CN115491253B - 高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂及其制备方法和应用,所述高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂从水虻幼虫中提取得到,且所述功能性油脂中,油酰胺含量为4100~43000mg/L。该方法首先将冷冻干燥的水虻幼虫粉碎,得到水虻幼虫粉末;然后将上述水虻幼虫粉末置于有机溶剂中进行索氏提取,得到提取物;最后提取物旋蒸除去有机溶剂,得到高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及功能性天然油脂的开发领域,具体涉及一种高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
油酰胺,即顺式9-十八碳烯酰胺,属于不饱和脂肪酸酰胺。油酰胺是一种内源性脂肪酸酰胺,是一种睡眠诱导分子,对中枢神经系统具有广泛的有益作用。油酰胺最早在睡眠不足的猫的脑脊液中被发现。油酰胺能够影响小鼠的饮食摄入,在小鼠模拟迷宫实验中能够缓解小鼠的焦虑,在小鼠笼中模拟肥胖实验中能够减轻小鼠的肥胖。油酰胺参与减少神经炎症、疼痛和调节其他神经相关活动,有研究表明油酰胺能够有效预防阿尔兹海默症。油酰胺微量存在于母乳中,对婴幼儿的学习记忆能力的提升起着至关重要的作用。
油酰胺微量存在于一些中草药中。例如葫芦巴提取物中油酰胺含量为0.018mg/g。薏苡仁提取物中油酰胺含量在0.0189-0.0458mg/g。黄精能够有效调节动物睡眠,其中起作用的正是油酰胺,黄精提取物中油酰胺的含量为0.1mg/g。经发明人检测菜籽油和橄榄油中油酰胺的含量,发现菜籽油中几乎不含油酰胺,橄榄油中含0.01%的油酰胺。
目前,尚未发现有高油酰胺含量的天然材料,因此探寻天然源高油酰胺含量的材料意义重大。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服目前动植物中油酰胺含量很低的局限,提供了一种高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂及其制备方法和应用;发明人发现黑水虻幼虫虫体富含油酰胺,油酰胺含量远高于目前已经报道的天然动植物材料。油酰胺可有效预防阿尔兹海默症,能够抑制肥胖,同时还具有抗焦虑作用,并且油酰胺无毒无害。
为实现上述目的,本发明所设计一种高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂,所述高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂从水虻幼虫中提取得到,且所述功能性油脂中,油酰胺含量为4100~43000mg/L。
进一步地,所述水虻幼虫为亮斑扁角水虻幼虫(即为黑水虻幼虫)。
上述亮斑扁角水虻,俗称黑水虻,属双翅目水虻科(Hermetia illucens)完全变态型昆虫,其生命周期包括五个阶段:卵,幼虫,预蛹,蛹和成虫。黑水虻广泛分布于温带、亚热带和热带地区,我国主要分布在中部、华南以及西南地区。黑水虻的生命周期大约需要40-43天。
再进一步地,所述功能性油脂中,油酰胺含量为24000mg/L。
本发明还提供了一种高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将冷冻干燥的水虻幼虫粉碎,得到水虻幼虫粉末;
2)将上述水虻幼虫粉末置于有机溶剂中进行索氏提取,得到提取物;
3)提取物旋蒸除去有机溶剂,得到高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂,其中,所述功能性油脂中,油酰胺含量为4100~43000mg/L。
进一步地,所述步骤1)中,水虻幼虫为亮斑扁角水虻幼虫(即为黑水虻幼虫)。
再进一步地,所述水虻幼虫由以下方法喂养而成:
a.向饲料中加入水,得到饲料基质;
b.将5日龄的水虻幼虫用饲料基质喂养3~9天;冷冻干燥得到水虻幼虫。喂养时间优选为3~6天,最优选为6天。
再进一步地,所述饲料为农副产品,所述农副产品为麸皮、米糠、豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕中任意一种或二种。
再进一步地,所述饲料还包括氮源;所述氨源为尿素、氯化铵和三聚氰胺中任意一种;所述饲料中,农副产品和氨源的重量比为1:15~100。
再进一步地,所述步骤2)中,有机溶剂为氯仿和甲醇按体积比2:1混合而成;提取温度80℃,提取时间2-12h。
再进一步地,所述步骤3)中,所述功能性油脂中,油酰胺含量为24000mg/L。
本发明还提供了一种上述高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂在制备饲料中应用。
