CN115362828A - Method for judging peanut suitable for mechanized harvesting - Google Patents

Method for judging peanut suitable for mechanized harvesting Download PDF

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CN115362828A
CN115362828A CN202211016073.0A CN202211016073A CN115362828A CN 115362828 A CN115362828 A CN 115362828A CN 202211016073 A CN202211016073 A CN 202211016073A CN 115362828 A CN115362828 A CN 115362828A
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fruit
peanut
harvesting
peanuts
strength
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钟超
程云莲
于海秋
赵新华
康树立
王晓光
蒋春姬
刘喜波
赵姝丽
王婧
张鹤
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Shenyang Agricultural University
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    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01DHARVESTING; MOWING
    • A01D91/00Methods for harvesting agricultural products
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Abstract

The invention provides a method for judging peanut suitability for mechanized harvesting, and relates to the technical field of peanut cultivation. The method selects the variety with the fruit stalk strength of 10-20N, the seedling stalk strength of 16-32N, the seedling stalk strength of 9-13N and the fruit stalk length of 2.8-6 cm for sowing when the peanuts are harvested in the mature period after being aired for 7 days. According to the method, the peanut varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting are selected for planting through the basic agronomic parameters of the peanut varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting, so that the yield potential of peanuts is brought into play to obtain high yield, the contradiction between the yield and the mechanical harvesting loss is coordinated, meanwhile, the cost and the labor loss are reduced, and the peanut production benefit is improved.

Description

Method for judging peanut suitable for mechanized harvesting
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of peanut cultivation, in particular to a method for judging suitable mechanized harvesting of peanuts.
Background
Peanuts are important grain and oil crops in the world, and the demand of peanut oil in China occupies more than 50% of the total demand of peanut oil in the world. The planting area, the total output and the export of the Chinese peanuts are all in the front of the world. The production level, especially the mechanized harvesting level, of the peanuts in China is relatively low, and the export competitiveness and the production benefit of the peanuts are restricted. And the difference between the mechanization input research and development degree of the economic crops and the mechanization degree of main grain crops in China such as rice, wheat and corn is large. The popularization, development and harvest mechanization obviously increases profit and productivity, saves production cost and is of great importance to the production development of peanuts in China and the competitiveness of international markets.
The peanut harvesting is an important link in the whole production process of peanuts, the consumed farming season is large, the harvesting seasonality is strong, the labor amount accounts for about two thirds of the whole production process, and the labor amount is large. In recent years, the peanut harvesting cost is remarkably improved, the operation cost accounts for more than 50% of the whole production process, and particularly, the peanut harvesting still accounts for the main part of animal power and manual harvesting and is assisted by mechanical harvesting at present. Mechanical harvesting of peanuts has the advantage of reducing cost and labor requirements compared to manual harvesting. Mechanical harvesting, while reducing the cost of harvesting, increases losses during harvesting. The loss rate of the pods is high, and the yield and the economic benefit of the peanuts are influenced. Not only does the mechanized harvesting of peanuts require harvesting machinery, but also the loss rate and the benefit of the harvesting are affected by whether the plant characters of the peanuts are suitable for the mechanical harvesting.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for judging whether peanuts are suitable for mechanized harvesting, which can simply and easily determine the agronomic character parameters of the peanut suitable for mechanized harvesting, and can be used for coordinating the contradiction between the yield and the mechanical harvesting loss well in production so as to increase the production benefit of the peanuts.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a method for judging suitable mechanized harvesting of peanuts, which comprises the following steps: determining the agronomic characters of the harvested peanuts, and determining agronomic parameters suitable for mechanized harvesting of peanut varieties; the agronomic parameters suitable for mechanized harvesting of peanut varieties are as follows: the strength of the fruit stalks is 10-20N, the strength of the seedling stalks is 16-32N, the strength of the seedling stalks is 9-13N after airing, and the length of the fruit stalks is 2.8-6 cm when the peanuts are harvested in the mature period.
In the present invention, the agronomic traits comprise: the plant height, the lateral branch length, the branch number, the fruiting range, the fruit stalk strength, the shell hardness, the fruit number per plant, the productivity per plant, the kernel number per plant, the kernel weight per plant, the fruit weight, the kernel yield and the yield are measured in the maturation period.
