。片剂、丸剂、胶囊剂、锭剂等可以含有以下成分中的任何成分或者具有类似性质的化合物:粘合剂,如微晶纤维素、黄蓍胶或明胶;赋形剂,如淀粉或乳糖;崩解剂,如海藻酸、初凝结(Primogel)或玉米淀粉;润滑剂,如硬脂酸镁或Stertes;助流剂,如胶体二氧化硅;甜味剂,如蔗糖或糖精;或调味剂,如薄荷、水杨酸甲酯或橙味调味剂。
在某些实施例中,用于口服递送的组合物可以包含一种或多种结构元素,其在口服施用后促进对肠粘膜的粘附,从而显著增加调配物的肠道转运时间。在一些实施例中,将组合物配制成胶囊中的固体或半固体调配物。
对于通过吸入施用,将化合物以气溶胶喷雾的形式从含有合适的推进剂(例如,如二氧化碳等气体)或喷雾器的加压容器或分配器中递送。
也可以通过经粘膜或经皮的方式进行全身施用。对于经粘膜或经皮施用,在调配物中使用适合于待渗透的屏障的渗透剂。此类渗透剂通常是本领域中已知的并且包含例如用于经粘膜施用的洗涤剂、胆盐和夫西地酸衍生物。经粘膜施用可以通过使用鼻喷雾剂或栓剂来实现。对于经皮施用,将药物组合物配制成如本领域通常已知的软膏、油膏、凝胶或乳膏。
在某些实施例中,药物组合物被配制用于活性成分的持续或控制释放。可以使用可生物可降解的、生物相容的聚合物,如乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚酐、聚乙醇酸、胶原蛋白、聚原酸酯和聚乳酸。用于制备此类调配物的方法对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。
尤其有利的是以剂量单位形式配制口服或肠胃外组合物以便于施用和剂量统一。如本文所使用的,剂量单位形式包含适于作为待治疗受试者的单位剂量的物理上离散的单位;每个单位含有预定量的活性化合物,所述预定量经计算可产生与所需的药物载体相关联的期望的治疗效果。本发明的单位剂型的规格取决于并且直接依赖于活性化合物的独特特性和待实现的特定治疗效果,以及本领域中复合用于治疗个体的这种活性化合物的固有局限性。
此类化合物的治疗功效和毒性可以通过细胞培养物或实验动物中的标准制药程序确定,例如,用于确定LD50(对50%人群致死的剂量)和ED50(对50%人群治疗有效的剂量)。在毒性作用和治疗作用之间的剂量比为治疗指数,并且其可以表示为比值LD50/ED50。优选那些表现出大的治疗指数的化合物。尽管可以使用展现出有毒副作用的化合物,但是应该注意设计将此类化合物靶向到受影响组织的部位的递送系统,从而使对未感染细胞的潜在损伤最小化并由此减少副作用。
从细胞培养测定和动物研究获得的数据可以用于调配用于在人类中使用的一系列剂量。此类化合物的剂量优选地处于包含ED50在内的具有很小毒性或没有毒性的循环浓度范围内。剂量可以根据所使用的剂型和所使用的施用途径在该范围内变化。对于本发明方法中使用的任何化合物,治疗有效剂量可以最初根据细胞培养测定估计。在动物模型中可以将剂量调配为实现包含如在细胞培养中确定的IC50(即,测试化合物的实现症状的半数最大抑制的浓度)在内的循环血浆浓度范围。可以使用这种信息来更精确地确定人体中的有用剂量。在某些实施例中,每个剂量含有约0.01ug至50mg的活性成分。
作为一般建议,无论通过一次还是多次施用,活性化合物的治疗有效量将在约1ng/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天的范围内。在特定的实施例中,活性化合物的施用范围为约1ng/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约1ng/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约1ng/kg体重/天至约100μg/kg体重/天、约1ng/kg体重/天至约10μg/kg体重/天、约1ng/kg体重/天至约1μg/kg体重/天、约1ng/kg体重/天至约100ng/kg体重/天、约1ng/kg体重/天至约10ng/kg体重/天、约10ng/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天、约10ng/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约10ng/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约10ng/kg体重/天至约100μg/kg体重/天、约10ng/kg体重/天至约10μg/kg体重/天、约10ng/kg体重/天至约1μg/kg体重/天、10ng/kg体重/天至约100ng/kg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约100μg/kg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约10μg/kg