CN115530163B - 一种酶响应纳米农药及制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种酶响应纳米农药及制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种酶响应纳米农药及制备方法与应用,涉及农业病虫害防治技术领域。包括(1)制备阳离子酶解木质素;(2)制备纳米载体;(3)制备纳米农药。本发明利用线虫取食作物根部分泌的酶可分解木质素这一特点,开发一种酶响应纳米农药,将线虫取食分泌酶视为纳米载体响应开关,在内外环境作用下控释活性成分释放速率和释放量,实现线虫取食过程中按需释放活性成分,提高农药利用率,降低杀线剂使用量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农业病虫害防治技术领域,更具体的说是涉及一种酶响应纳米农药及制备方法与应用。
背景技术
植物寄生线虫是危害农业生产病害的主要病原物之一,种类繁多,分布广泛,具有隐蔽性好、传播性强、致病性高等特点,种群增长快,防治难度大。其中根结线虫侵染植株根部时会分泌纤维素酶、吲哚乙酸等细胞水解酶来降解破坏植物细胞壁,使寄主细胞膨大,从而在作物根部形成瘤状根结,影响根系吸收水分及养分的能力,导致植物生长不良,甚至过早死亡。全球每年因其造成的损失高达1570亿美元。在我国发现的根结线虫品种多达58种,超过27个省份出现了线虫的危害。虽然在植物病害防控方面形成了以化学农药为主,栽培措施调控,物理防治、生物防治为辅的防控体系,但绝大多部分农药无法到达靶标生物,在土壤中流动性差且易被自然环境中空气、温度等因素降解,致活性下降,造成农药的大量施用,增加了环境污染和人类健康的危险。
纳米农药为保障粮食安全和保护生态环境提供了创新技术。已有数据表明,与传统农药相比,纳米农药有效利用率提高了31.5%,在土壤中的淋溶性减少了22.1%,明显延长了活性成分的持效期。纳米农药的研究备受关注,2019年IUPAC将纳米农药列为“未来改变世界的十大化学新兴技术”之首。近几年,纳米囊、纳米乳液等新剂型占比逐年增加,但绝大多数纳米农药没有专一控释特性,且尚无针对线虫防治设计的酶响应纳米农药。如公开号为CN110786335A专利申请公开一种新型纳米农药制剂及其制备方法,能够有效避免阿维菌素见光易分解的问题,但缺少响应释放性能,不能根据病虫害危害特征按需释放活性成分。
因此,提供一种酶响应纳米农药是本领域技术人员亟需解决的问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明提供了一种酶响应纳米农药及制备方法与应用。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种酶响应纳米农药的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将酶解木质素分散在水中,加入氢氧化钠溶液调节pH,在恒温水浴下加入2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵反应,反应结束后用硫酸调节pH,透析,离心冷冻干燥,得到阳离子酶解木质素;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的阳离子酶解木质素与酶解木质素加入到有机溶剂中,超声处理,并向其滴加水,反应结束后冷冻干燥,获得纳米载体;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的纳米载体与农药分散在有机溶剂中,超声处理,得到油相溶液,将油相逐滴加入水中,避光反应,结束后离心清洗,冷冻干燥,获得纳米农药。
进一步的,步骤(1)中所述酶解木质素与水的比例为重量(g):体积(mL)=1:20;所述酶解木质素与2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵的质量比为1:1-5。
进一步的,所述步骤(1)中恒温水浴温度为60-85℃,pH为7-13,透析时间为2-5天。
进一步的,步骤(2)所述酶解木质素与所述有机溶剂的比例为重量(g):体积(mL)=1:20;所述阳离子酶解木质素与酶解木质素的质量比为1-5:10;所述有机溶剂与水的体积比为1:5-10;所述超声处理的条件为功率100-400W,时间5-30min;
反应温度为20-50℃,时间为1-5h。
进一步的,步骤(3)所述纳米载体与农药质量比为1:(1-5);所述有机溶剂与水的体积比为1:5-10;所述超声处理的条件为功率100-400W,时间5-30min;
反应温度为20-50℃,时间为1-5h。。
进一步的,步骤(3)所述农药包括:阿维菌素、甲维盐、康宽、噻虫胺、噻虫嗪、噻虫啉、呋虫胺、氟虫腈,杀菌剂氟环唑、多菌灵、戊菌唑、戊唑醇、恶菌灵、氰霜唑。
酶解木质素本身带负电,使用缩水甘油三甲基氯化铵将其使用进行阳离子改性。改性后酶解木质素与阳离子酶解木质素正负点交联易形成纳米载体,并能够成功负载杀线剂阿维菌素:
阳离子木质素合成方程式如下:
一种酶响应纳米农药,所述纳米农药的颗粒的有效粒径在80-800nm范围内。
一种酶响应纳米农药在防治农业病虫害中的应用。
进一步的,所述植物病虫害包括:根结线虫、松材线虫、小菜蛾、水稻螟虫、蚜虫、介壳虫、红蜘蛛、木虱、甜菜夜蛾。
经由上述的技术方案可知,与现有技术相比,本发明有益效果为:
本发明利用线虫取食作物根部分泌的酶可分解木质素这一特点,开发一种酶响应纳米农药,将线虫取食分泌酶视为纳米载体响应开关,在内外环境作用下控释活性成分释放速率和释放量,实现线虫取食过程中按需释放活性成分,提高农药利用率,降低杀线剂使用量。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据提供的附图获得其他的附图。
图1附图为本发明实施例1中所合成样品的红外谱图;
图2附图为本发明实施例1中所合成样品的DTG曲线;
图3附图为本发明实施例1中所合成阿维菌素纳米农药的透射电镜图;
图4附图为本发明实施例1中所合成阿维菌素纳米农药的扫描电镜图;
图5附图为本发明实施例1中所合成阿维菌素纳米农药的粒径分布图;
图6附图为本发明实施例1中所合成阿维菌素纳米农药的响应释放图;
图7附图为本发明对比例1中酶解木质素纳米农药响应释放图;
图8附图为本发明对比例2中阳离子酶解木质素纳米农药响应释放图;
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法。
下述实施例中所使用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径可购得。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种阿维菌素纳米农药,其制备方法如下:
称取1g酶解木质素分散在20mL水中,加入0.5M氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至12.5,在70℃下加入2g 2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵反应1h,反应结束后用硫酸调节pH至7,透析三天,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,冷冻干燥,得到阳离子酶解木质素;
称取0.1g阳离子酶解木质素与1g木质素加入到20mL乙醇溶液中,超声处理,并向其滴加50mL水,反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得纳米载体;
称取0.3g纳米载体与0.15g阿维菌素分散在30mL乙醇中,超声处理5min,得到油相溶液,将油相逐滴加入到300mL水中,避光反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得阿维菌素纳米农药。
实施例2
本实施例提供一种阿维菌素纳米农药,其制备方法如下:
称取1g酶解木质素分散在20mL水中,加入0.5M氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至12.5,在70℃下加入3g 2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵反应1h,反应结束后用硫酸调节pH至7,透析两天,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,冷冻干燥,得到阳离子酶解木质素;
称取0.1g阳离子酶解木质素与1g木质素加入到20mL乙醇溶液中,超声处理,并向其滴加50mL水,反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得纳米载体;
称取0.3g纳米载体与0.15g阿维菌素分散在30mL乙醇中,超声处理5min,得到油相溶液,将油相逐滴加入到300mL水中,避光反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得阿维菌素纳米农药。
实施例3
本实施例提供一种阿维菌素纳米农药,其制备方法如下:
称取1g酶解木质素分散在20mL水中,加入0.5M氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至12.5,在70℃下加入2g 2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵反应1h,反应结束后用硫酸调节pH至7,透析三天,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,冷冻干燥,得到阳离子酶解木质素;
称取0.2g阳离子酶解木质素与1g木质素加入到20mL乙醇溶液中,超声处理,并向其滴加100mL水,反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得纳米载体;
称取0.3g纳米载体与0.15g阿维菌素分散在30mL乙醇中,超声处理5min,得到油相溶液,将油相逐滴加入到300mL水中,避光反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得阿维菌素纳米农药。
实施例4
本实施例提供一种阿维菌素纳米农药,其制备方法如下:
称取1g酶解木质素分散在20mL水中,加入0.5M氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至12.5,在70℃下加入2g 2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵反应1h,反应结束后用硫酸调节pH至7,透析三天,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,冷冻干燥,得到阳离子酶解木质素;