In the present invention, the agronomic traits comprise: and (4) measuring the soil carrying rate, the fruit dropping rate, the fruit burying rate and the total loss rate after mechanical operation.
In the invention, the harvesting adopts two-stage mechanical harvesting.
According to the invention, the two-section mechanical harvesting comprises the steps of completing digging and laying work by adopting a peanut digging harvester, and completing picking and picking work by a picking combined harvester after airing.
In the invention, the airing time is 5-9 days.
In the present invention, the pods mature by more than 80% at the time of harvest.
In the invention, the top of the plant stops growing during harvesting, the middle and lower leaves turn yellow and fall off, and the pod reticulate pattern is clear.
In the invention, the peanuts are sown by adopting a single-ridge small double-row staggered sowing method.
In the invention, the peanut seeding depth is 3-5 cm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects:
by measuring the agronomic characters of the peanuts, the invention can obtain comprehensive evaluation information whether the peanuts are suitable for mechanization, thereby being convenient for determining the agronomic parameters suitable for mechanization harvesting of peanut varieties and coordinating the contradiction between the yield and the mechanical harvesting loss so as to increase the production benefit of the peanuts. The invention initially finds out that among the 17 phenotypes, 4 phenotypes closely associated with mechanical harvest loss are respectively: the peanut stem strength during digging, the seedling stem strength during picking and the fruit stem length can be used for primarily screening the peanut characters through the 4 phenotypes, planting peanut varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting is planted, the peanut harvesting machine is beneficial to exerting the yield potential of peanuts to obtain high yield, the contradiction between the yield and the mechanical harvesting loss is coordinated, and meanwhile, the cost and the labor loss are reduced.
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FIG. 1 is a flow chart of agronomic parameters for determining a suitable mechanized harvest of peanut varieties.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for judging suitable mechanized harvesting of peanuts, which comprises the following steps: determining the agronomic characters of the harvested peanuts, and determining agronomic parameters suitable for mechanized harvesting of peanut varieties; the agronomic parameters suitable for mechanized harvesting of peanut varieties are as follows: the strength of the fruit stalks is 10-20N, the strength of the seedling stalks is 16-32N, the strength of the seedling stalks is 9-13N after airing, and the length of the fruit stalks is 2.8-6 cm when the peanuts are harvested in the mature period.
The combination of agricultural machinery and agriculture is an important prerequisite for mechanized harvesting of peanuts, and the agronomic characters of the peanuts directly influence the mechanical harvesting effect. The invention analyzes the main components of 17 individual characters such as the fruit stalk strength, the shell strength, the fructification range and the like, screens out important characters closely related to mechanical harvest loss, and comprehensively screens out relevant parameters suitable for mechanized varieties: the intensity of the dug fruit stalks is 10-20N, the intensity of the dug seedling stalks is 16-32N, the intensity of the picked seedling stalks is 9-13N, and the length of the fruit stalks is 2.8-6 cm. Preferably, the agronomic parameters are that the fruit stalk strength is 12-18N, the seedling stalk strength is 18-30N, the seedling stalk strength is 10-12N after airing, and the fruit stalk length is 3-5 cm; more preferably, the agronomic parameters are 14-16N of fruit stalk strength, 18-30N of seedling stalk strength, 10-12N of seedling stalk strength after airing and 3-5 cm of fruit stalk length.
In the present invention, the agronomic traits comprise: the plant height, the lateral branch length, the branch number, the fruiting range, the fruit stalk strength, the shell hardness, the single plant fruit number, the single plant productivity, the single plant kernel number, the single plant kernel weight, the single fruit weight, the single kernel weight, the kernel yield and the yield are measured in the mature period. In the present invention, the stalk strength includes a fruit-stalk node stalk strength and a seedling-stalk node stalk strength. In the specific embodiment of the invention, the yield is measured according to the single harvest, single sunning and single weighing of the plot.
In the present invention, the agronomic traits comprise: and (4) measuring the soil carrying rate, the fruit dropping rate, the fruit burying rate and the total loss rate after mechanical operation. In the present invention, the total loss rate is the sum of the fruit drop rate and the fruit burying rate.