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约1μg/kg体重/天、约1μg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天、约1μg/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约1μg/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约1μg/kg体重/天至约100μg/kg体重/天、约1μg/kg体重/天至约10μg/kg体重/天、约10μg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天、约10μg/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约10μg/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约10μg/kg体重/天至约100μg/kg体重/天、约100μg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天、约100μg/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约100μg/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约1mg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天、约1mg/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约10mg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天。
在某些实施例中,活性化合物以每三天500μg至20g或每三天10μg至400mg/kg体重的剂量施用。在其它实施例中,活性化合物在以下范围内施用:每次单独施用约10ng至约100ng、每次单独施用约10ng至约1μg、每次单独施用约10ng至约10μg、每次单独施用约10ng至约100μg、每次单独施用约10ng至约1mg、每次单独施用约10ng至约10mg、每次单独施用约10ng至约100mg、每次注射约10ng至约1000mg、每次单独施用约10ng至约10,000mg、每次单独施用约100ng至约1μg、每次单独施用约100ng至约10μg、每次单独施用约100ng至约100μg、每次单独施用约100ng至约1mg、每次单独施用约100ng至约10mg、每次单独施用约100ng至约100mg、每次注射约100ng至约1000mg、每次单独施用约100ng至约10,000mg、每次单独施用约1μg至约10μg、每次单独施用约1μg至约100μg、每次单独施用约1μg至约1mg、每次单独施用约1μg至约10mg、每次单独施用约1μg至约100mg、每次注射约1μg至约1000mg、每次单独施用约1μg至约10,000mg、每次单独施用约10μg至约100μg、每次单独施用约10μg至约1mg、每次单独施用约10μg至约10mg、每次单独施用约10μg至约100mg、每次注射约10μg至约1000mg、每次单独施用约10μg至约10,000mg、每次单独施用约100μg至约1mg、每次单独施用约100μg至约10mg、每次单独施用约100μg至约100mg、每次注射约100μg至约1000mg、每次单独施用约100μg至约10,000mg、每次单独施用约1mg至约10mg、每次单独施用约1mg至约100mg、每次注射约1mg至约1000mg、每次单独施用约1mg至约10,000mg、每次单独施用约10mg至约100mg、每次注射约10mg至约1000mg、每次单独施用约10mg至约10,000mg、每次注射约100mg至约1000mg、每次单独施用约100mg至约10,000mg以及每次单独施用约1000mg至约10,000mg。治疗剂可以每天施用,或每2天、3天、4天、5天、6天或7天施用,或每1周、2周、3周或4周施用。
在其它特定实施例中,活性化合物以约0.0006mg/天、0.001mg/天、0.003mg/天、0.006mg/天、0.01mg/天、0.03mg/天、0.06mg/天、0.1mg/天、0.3mg/天、0.6mg/天、1mg/天、3mg/天、6mg/天、10mg/天、30mg/天、60mg/天、100mg/天、300mg/天、600mg/天、1000mg/天、2000mg/天、5000mg/天或10,000mg/天的剂量施用。正如预期的那样,剂量将取决于患者的病状、大小、年龄和状况。
已经描述了本发明的许多实施例。然而,应当理解,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以进行各种修改。因此,其它实施例处于以下权利要求书的范围内。