上述高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂能够作为饲料添加剂制备饲料。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明的高油酰胺功能性油脂来自黑水虻幼虫,黑水虻幼虫含油量高,且可选用菜籽粕、棉籽粕、米糠、麸皮、豆粕等农副产品饲养黑水虻幼虫,将低价值的农副产品转化为虫油脂和蛋白质。该油脂富含油酰胺,油酰胺可有效预防阿尔兹海默症,可促进睡眠,缓解焦虑,同时可有效抑制肥胖。除此之外,该油脂中还含有大量的人体所必需的油酸,亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸,以及对人体有益的月桂酸等其他脂肪酸。
附图说明
图1为油酰胺标准品气相色谱图。
图2为黑水虻油脂气相色谱图。
图3为油酰胺1H NMR谱。
图4为油酰胺13C NMR谱。
图5为油酰胺质谱图。
图6为油酰胺红外谱图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步的详细描述,以便本领域技术人员理解。
本发明的高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂,所述高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂从水虻幼虫中提取得到,且所述功能性油脂中,油酰胺含量为4100~43000mg/L;其中,水虻幼虫为亮斑扁角水虻幼虫。
上述高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将冷冻干燥的水虻幼虫粉碎,得到水虻幼虫粉末;其中,所述水虻幼虫由以下方法喂养而成:
a.向饲料中加入水,得到饲料基质;
b.将5日龄的水虻幼虫用饲料基质喂养3~9天;冷冻干燥得到水虻幼虫;
2)将上述水虻幼虫粉末置于有机溶剂(有机溶剂为氯仿和甲醇按体积比2:1混合而成)中,在温度为80℃条件下进行索氏提取2-12h,得到提取物;
3)提取物旋蒸除去有机溶剂,得到高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂,其中,所述功能性油脂中,油酰胺含量为4100~43000mg/L。
本发明的理论基础:
1.本发明制备功能性油脂中油酰胺的分离及表征
使用甲苯/甲酸乙酯/甲酸(5:4:1,v/v/v)作为溶剂系统对氯仿/甲醇提取物进行薄层层析。分离Rf 0.51处的条带(白色粉末)并进行IR、GC、GC-MS和NMR分析。熔点测定为73-74℃,通过将其GC保留时间和NMR数据与标准油酰胺的数据进行比较,将其质谱数据获得的这种具有281分子量的化合物鉴定为油酰胺。
IR检测仪器为Thermo scientific傅里叶变换红外光谱仪。
3390cm-1,3180cm-1来自N-H伸缩振动吸收,2918cm-1,2849cm-1来自CH2的不对称及对称伸缩振动吸收,1646cm-1来自酰胺的C=O伸缩振动吸收。1417cm-1来自C-N伸缩振动(图6)。
GC检测仪器为Agilent 7820A气相色谱仪。Agilent HP-5毛细管柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm);柱温采取程序升温,温度从90℃开始,以18℃/min的速率升至180℃,然后以30℃/min的速率升至290℃;气化室温度为300℃,载气为氮气,流速6.5mL/min;分流进样,分流比为10:1,分流流量为65mL/min;FID检测器,温度为300℃,氢气流速为30mL/min,空气流速为400mL/min,尾吹气流速为25mL/min;进样方式为手动进样,进样量1μL(图1和图2)。
GC-MS检测仪器为Trace 1300-ISQ单四极杆气相色谱-质谱联用分析仪。色谱条件:色谱柱为TG-WAXMS毛细管柱,规格为30m×0.25mm×0.25μm;进样口温度280℃,质谱接口温度300℃;载气为氦气,载气流速1mL/min;柱温:初始温度60℃,保持1.5min,以20℃/min升温至300℃,保持7min;进样量2μL,分流进样,分流流速为20mL/min,分流比为20:1。电离条件:EI电离源,电子能量-70eV,离子源温度230℃,进样口温度250℃,质量扫描范围m/Z50.00~450.00。(图5)
NMR检测仪器为Bruker AVANCEⅢ600MHz核磁共振仪。
1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3):δ5.81(s,1H),5.51(s,1H),5.38–5.28(m,2H),2.23–2.16(m,2H),2.01–1.97(m,3H),1.88(s,1H),1.62(p,J=
7.6Hz,2H),1.36–1.19(m,20H),0.86(t,J=
6.9Hz,3H).13C NMR(151MHz,CDCl3)δ176.08,130.19,129.92,36.15,32.10,29.95,29.88,29.72,29.52,29.44,29.39,29.31,27.40,27.35,25.71,22.89,14.34(图3和图4)。