In the present invention, the harvesting is a two-stage mechanical harvesting.
In the invention, the two-section mechanical harvesting comprises the steps of completing digging and laying work by adopting a peanut digging harvester, and completing picking and picking work by a picking combined harvester after airing. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the peanut digging harvester includes, but is not limited to, digging, laying, soil shaking, etc.; the picking combine includes, but is not limited to, picking, separating fruit and impurities, collecting pods, and the like.
In the invention, the airing time is 5 to 9 days. Preferably, the airing time is 6 to 8 days; more preferably, the airing time is 7 days.
In the present invention, the pods mature by more than 80% at the time of harvest. Under the condition of different pod maturity, the fruit stalks have different strengths, thereby influencing the mechanical harvesting effect. In the invention, the pod maturity during harvesting is unified, so that the stalk strength is controlled within a certain specific range during harvesting, and the invention is more suitable for mechanical harvesting.
In the invention, the top of the plant stops growing during harvesting, the middle and lower leaves turn yellow and fall off, and the reticulate pattern of the pod is clear.
In the invention, the peanuts are sown by adopting a single-ridge small double-row staggered sowing method. In the present invention, as an embodiment, the sowing method is a method of sowing in a four-ridge area, with a ridge length of 18 to 20m, a ridge width of 0.3 to 0.8m, and a density of 25 to 35 thousand plants per hectare, and the soil is compacted after sowing. As another possible implementation mode, the peanut seeds are manually prepared and shelled one week before being sown, and the peanut seeds are sunned for 2-3 days before being shelled. After husking, selecting peanut kernels, and selecting full and disease-free kernels as seeds. Before sowing, the field with flat terrain, medium or more fertility, uniform and consistent forward cropping and soil fertility, sunny periphery, good irrigation and drainage conditions, no moisture damage and convenient traffic is selected for sowing. In the invention, the peanut can be sown at the proper time according to the local optimal sowing time, preferably in the middle and last ten days of 5 months, and the previous stubbles are cleaned before sowing to prepare the soil.
In the invention, the seeding depth of the peanuts is 3-5 cm.
The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Peanut suitable mechanical harvest variety screening tests conducted at 5 months 2021 in Shenyang agriculture university test fields (41 ° N, 123 ° E) were performed by the following specific steps:
1) The soil type of the test field is brown soil, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is 101.5mg/kg, the quick-acting phosphorus is 25.4mg/kg, the quick-acting potassium is 112.7mg/kg, the pH value is 6.7, and the organic carbon is 9.1g/kg. The topography is flat, the drainage is good, the previous crop is corn.
2) The test materials are 12 new peanut varieties suitable for the northeast ecological region: flower 5, flower 9, flower bearing 23, flower bearing 39, flower bearing 51, flower bearing 52, flower bearing 655, flower 16, flower 19, brocade 15, ji flower 16 and Ji flower 18.
3) The manual seeding adopts a single-ridge small double-row staggered seeding method, four ridge areas are provided, the ridge length is 20m, the ridge width is 0.5m, and the density is 30 ten thousand plants per hectare. The field management refers to the conventional field, and a two-stage harvesting mode is adopted during mechanical harvesting. And (4) mechanically digging, spreading and drying in the sun in a harvesting period, and mechanically picking up the rice and picking fruits after 7 days of airing.
4) Continuously sampling 5 peanut plants in each cell in the mature period, and testing plant height, side branch length, branch number, fruiting range, fruiting depth, fruit needle length, fruit stalk strength (including seedling-stalk and fruit-stalk), shell hardness, single plant fruit number, single plant productivity, single plant kernel number, single plant kernel weight, single fruit weight, single kernel weight, kernel yield and yield.
5) The stalk strength and the shell strength of the peanuts are accurately measured by using a stalk strength tester, the sampled peanut plants are naturally aired to the 1 st day and the 7 th day, and the stalk strength of the peanuts is measured twice.