称取0.1g阳离子酶解木质素与1g木质素加入到20mL乙醇溶液中,超声处理,并向其滴加50mL水,反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得纳米载体;
称取0.3g纳米载体与0.3g阿维菌素分散在30mL乙醇中,超声处理5min,得到油相溶液,将油相逐滴加入到200mL水中,避光反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得阿维菌素纳米农药。
实施例5
本实施例提供一种甲维盐纳米农药,其制备方法如下:
称取1g酶解木质素分散在20mL水中,加入0.5M氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至12.5,在70℃下加入2g 2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵反应1h,反应结束后用硫酸调节pH至7,透析三天,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,冷冻干燥,得到阳离子酶解木质素;
称取0.1g阳离子酶解木质素与1g木质素加入到20mL乙醇溶液中,超声处理,并向其滴加50mL水,反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得纳米载体;
称取0.3g纳米载体与0.15g甲维盐分散在30mL乙醇中,超声处理5min,得到油相溶液,将油相逐滴加入到300mL水中,避光反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得甲维盐纳米农药。
实施例6
本实施例提供一种咯菌腈纳米农药,其制备方法如下:
称取1g酶解木质素分散在20mL水中,加入0.5M氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至12.5,在70℃下加入2g 2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵反应1h,反应结束后用硫酸调节pH至7,透析三天,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,冷冻干燥,得到阳离子酶解木质素;
称取0.1g阳离子酶解木质素与1g木质素加入到20mL乙醇溶液中,超声处理,并向其滴加50mL水,反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得纳米载体;
称取0.3g纳米载体与0.15g咯菌腈分散在30mL乙醇中,超声处理5min,得到油相溶液,将油相逐滴加入到300mL水中,避光反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得咯菌腈纳米农药。
对比例1(酶解木质素载药实验)
称取0.3g酶解木质素与0.15g阿维菌素分散在30mL乙醇中,超声处理5min,得到油相溶液,将油相逐滴加入到300mL水中,避光反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得酶解木质素纳米农药。
对比例2(阳离子酶解木质素载药实验)
称取1g酶解木质素分散在20mL水中,加入0.5M氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至12.5,在70℃下加入2g 2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵反应1h,反应结束后用硫酸调节pH至7,透析三天,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,冷冻干燥,得到阳离子酶解木质素;
称取0.3g阳离子酶解木质素与0.15g阿维菌素分散在30mL乙醇中,超声处理5min,得到油相溶液,将油相逐滴加入到300mL水中,避光反应1h,在高速离心机中以10000r/min转速下离心10min,清洗三次,冷冻干燥,获得阳离子酶解木质素载药纳米农药。
载药率测定实验:
分别称取实施例1、对比例1-2所制备的10mg样品,分散在4mL乙醇中,超声提取阿维菌素2h。期间保持超声仪内水的流动。超声结束后,10000rpm离心10min,取上清液过0.22μm滤膜,液相测定含量。同时制备阿维菌素标曲。
结果表明:实施例1的载药率为10.73%;对比例1的载药率为6.87%;对比例2的载药率为2.39%。
测量实施例1制备的阳离子酶解木质素与酶解木质素的电势:
结果得酶解木质素未改性前电势为-26.3mV,改性后电势为11.5mV;
对实施例制备的阿维菌素纳米农药测试:
将实施例1中所制备的纳米载体、阿维菌素纳米农药和阿维菌素分别使用溴化钾压片,得到红外光谱如图1所示,由图1可以看出,在AVM中,1735cm-1和1658cm-1处的明显峰属于16元环大环内酯中的C=O伸缩振动和共轭二烯中的C=C伸缩振动。当纳米载体加载AVM时,在1735cm-1和1643cm-1处再次出现类似的吸收带。两个峰的红移是木质素与AVM之间形成氢键的结果,说明阿维菌素的成功负载。
图2为实施例1所制得的阿维菌素纳米农药的DTG曲线,从图中可以看出,阿维菌素纳米农药的热稳定性好,结构稳定。
图3为实施例1中所制得的阿维菌素纳米农药在的透射电镜图,从图中可以看出,阿维菌素纳米农药粒径在200-500nm,均有分散,中心颜色明显加深,可见阿维菌素被包裹在其中。
