CN115605619A - 用于制造螺纹件的方法和螺纹件 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于制造螺纹件(10)的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：a.轧制由低合金碳钢制成的螺纹线材制造具有螺纹的螺纹件(10)；b.在碳气氛和/或氮气氛下将整个螺纹件(10)加热到奥氏体化温度并保持该温度；c.将整个螺纹件(10)淬火到贝氏体化温度并保持该贝氏体化温度直到所述螺纹件在其横截面上具有含贝氏体结构。本发明的特征在于，随后通过将端部(22)加热到奥氏体化温度并将所述螺纹件(10)淬火到低于马氏体起始温度(Ms)的温度而使所述螺纹件(10)在其端部(22)处局部硬化。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的前序部分所述的用于制造螺纹件的方法，以及一种根据权利要求5的前序部分所述的用于直接紧固的螺纹件。
背景技术
EP3276189A1描述了一种螺纹件，该螺纹件在边缘区域中沿螺纹件轴部具有比螺纹件芯部更软的贝氏体结构。DE102017101931A1公开了一种具有贝氏体结构的螺纹件，该螺纹件沿轴向方向在端部的贝氏体结构的硬度比沿头部方向的中心区域中的硬度低。
DE102010055210A1公开了一种用于制造具有双重硬化端部的螺纹件的方法，该端部具有比其回火马氏体轴部区域更高的碳含量。因此，具有螺纹保持区域的轴部比硬化的端部具有更低的氢脆倾向。为此，低合金碳螺纹件的端部部分渗碳，整个螺纹件回火，然后端部再次局部硬化。
这种方法由于螺纹件的局部渗碳不仅复杂且昂贵。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，提供一种更快和/或更有效的用于制造螺纹件的方法，该方法可使螺纹件具有特别高硬度的端部，而带有头部和保持区域的轴部的硬度较低，使得轴部具有相对较低的氢脆倾向。在本发明的含义内，端部被理解为是指螺纹件的从螺纹件的最前端向头部的方向延伸的前部区域。优选地，该区域设计为用于在特别是由高强度金属材料制成的螺母部件中开槽形成内螺纹。
根据本发明的螺纹件，通过由低合金碳钢制成的线材形成的螺纹件来制造，该低合金碳钢尤其具有小于3％的合金材料含量的合金含量。制造螺纹件时，螺纹通过轧制的方式形成于轴部。螺纹件线材优选使用23MnB4或38B2材料。
然后将螺纹件加热到奥氏体化温度，奥氏体化温度是相应线材材料处于其温度时间图的奥氏体相场中的温度。特别地，奥氏体化温度高于线材材料的A3温度。
在加热到奥氏体化温度后，将螺纹件淬火到贝氏体化温度，并保持该温度直到螺纹件，特别是轴部，在其横截面上具有含贝氏体结构。贝氏体温度是线材材料处于贝氏体相场的温度。特别地，选择淬火时间以防止在淬火过程中形成铁素体和珠光体。特别是通过将螺纹件浸入处于贝氏体化温度的熔融盐浴中来完成淬火。如果所考虑的结构区域具有显著可测量的贝氏体含量，特别是超过25％的贝氏体含量，则存在含贝氏体结构。结构区域优选地具有0.05mm2的尺寸。
根据本发明的螺纹件，贝氏体含量大于25％的结构区域的总面积占大于80％的螺纹件的横截面积的面积比例。
根据本发明，在将螺纹件保持在贝氏体化温度一段限定的时间之后，将螺纹件冷却至低于马氏体起始温度，特别是冷却至室温，然后再将螺纹件的端部局部加热到奥氏体化温度。然后至少将螺纹件的端部再次淬火到低于马氏体起始温度，选择淬火时间，以在很大程度上防止铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体的形成。
由此，端部特别是在边缘区域中再次局部硬化，因此可以提供超硬端部。
以这种方式，根据本发明制造的螺纹件在轴部中具有较低的氢脆倾向，但仍可以具有超硬端部。
根据一个优选设计方案，将螺纹件淬火到贝氏体化温度之前，可以在碳含量高于螺纹件中的碳含量的碳气氛中将螺纹件加热到奥氏体化温度，从而在螺纹件的边缘区域中形成具有比芯部更高碳含量的层结构，使得在螺纹件的边缘区域的碳含量比在螺纹件芯部区域的碳含量至少高0.2％。可替代地，可以类似地对螺纹件进行渗氮，这对于碳含量低于0.4％的线材材料特别有用。
在奥氏体化温度下将碳或氮引入到螺纹件中，然后淬火到贝氏体化温度的过程称之为表面贝氏体硬化(Einsatzbainitisieren)。以这种方式产生的结构被称为表面贝氏体硬化结构。
因此，以这种方式生产的螺纹件在轴部和头部区域，特别是在边缘区域具有表面贝氏体硬化结构，并且在端部，特别是在端部的边缘区域具有超硬马氏体结构。特别地，边缘区域具有0.6％～1.5％的碳含量。
用于直接紧固，根据本发明的螺纹件因此在端部处具有高硬度并且在轴部具有高韧性，轴部也具有较低的氢脆倾向。
根据另一设计方案，螺纹件可以在表面贝氏体硬化之后和端部硬化之后进行回火。
优选地，回火过程可以与涂层过程一起进行。特别地，涂层可以是锌片涂层。
另一方面，本发明涉及一种螺纹件，具有包括头部的轴部和包括螺纹件相对端的端部，其中，轴部在其横截面上基本上具有贝氏体结构，并且根据本发明，螺纹件具有马氏体边缘区域的端部.