6) Taking 5 points in each cell in the mature period of the peanuts to measure the relevant indexes of mechanical operation: the fruit tree seedling raising method comprises the following steps of soil carrying rate, fruit dropping rate, fruit burying rate and total loss rate, wherein the total loss rate is the sum of the fruit dropping rate and the fruit burying rate.
7) Selecting 110 peanut germplasm resources from resource gardens of peanut institute of Shenyang agriculture university, and determining plant height, side branch length, branch number, fruiting range, stalk strength, shell hardness, single plant fruit number, single plant productivity, single plant kernel number, single plant kernel weight, fruit tree weight, kernel yield and yield in the maturation period.
Analysis of plant characteristics and yield
The plant traits of different peanut growth and development are the main factors influencing the harvesting efficiency and effect when the machine harvests. From the data in Table 1, it can be seen that the plant traits and yield of each peanut variety vary widely, with the greatest range among varieties for shell hardness, followed by plant height. The yield of different peanut varieties is greatly different, and the difference reaches 6596.85 kg per hectare.
TABLE 1 mean values and variation of plant traits and yields for different peanut varieties
Figure BDA0003812557870000051
Figure BDA0003812557870000061
Correlation analysis of different traits of peanut varieties
As can be seen from Table 2 and Table 2, the fruit burying rate at the time of mechanical harvesting is inversely related to the stalk strength of the peanuts at the time of digging, and is significantly and positively related to the fruit depth and the fruit pin length. The larger the stalk strength of the peanuts in the digging process is, the smaller the fruiting depth and the length of the peanut needles are, and the smaller the field fruit burying rate is. The fruit drop rate is negatively related to the stalk strength, the seedling stalk strength, the fruiting range and the fruiting depth when picking up and picking up fruits, and the peanut plants are too high, and the longer the lateral branches are, the more the peanut plants are not beneficial to mechanical picking up and picking up the fruits. The yield is mainly positively correlated with the stalk strength during digging, negatively correlated with the stalk strength during picking, and negatively correlated with the fruiting depth in soil and stalk length. The results show that the fruit stalks are tough during planting and digging, the results are concentrated, and the high-yield and high-quality peanut variety with no over-high plant can reduce the field loss caused by mechanical peanut harvesting. Wherein, the fruit stalks 1 are used for airing 1 day fruit stalks, the seedling stalks 1 are used for airing 1 day seedling stalks, the fruit stalks 7 are used for airing 7 day fruit stalks, and the seedling stalks 7 are used for airing 7 day seedling stalks; * And indicates significant differences at p <0.05 and p <0.01 levels, respectively.
TABLE 2 correlation of different traits in peanut varieties
Figure BDA0003812557870000062
Figure BDA0003812557870000071
TABLE 2 correlation of different traits of peanut varieties
Figure BDA0003812557870000072
Figure BDA0003812557870000081
Principal component analysis of different peanut varieties
As can be seen from Table 3, by analyzing the main components of 17 individualities such as the stalk strength, the shell strength, the fructification range and the like, the characteristic roots of 5 main components are more than 1, the cumulative contribution rate is 66.58%, and the evaluation and judgment on peanut varieties can be better performed instead of 17 indexes. The 1 st principal component contribution rate is the highest and is 17.25%, and the contribution rate comprises the fruit number of a single plant, the productivity of the single plant and the yield; the contribution rate of the No. 2 main component is 16.72 percent, and the contribution rate comprises the weight of hundreds of fruits, the weight of hundreds of kernels, the strength of seedling stalks and the strength of fruit stalks when digging; the contribution rate of the 3 rd main component is 12.09%, and the pressure in three directions of the husk is contained; the contribution rate of the 4 th main component is 11.4%, and the main component comprises the length of lateral branches and the height of plants; the contribution of the 5 th principal component was 9.13%, including the result range, kernel out rate and number of branches.
TABLE 3 load matrix, eigenvalue, contribution rate and cumulative contribution rate of each factor
Figure BDA0003812557870000082
Figure BDA0003812557870000091
And performing multiple regression analysis by taking the total mechanical harvesting loss as a dependent variable and taking the other properties as independent variables. Eliminating insignificant regression coefficients (P) using stepwise multiple regression<0.05 ) to screen out important characters closely related to the mechanical harvest loss, and obtaining a regression equation: y = -1.324C 0.866X 2 A stalk length of 0.428, X, is the major trait affecting harvest loss.