实例
实例1:用于治疗卵巢浆液性和透明细胞癌的乙醇胺调配物。
上皮性卵巢癌(EOC)是一种以晚期表现为特征的危及生命的疾病;因此,EOC是导致妇科癌症死亡的主要原因。EOC的标准治疗是减瘤手术,然后是铂类化疗。虽然这些治疗最初通常是有效的,但大多数患者会出现复发性疾病,这是一种基本上无法治愈的状态。卵巢透明细胞癌(OCCC)是EOC的一种亚型,其特征在于透明细胞具有异常的脂质和糖原积累。OCCC占北美卵巢癌的5-10%和日本EOC的约25%。其经常出现在围绝经期妇女中,并且通常与子宫内膜异位症、血栓栓塞性血管并发症和高钙血症有关。与高级别浆液性卵巢癌相比,OCCC通常在早期(I期)被发现。尽管如此,晚期/复发性OCCC患者的预后比其它EOC亚型患者差得多,这主要是因为铂类方案对前者无效。因此,迫切需要新的OCCC治疗范例。
化疗耐药(Chemoresistance)源于肿瘤重新编程细胞代谢以克服肿瘤微环境(TME)施加的代谢压力的能力。对于许多其它癌症类型,OCCC细胞变得依赖于这些代谢变化,这可能被用来鉴定新的治疗靶点。与其它实体瘤相比,免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)的单一疗法迄今为止在卵巢癌中产生了令人失望的结果。为了提高响应,正在进行多项试验,将ICI与影响其它靶点的药物结合起来。2015年的两项免疫疗法研究表明了入组的少数OCCC患者的响应。OCCC和肾细胞癌(RCC)共享相似的基因表达谱,并且目前,纳武单抗(一种ICI)已获得FDA批准用于RCC;因此,纳武单抗可能值得在OCCC中进一步探索。导致卵巢癌免疫疗法无效的一个因素可能是TME缺氧,其改变骨髓细胞的抗原呈递性质,增加骨髓源性抑制细胞中PD-L1的表达,诱导T效应细胞的抑制,并促进Tregs的生成和维护。OCCC表达高水平的缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α),其激活促进血管生成、对抗肿瘤疗法的抗性和细胞存活的基因。简单的脂质单乙醇胺(Etn)分别在前列腺癌细胞系和异种移植模型以及乳腺癌、结肠癌、胰腺癌和卵巢癌细胞系中表现出强大的体外和体内功效,同时对健康细胞无毒。本质上,Etn作为一种前体药物进入肿瘤细胞并转化为细胞毒性脂质磷酸乙醇胺(PhosE)。Etn到PhosE的这种ATP依赖性转化主要由胆碱激酶(CK)催化,所述胆碱激酶在包含前列腺癌和卵巢癌在内的多种癌症类型中过度表达。重要的是,Etn治疗会引发肿瘤细胞中HIF-1α、葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺和耗氧率(OCR)的显著下调,改变脂质生物合成/积累和膜组成/形态,并引发多种途径的灾难性解偶联以诱导代谢危机和细胞死亡。与测试的前列腺、乳腺癌和胰腺癌细胞系相比,卵巢癌细胞系OVCAR3在体外对Etn更敏感。因此,降低HIF-1α表达并在过表达CK的肿瘤细胞中诱导代谢灾难的Etn可能与纳武单抗协同作用,从而为OCCC提供急需的更有效的疗法。
这是第一项探索ICI、纳武单抗和基于无毒、靶向代谢的脂质前药Etn的调配物之间的协同作用潜力以及这种组合对OCCC(并且更广泛地说,对EOC)的治疗功效的研究。Etn将通过诱导代谢危机和改变膜组成/抗原来降低HIF-1α表达并选择性地靶向OCCC细胞(其本质上过度表达CK),这可能为免疫治疗有效创造有利条件。这是第一项全面评估基于Etn的调配物的吸收、分布、代谢、消除(ADME)和毒性的临床前研究。
为了选择性地增加癌细胞中PhosE的细胞内水平,探索了Etn的抗癌活性。首先比较了口服递送的PhosE和Etn[两种磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)脂质前体]的ADME和药理学性质。与PhosE相比,Etn表现出更好的胃肠道稳定性、生物利用度、PK性质和体外抗癌活性。幸运的是,Etn也缺乏与CYP相关的药物-药物相互作用责任。与PhosE相比,口服Etn在前列腺癌异种移植模型中表现出优异的体内抗癌功效。LC/MS显示较高的细胞内PhosE水平与细胞毒性相关。我们的机制研究鉴定出与相邻正常细胞相比,前列腺肿瘤细胞中的CK过度表达——多种癌症类型中代谢重编程的标志。前列腺癌细胞中CK的药理抑制破坏了Etn向PhosE的转化,并降低了Etn的细胞毒性。分子标志物分析表明,在经培养的(PC-3)细胞以及从用Etn口服治疗的小鼠中收获的PC-3-luc肿瘤中,Etn治疗降低了HIF-1α、细胞周期调节剂(Cdk2、Cdk4、磷酸化Rb)和促生存分子(Bcl-2)的水平,并增加了p21、Bim、c-PARP的水平。经Etn处理的癌细胞显示出葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺水平降低,OCR降低,以及脂质生物合成和线粒体膜形态发生显著改变,这表明对肿瘤细胞代谢途径的多效性影响,而不影响正常细胞。假设基于Etn的调配物可以被开发成一种安全的、具有选择性的、药效学和药代动力学有利的IND实体,其单独或与ICI纳武单抗协同作用,为耐药EOCs/OCCC提供了一种新的治疗选择。