特别地，边缘区域的碳含量高于芯部，其中浓度差至少为0.2％。
轴部在芯部具有基本上回火的贝氏体结构，并且在其边缘区域具有带有比芯部更高的碳含量的回火结构。端部至少在边缘区域具有回火、硬化的马氏体结构。
根据本发明的螺纹件优选使用上述方法制造。
附图说明
本发明的其它优点、特征和可能应用可以从以下附图所示的实施方式的描述中得出。
附图中：
图1示意性地示出了由低合金碳钢制成的螺纹件的剖视图，螺纹通过轧制方式形成于轴部；
图2示意性地示出了表面贝氏体硬化后的螺纹件的剖视图；
图3示意性地示出了端部局部表面处理后的螺纹件的剖视图；以及
图4示意性地示出了根据本发明的用于制造螺纹件和表面处理端部的方法的温度时间图。
具体实施方式
图1为一个方法步骤后由传统螺纹钢制成的轧制螺纹件10的示意性剖视图。螺纹件具有包括头部的轴部20和沿轴向方向与头部相对设置的自由端，该自由端在此被称为端部22。根据本发明的螺纹件是通过在一个方法步骤中由低合金碳钢制成的螺纹件线材形成的，该低合金碳钢的合金含量小于合金材料的3％。在制造螺纹件的过程中，螺纹尤其是通过轧制的方式形成于轴部。螺纹件线材的材料优选使用23MnB4，这种钢可以很好地在轧制过程中进行加工。
图2为螺纹件10的示意性剖视图。
为了达到图2所示的状态，螺纹件10在碳含量高于螺纹件10本身的碳气氛中加热到奥氏体化温度，并暴露在碳气氛中，直到轴部的边缘区域12和螺纹件10的端部的边缘区域18中的碳含量达到比螺纹件芯部的碳含量至少高0.2％，尤其是高0.6％～1.5％。边缘区域12和边缘区域18在本图示中仅示意性地示出，其深度可变。可替代地或除了渗碳之外，也可以类似地进行渗氮。
在边缘区域12和边缘区域18中达到所需的碳饱和度后，将螺纹件10特别是在熔融盐浴中淬火到贝氏体化温度，其中贝氏体化温度高于马氏体起始温度Ms。螺纹件保持在贝氏体化温度，直到轴部在其横截面上基本具有贝氏体结构14。根据图2的螺纹件10在边缘区域12和边缘区域18中具有比在芯部更高的碳含量。基本上具有贝氏体结构是指，至少80％的横截面积具有贝氏体结构。有时，也可能存在其他微结构。
图3为根据本发明的螺纹件10的示意性剖视图，其中，螺纹件的端部22再次局部加热到奥氏体化温度，然后冷却到低于马氏体起始温度Ms的温度以形成马氏体，从而在端部22中，特别是在边缘区域18中存在具有约1％碳含量的硬化马氏体结构16。由此可以形成超硬的端部。
图4为根据本发明的制造方法的示意性温度时间图。首先将螺纹件加热到高于A3温度的奥氏体化温度。如果线材材料不具有0.6％～1.5％的足够的碳含量，则可以在富碳气氛中进行。气氛中的碳含量比线材的碳浓度高，因此在加热时碳将从碳气氛扩散到螺纹件的边缘区域中。
然后将螺纹件淬火到贝氏体化温度，贝氏体化温度是线材材料处于其温度时间图的贝氏体相场中的温度。选择淬火时间以防止在淬火过程中形成铁素体和珠光体。螺纹件保持在贝氏体化温度，直到螺纹件横截面的大部分具有贝氏体结构，然后将螺纹件冷却至室温。
用该方法制造的螺纹件冷却到室温RT后，将端部局部重新加热到奥氏体化温度，然后再次淬火至低于马氏体起始温度Ms，使得至少在端部的边缘区域产生马氏体结构。
Claims (8)
1.一种用于制造螺纹件(10)的方法，包括以下步骤：
a.轧制由低合金碳钢制成的螺纹线材制造具有螺纹的螺纹件(10)；
b.在碳气氛和/或氮气氛下将整个螺纹件(10)加热到奥氏体化温度并保持该温度；
c.将整个螺纹件(10)淬火到贝氏体化温度并保持该贝氏体化温度直到所述螺纹件在其横截面上具有含贝氏体结构，其特征在于，
d.随后通过将端部(22)加热到奥氏体化温度并将所述螺纹件(10)淬火到低于马氏体起始温度(Ms)的温度而使所述螺纹件(10)在其端部(22)处局部硬化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述碳气氛具有比所述螺纹件更高的碳含量和/或所述氮气氛具有比所述螺纹件更高的氮含量。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，将所述螺纹件在碳气氛中保持在奥氏体化温度，直到所述螺纹件的边缘区域(12、18)的碳含量比在芯部的碳含量至少高0.2％。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述螺纹件(10)被回火。
5.一种螺纹件(10)，包括具有螺纹的轴部(20)和端部(22)，所述轴部(20)在其芯部基本上具有贝氏体结构，其特征在于，所述端部(22)至少在其边缘区域(18)中基本上由硬化的马氏体结构组成。
6.根据权利要求5所述的螺纹件，其特征在于，所述螺纹件(10)在其边缘区域(12、18)中具有比其芯部更高碳含量的结构。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的螺纹件，其特征在于，所述轴部在其芯部具有基本上回火的贝氏体结构，在其边缘区域(12)中具有比芯部更高碳含量的回火结构，并且所述端部(22)至少在其边缘区域(18)中具有回火硬化马氏体结构。
8.根据前述权利要求5至7中任一项所述的螺纹件，其特征在于，所述螺纹件(10)是根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述方法制造而成。
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| DE10033471C1 (de) | 2000-07-10 | 2001-12-06 | Sfs Ind Holding Ag Heerbrugg | Selbstbohrender Befestiger |
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