因此,从核磁共振数据及质谱来看,以及与标准物的气相分析对比,表明分离得到的化合物就是油酰胺。
2.不同农副产品饲养黑水虻幼虫油酰胺的含量
挑选体态大小相近的5日龄武汉品系黑水虻分组,每组200条。分别采用菜籽粕、棉籽粕、米糠、麸皮、豆粕作为饲料,配成含水量为70%的饲料基质。饲养5天后将黑水虻幼虫挑出冷冻干燥,记录每组黑水虻幼虫的干重。黑水虻粉碎后用90mL氯仿甲醇混合物(氯仿:甲醇=2:1)索氏提取,提取温度80℃,提取时间12小时。提取物旋蒸除去溶剂后用乙酸乙酯定容至25mL,通过气相色谱测定油酰胺含量,实验结果如表1所示。
由表1可见,米糠喂养黑水虻,所得到的油脂中油酰胺含量最高,但油脂产量低,菜籽粕饲养的幼虫所得到油脂及油脂中油酰胺含量都是很好的。综合考虑油脂量及其油酰胺含量,从经济效益考虑,菜籽粕作为黑水虻的饲料效果最佳。
表1不同饲料喂养的黑水虻幼虫中油酰胺含量
3.米糠饲养时间对黑水虻幼虫油酰胺含量影响
挑选体态大小相近的5日龄武汉品系黑水虻三组,每组200条。取15g米糠饲料,配成含水量为70%的饲料基质。每三天取一组黑水虻,冷冻干燥处理,记录干重,同时向剩下组中添加等量饲料。饲养结束后,每组黑水虻粉碎后用90mL氯仿/甲醇混合溶剂(氯仿:甲醇=2:1)索氏提取,提取温度80℃,提取时间2小时。提取物旋蒸除去溶剂后,用乙酸乙酯定容至25mL,气相色谱测定油酰胺含量。实验结果如表2所示。
由表2可见,米糠喂养6天效果较好,油酰胺含量达到了油脂重量的2.89%,时间进一步延长后,油酰胺含量会降低。
表2米糠喂养时间对黑水虻幼虫中油酰胺含量影响
4.菜籽粕饲养时间对黑水虻油酰胺含量影响
挑选体态大小相近的5日龄武汉品系黑水虻三组,每组200条。取15g菜籽粕饲料,配成含水量为70%的饲料基质。每三天取出一组黑水虻,冷冻干燥处理,记录干重,同时向剩下组中添加等量饲料。饲养结束后,每组黑水虻粉碎后用90mL氯仿甲醇混合物(氯仿:甲醇=2:1)索氏提取,提取温度80℃,提取时间6小时。提取物旋蒸除去溶剂后用乙酸乙酯溶解定容至25mL,气相色谱测定,分析三组黑水虻提取物中油酰胺的量。实验结果如表3所示。
由表3可见,菜籽粕喂养6天效果较好,油酰胺含量达到了油脂重量的1.53%,时间进一步延长后,油酰胺含量会降低。
表3菜籽粕喂养不同时间对黑水虻幼虫中油酰胺含量影响
5.菜籽粕和米糠饲养相同时间对黑水虻油酰胺含量影响
按上述方法将分别取15g菜籽粕和15g米糠饲料,配成含水量为70%的饲料基质。每三天取出一组黑水虻,冷冻干燥处理,记录干重,同时向剩下组中添加等量饲料。饲养结束后,每组黑水虻粉碎后用90mL氯仿甲醇混合物(氯仿:甲醇=2:1)索氏提取,提取温度80℃,提取时间6小时。提取物旋蒸除去溶剂后用乙酸乙酯溶解定容至25mL,气相色谱测定,分析黑水虻提取物中油酰胺的量。实验结果如表4所示。
由表4可见,菜籽粕和米糠分别喂养6天,油酰胺含量达到了油脂重量的1.53%和2.89%,但是第二组油脂含量高,综合考虑:使用菜籽粕喂养黑水虻效果较好。
表4菜籽粕和米糠喂养相同时间对黑水虻幼虫中油酰胺含量影响
6.菜籽粕和米糠混合喂养后黑水虻油酰胺含量
挑选体态大小相近的5日龄武汉品系黑水虻两组,每组200条。先用菜籽粕喂养三天,再用米糠喂养三天,不同之处在于第一组用菜籽粕饲养三天后直接添加米糠,而第二组用菜籽粕饲养三天后挑出黑水虻去掉残渣后用米糠再喂养三天。实验结果如表5所示。
第一组相对于第二组,油脂量和油酰胺含量都较高。
表5菜籽粕和米糠混合喂养黑水虻幼虫中油酰胺含量
7.额外添加不同氨源后黑水虻幼虫油酰胺含量
挑选体态大小相近的5日龄武汉品系黑水虻四组,每组200条。每组用15g菜籽粕添加1g不同的氨源。其中第一组饲料为16g菜籽粕;第二组为15g菜籽粕和1g尿素;第三组为15g菜籽粕和1g氯化铵;第四组为15g菜籽粕和0.3g三聚氰胺。饲养6天后冷冻干燥处理,记录每组黑水虻的干重。黑水虻粉碎后用氯仿:甲醇=2:1(60mL氯仿+30mL甲醇)的混合溶剂浸提,提取物旋蒸除去溶剂后称量记录油脂的质量,然后用乙酸乙酯定容至25mL,测气相,分析黑水虻幼虫提取物中油酰胺的量。实验结果如表6所示。
通过添加各种氨源,相对于第一组不加氨源的饲料,使得油酰胺含量都增加了,其中加氯化铵的效果最好,尿素次之,三聚氰胺虫体重量太低。
表6不同氨源饲养后黑水虻幼虫中油酰胺含量
实施例1
一种高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂1的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将冷冻干燥的水虻幼虫粉碎,得到水虻幼虫粉末;其中,所述水虻幼虫由以下方法喂养而成:
a.向菜籽粕中加入水,得到饲料基质;b.将5日龄的水虻幼虫用饲料基质喂养6天;冷冻干燥得到水虻幼虫;
2)将上述水虻幼虫粉末置于有机溶剂(有机溶剂为氯仿和甲醇按体积比2:1混合而成)中,在温度为80℃条件下进行索氏提取2-12h,得到提取物;