Preliminary results showed that of the 17 phenotypes there were 4 phenotypes closely associated with mechanical harvest loss, respectively: the strength of the fruit handle during digging, the strength of the seedling handle during picking up the fruit and the length of the fruit handle. The peanut traits can be preliminarily screened through the 4 phenotypes.
Screening out varieties with the least fruit burying and fruit dropping rate by mechanical fruit dropping and fruit burying rate during digging: flower cultivation 655, ji flower 18, flower cultivation 23, brocade flower 15, farming flower 19, flower cultivation 39 and flower cultivation 51. Screening out varieties with the minimum picking fruit dropping rate according to the mechanical picking fruit dropping rate and the breakage rate: brought flower 52, brought flower 51, brought flower 39, ji flower 18, ji flower 16 and brocade 15. Comprehensively screening to obtain relevant parameters suitable for mechanized varieties: the intensity of the dug fruit stalks is 10-20N, the intensity of the dug seedling stalks is 16-32N, the intensity of the picked seedling stalks is 9-13N, and the length of the fruit stalks is 2.8-6 cm.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for judging that peanuts are suitable for mechanized harvesting is characterized by comprising the following steps: determining the agronomic characters of the harvested peanuts, and determining agronomic parameters suitable for mechanized harvesting of peanut varieties; the agronomic parameters suitable for mechanized harvesting of peanut varieties are as follows: the strength of the fruit stalks is 10-20N, the strength of the seedling stalks is 16-32N, the strength of the seedling stalks is 9-13N after airing, and the length of the fruit stalks is 2.8-6 cm when the peanuts are harvested in the mature period.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the agronomic trait comprises: the plant height, the lateral branch length, the branch number, the fruiting range, the fruit stalk strength, the shell hardness, the fruit number per plant, the productivity per plant, the kernel number per plant, the kernel weight per plant, the fruit weight, the kernel yield and the yield are measured in the maturation period.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the agronomic trait comprises: and (4) measuring the soil carrying rate, the fruit dropping rate, the fruit burying rate and the total loss rate after mechanical operation.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said harvesting is a two-stage mechanical harvest.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the two-stage mechanical harvesting comprises digging and laying by a peanut digging harvester, and picking by a combined picking harvester after airing.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the airing time is 5 to 9 days.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pods mature by more than 80% at harvest.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said harvesting stops at the top of the plant, the lower and middle leaves turn yellow and shed, and the pod reticulate pattern is clear.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the peanuts are sown by a single-ridge small double-row staggered sowing method.
10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the peanut is sown to a depth of 3 to 5cm.
CN202211016073.0A 2022-08-24 2022-08-24 Method for judging peanut suitable for mechanized harvesting Pending CN115362828A (en)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1035602A (en) * 1988-09-03 1989-09-20 东北农学院 Threshing prior to cutting method and pneumatic drum type threshing prior to cutting reaping machine
EP2146307A2 (en) * 2008-04-23 2010-01-20 CLAAS Selbstfahrende Erntemaschinen GmbH Method for coordinating driveable agricultural machines
CN101889520A (en) * 2010-07-20 2010-11-24 安徽沪谯中药科技有限公司 Cultivation method of white peony root
CN107396729A (en) * 2017-08-06 2017-11-28 菏泽市农业科学院 A kind of peanut cultivation method of suitable for mechanized harvest

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1035602A (en) * 1988-09-03 1989-09-20 东北农学院 Threshing prior to cutting method and pneumatic drum type threshing prior to cutting reaping machine
EP2146307A2 (en) * 2008-04-23 2010-01-20 CLAAS Selbstfahrende Erntemaschinen GmbH Method for coordinating driveable agricultural machines
CN101889520A (en) * 2010-07-20 2010-11-24 安徽沪谯中药科技有限公司 Cultivation method of white peony root
CN107396729A (en) * 2017-08-06 2017-11-28 菏泽市农业科学院 A kind of peanut cultivation method of suitable for mechanized harvest

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