结果
Etn对多种癌细胞系表现出强大和选择性的抗增殖活性:
与PhosE相比,Etn在抑制人前列腺PC-3细胞增殖方面更有效(图1Ai)。在评估药物去除后细胞繁殖能力的克隆形成测定中,2mg/mL Etn使菌落数量减少了约97%;相比之下,2mg/mL PhosE在减少菌落数量方面无效(图1Aii)。此外,与正常前列腺细胞(RWPE-1;图1Bi)相比,Etn在降低前列腺癌细胞系(PC-3、DU145和C42B)的活力方面更有效。为了测试Etn对来自不同组织[乳腺(MDA-MB-468)、卵巢(OVCAR-3)、结肠HCT116-数据未示出)和胰腺(CFPAC)]的代表性癌细胞系的抗增殖活性的普遍性,进行MTT测定以获得剂量响应曲线。Etn抑制了所有测试细胞系的增殖,并且卵巢癌细胞系OVCAR3对Etn最敏感(图2Bii)。高达100mg/ml的PhosE在抑制这些细胞系的增殖和集落形成方面无效(数据未示出)。
胆碱激酶(CK)活性的抑制减弱Etn的抗增殖活性:
为了理解为什么Etn比PhosE更有效地抑制癌细胞增殖,对用Etn或PhosE处理时PhosE和Etn的细胞内水平进行量化。Etn和PhosE处理均增加了细胞内PhosE水平,但这种作用在经Etn处理的细胞中更为明显(图2A);因此,Etn是一种前体药物,其进入肿瘤细胞并转化为具有细胞毒性的PhosE。为了检查在包含前列腺癌和卵巢癌在内的许多癌症中过度表达的胆碱激酶(CK)是否催化PC-3细胞中的Etn转化为PhosE,在存在/不存在CK抑制剂的情况下,确定PC-3细胞在Etn处理时的存活率。虽然单独的Etn处理降低了细胞增殖,但CK抑制显著减弱了Etn的抗增殖活性(图2B)并减少了Etn向PhosE的转化(图2C)。
Etn抑制前列腺癌异种移植模型中的肿瘤生长:
以不同的摩尔比测试一组含有Etn和PhosE的口服递送调配物的体内功效,pH=5.0或pH=7.4。pH 7.4的调配物和单独的PhosE在抑制肿瘤生长方面不如Etn有效。因此,采用了具有40mg/kg Etn、pH=5.0的调配物。首先检查了该调配物的体内功效(图3A)。治疗4周后,肿瘤体积减少约67%(图3Aii),肿瘤重量减少约55%(图3Aiii)。重要的是,在此期间,对照和Etn治疗的小鼠的体重没有变化(图3B);因此,Etn喂养不会引起任何明显的毒性。经Etn治疗的小鼠的瘤内PhosE水平比对照高约38%,而瘤内Etn没有显著变化(图3C)。
Etn在前列腺癌的体外和体内模型中激活线粒体介导的死亡途径:
然后在经培养的PC-3细胞中探索Etn的抗癌活性机制。Etn处理下调pRb、Cdk4和Cdk2,并上调p21,这表明Etn使PC-3细胞中的细胞周期进程停滞(图4A)。Etn处理增加了促凋亡标志物(如c-PARP和Bim)的水平,并减少了抗凋亡分子(如Bcl-2),这表明线粒体介导的死亡途径(图4A)。流式细胞术用于显示Etn处理增加了膜联蛋白-V阳性凋亡细胞的数量(图4B)。用40mg/kg Etn处理肿瘤导致p53、p21、Bax、pBcl2、c-PARP、Bim和Bid的上调(图4C),这表明p53诱导的生长停滞和细胞凋亡的激活。FFPE样品的Ki67(细胞增殖标志物)和c-PARP免疫组织化学染色显示,与对照肿瘤相比,经处理的肿瘤中的Ki67表达显著降低并且c-PARP表达增加(图4D),这证实了Etn通过抑制细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡来调节肿瘤生长。
Etn在前列腺癌的体外和体内模型中影响HIF1-α表达和细胞代谢:
由于p53在细胞中的能量/代谢应激时被激活,因此检查了Etn如何影响p53途径。据推测,PhosE积累会改变HIF1-α表达/功能,其损害葡萄糖/谷氨酰胺代谢,从而导致代谢应激,所述代谢应激激活p53诱导的细胞死亡。事实上,HIF1-α在经Etn处理的细胞中被强烈下调(图5A)。在对照和Etn处理的细胞中测量OCR,并评估来自对照和Etn治疗的小鼠的(a)培养细胞和(b)肿瘤中的葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺含量。Etn处理降低了PC-3细胞中的OCR(图5B)。与对照肿瘤和细胞相比,经Etn处理的肿瘤(图5Ci,ii)和细胞(图5Di,ii)中的葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺含量均显著降低。CK的抑制消除了Etn介导的细胞葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺含量的降低(图5Di,ii)。