3)提取物旋蒸除去有机溶剂,得到高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂1,其中,所述功能性油脂1中,油酰胺含量为15000mg/L,油脂占幼虫重量为28%,每100条幼虫干重2.5g。
实施例2
一种高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂2的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将冷冻干燥的水虻幼虫粉碎,得到水虻幼虫粉末;其中,所述水虻幼虫由以下方法喂养而成:
a.向米糠中加入水,得到饲料基质;
b.将5日龄的水虻幼虫用饲料基质喂养6天;冷冻干燥得到水虻幼虫;
2)将上述水虻幼虫粉末置于有机溶剂(有机溶剂为氯仿和甲醇按体积比2:1混合而成)中,在温度为80℃条件下进行索氏提取2-12h,得到提取物;
3)提取物旋蒸除去有机溶剂,得到高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂2,其中,所述功能性油脂2中,油酰胺含量为25000mg/L。油脂占幼虫重量为12%,每100条幼虫干重0.5g。
实施例3
一种高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂3的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将冷冻干燥的水虻幼虫粉碎,得到水虻幼虫粉末;其中,所述水虻幼虫由以下方法喂养而成:
a.按重量比15:1将菜籽粕和氯化铵混合后加入水,得到饲料基质;
b.将5日龄的水虻幼虫用饲料基质喂养6天;冷冻干燥得到水虻幼虫;
2)将上述水虻幼虫粉末置于有机溶剂(有机溶剂为氯仿和甲醇按体积比2:1混合而成)中,在温度为80℃条件下进行索氏提取2-12h,得到提取物;
3)提取物旋蒸除去有机溶剂,得到高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂3,其中,所述功能性油脂3中,油酰胺含量为24000mg/L。油脂占幼虫重量为25%,每100条幼虫干重1.7g。
因此,综合考虑虫子干重,油脂占虫子重量百分比,油酰胺在油脂中的含量,采用氯化铵作为氮源添加剂,菜籽粕作为饲料,效益是最好的。
上述高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂能够作为饲料添加剂制备饲料。
其它未详细说明的部分均为现有技术。尽管上述实施例对本发明做出了详尽的描述,但它仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部实施例,人们还可以根据本实施例在不经创造性前提下获得其他实施例,这些实施例都属于本发明保护范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
1)将冷冻干燥的亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉碎,得到亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉末;其中,所述亮斑扁角水虻幼虫由以下方法喂养而成:
a.向饲料中加入水,得到饲料基质;
b.将5日龄的水虻幼虫用饲料基质喂养3~9天;冷冻干燥得到水虻幼虫;所述饲料为农副产品,所述农副产品为麸皮、米糠、豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕中任意一种或二种;
2)将上述水虻幼虫粉末置于有机溶剂中,在温度80 ℃条件下进行索氏提取2-12h,得到提取物;其中,有机溶剂为氯仿和甲醇按体积比2:1混合而成;
3)提取物旋蒸除去有机溶剂,得到高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂,其中,所述功能性油脂中,油酰胺含量为4100~43000 mg/L。
2.根据权利要求1所述高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述饲料还包括氨源;所述氨源为尿素、氯化铵和三聚氰胺中任意一种;所述饲料中,农副产品和氨源的重量比为1:15~100。
3.根据权利要求1所述高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述功能性油脂中,油酰胺含量为24000 mg/L。
4.一种根据权利要求1所述的方法制备得到的高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂。
5.一种权利要求4所述高油酰胺含量的功能性油脂在制备饲料中应用。
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采食不同有机废弃物黑水虻幼虫饲料价值分析;胡俊茹;何飞;莫文艳;陈晓瑛;黄燕华;王国霞;孙育平;;中国饲料(15);24-27 * |
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