图4为实施例1中所制得的阿维菌素纳米农药的扫描电镜图;从图中可以看出阿维菌素纳米农药呈稳定的球形结构,没有发生明显聚集。
图5为实施例1中所制得的阿维菌素纳米农药的粒径分布图;可以看出所制备的阿维菌素纳米农药粒径在200-500nm之间,且300nm附近居多,无微米级颗粒。
测定实施例1制备的阿维菌素纳米农药在防治根结线虫方面功效:
为了使药与线虫充分均匀地接触,选择在溶液中观察药剂对根结线虫的死亡情况。准确称取1mg阿维菌素原药溶于1mL无水乙醇中配置成1000μg/mL的溶液,称取同等阿维菌素含量的实施例1中的阿维菌素纳米农药分散到1mL无水乙醇中,分别用去离子水稀释成阿维菌素浓度为6.00μg/mL、2.00μg/mL、1.80μg/mL、1.40μg/mL、1.20μg/mL,移取80μL分别加入到每个孔板中,每个孔板中大约含有30±5头根结线虫的20μL溶液,实际浓度为4.80μg/mL、1.60μg/mL、1.44μg/mL、1.12μg/mL、0.96μg/mL。去离子水与1μg/mL的实施例1中的纳米农药作为对照。12h后观察根结线虫的死亡情况。
实验结果如表1所示:
表1实施例1制得的阿维菌素纳米农药对根结线虫的12h杀虫活性
结果表明在等药量的情况下,阿维菌素纳米农药在根结线虫生物实验中的防治效果明显优于阿维菌素原药,其中在1.60μg/mL时,阿维菌素纳米农药的杀虫活性达到了95%以上,是阿维菌素原药的1.41倍,且纳米载体对照组无死亡。
测定实施例1、对比例1-2制备的纳米农药在酶响应条件下的缓释情况:
将实验分为加酶组与不加酶组,其中加酶组额外添加纤维素酶20mg、果胶酶20mg,模拟线虫啃食根部时分泌的酶环境。(线虫取食作物根部时分泌的酶有细胞壁分解酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶等。)
具体地,取97mL,50%乙醇释放介质到200mL的棕色反应瓶中,精准称取含5mg待测纳米农药,转移至处理过的分子截留量为3500Da的透析袋中,加入3mL的释放介质,在室温下置于磁力搅拌器搅拌。每隔一定时间与反应瓶中取出1mL的透析液,并补充等体积的新鲜释放介质,采用高效液相色谱法在245nm波长下检测,得出AVM的含量,计算累积释放量。
图6为本实施例1所制得的阿维菌素纳米农药在有酶与无酶条件下的释放曲线,从图中可以看出,在有酶存在时,阿维菌素纳米农药表现出快速释放过程,在56h时阿维菌素达到完全释放,释放速率比无酶条件下快了33.33%。
图7为对比例1所制备的酶解木质素纳米农药在有酶与无酶条件下的释放曲线,从图中可以看出,在不同条件下阿维菌素的累积释放率差别不大,酶解木质素纳米农药无明显的酶响应性能。
图8为对比例2所制备的阳离子酶解木质素纳米农药在有酶与无酶条件下的释放曲线,从图中可以看出,在27h时,加酶后的阿维菌素达到完全释放,相比于无酶条件下提高了1.5倍。
综上可知,酶解木质素纳米农药地酶缓释能力差,阳离子酶解木质素纳米农药酶缓释效果显著,两者结合可以提高载药率和酶响应能力。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。
Claims (4)
1.一种酶响应纳米农药的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将酶解木质素分散在水中,加入氢氧化钠溶液调节pH,在恒温水浴下加入2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵反应,反应结束后用硫酸调节pH,透析,离心冷冻干燥,得到阳离子酶解木质素;
步骤(1)中所述酶解木质素与水的比例为重量:体积=1g:20mL;所述酶解木质素与2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵的质量比为1:1-5;所述恒温水浴温度为60-85℃,pH为7-13,透析时间为2-5天;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的阳离子酶解木质素与酶解木质素加入到有机溶剂中,超声处理,并向其滴加水,反应结束后冷冻干燥,获得纳米载体;
步骤(2)中所述酶解木质素与所述有机溶剂的比例为重量:体积=1g:20mL;所述阳离子酶解木质素与酶解木质素的质量比为1-5:10;所述有机溶剂与水的体积比为1:5-10;所述超声处理的条件为功率100-400W,时间5-30min;反应温度为20-50℃,时间为1-5h;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的纳米载体与农药分散在有机溶剂中,超声处理,得到油相溶液,将油相逐滴加入水中,避光反应,结束后离心清洗,冷冻干燥,获得纳米农药;步骤(3)中所述纳米载体与农药质量比为1:1-5;所述有机溶剂与水的体积比为1:5-10;所述超声处理的条件为功率100-400W,时间5-30min;反应温度为20-50℃,时间为1-5h;
所述农药为阿维菌素。
2.权利要求1的制备方法所制备的纳米农药,其特征在于,所述纳米农药的颗粒的有效粒径在80-800nm范围内。
3.权利要求2所述的纳米农药在防治农业病虫害中的应用。
4.根据权利要求3所述的应用,其特征在于,所述农业病虫害包括:根结线虫、松材线虫、小菜蛾、水稻螟虫、蚜虫、介壳虫、红蜘蛛、木虱、甜菜夜蛾。
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