Etn在体内改变细胞脂质并损害线粒体完整性:
透射电子显微镜(TEM)显微照片显示出与对照(图6Ai)相比,在Etn处理的肿瘤(图6Aii)中具有高度降解的基质的细长线粒体。与对照肿瘤相比,处理后的肿瘤中可见更多的嗜锇颗粒(图6Aiii,iv);因此,Etn处理导致细胞中脂质积累,改变线粒体结构,并可能诱导脂质介导的细胞死亡途径激活。对来自对照组和Etn处理组的肿瘤的脂质组学分析量化了来自各种脂质类别的402种脂质,如磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、磷脂酰胆碱(PC)、磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)、溶血磷脂、神经酰胺和鞘磷脂(SM)。在经Etn处理的肿瘤中,21种PE脂质(图6Bi)和来自PS(图6Bii)、PC(图6Bii)和SM(图6Biv)类别的其它脂质水平增加。因此,PhosE和磷脂积累下调HIF-1α,引发生物能量学/代谢危机,激活p53介导的信号传导并最终导致细胞死亡。
除非另外定义,否则本文所使用的所有技术术语和科学术语都具有与所公开的本发明所属领域的技术人员通常所理解的含义相同的含义。本文所引用的出版物以及其所引用的材料通过引用具体并入。
所属领域的技术人员将认识到或顶多使用常规实验就能够确定本文所描述的本发明特定实施例的许多等效物。此类等效物旨在由所附权利要求书涵盖。
Claims (18)
1.一种用于治疗上皮性卵巢癌(EOC)的方法,所述方法包括向有需要的受试者施用有效量的第一药物组合物,所述第一药物组合物包括:
单乙醇胺或其药学上可接受的盐;以及
药学上有效的载体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括向所述受试者施用有效量的包括检查点抑制剂的第二药物组合物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述检查点抑制剂包括抗PD-1抗体、抗PD-L1抗体、抗CTLA-4抗体或其组合。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述检查点抑制剂包括纳武单抗。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中单乙醇胺是所述第一药物组合物中唯一的治疗活性剂。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述药物组合物包括单乙醇胺和检查点抑制剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述检查点抑制剂包括抗PD-1抗体、抗PD-L1抗体、抗CTLA-4抗体或其组合。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述检查点抑制剂包括纳武单抗。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法,其中所述组合物通过口服、静脉内、腹膜内、皮下、鼻内或皮肤施用来施用。
10.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法,其中所述组合物以胶囊形式施用。
11.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法,其中所述组合物作为液体施用。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述组合物具有2-8之间的pH值。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述组合物具有约5的pH值。
14.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的方法,其中所述EOC包括卵巢透明细胞癌(OCCC)。
15.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的方法,其中所述EOC包括浆液性卵巢癌。
16.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的方法,其中所述EOC包括子宫内膜样卵巢癌。
17.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的方法,其中所述EOC包括粘液性卵巢癌。
18.一种组合物,其包括单乙醇胺或其药学上可接受的盐、抗PD-1抗体和药学上有效的载体。
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