CN115335044A - 使用pkm2激活剂治疗纤维化的方法 - Google Patents
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- CN115335044A CN115335044A CN202180024626.4A CN202180024626A CN115335044A CN 115335044 A CN115335044 A CN 115335044A CN 202180024626 A CN202180024626 A CN 202180024626A CN 115335044 A CN115335044 A CN 115335044A
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Abstract
一种治疗患有由器官/组织纤维化引起的疾病的患者的方法,包括PKM2激活剂的给药。PKM2激活剂可以降低LOX蛋白表达并激活PKM2。
Description
技术领域
本申请涉及纤维化的预防、治疗和/或逆转。本申请还涉及丙酮酸激酶M2(PKM2)激活剂在治疗、预防或改善纤维化中的用途。
背景技术
纤维化的定义为由例如组织损伤修复和/或免疫反应引起的纤维组织的异常聚集。在人类的各种器官和组织(如肺、肝、胰、肾、骨髓和皮肤)中发现了纤维性颤动(纤维化,纤维性颤动通常称为心房纤维性颤动)。
胶原原纤维在纤维化过程中过度产生,这是对组织损伤的炎症反应的结果。纤维化影响几乎所有器官的组织。肌成纤维细胞是参与胶原合成和分泌的主要细胞类型。胶原蛋白是一种ECM蛋白,其主要由Gly-x-Pro和Gly-x-Hyp三联体重复体组成。甘氨酸是一种氨基酸,其占胶原蛋白含量的30%以上。肌成纤维细胞必须参与过量的甘氨酸生产,以满足大量胶原蛋白生产和分泌在纤维化进展过程中的需要。细胞从以下两种来源获得甘氨酸:(1)从食物分解产生的甘氨酸通常用于随后的蛋白质合成。(2)从头合成。
细胞外基质(ECM)的组成和硬度是纤维化疾病发生和持续发展的主要驱动力。赖氨酰氧化酶(LOX)和LOX样(LOXL)蛋白因其胶原蛋白交联和细胞内功能而在ECM重塑中起到关键作用。
纤维发生是一个必不可少的过程,是组织修复和伤口愈合的关键部分。过度纤维化常见于许多罕见疾病和常见疾病中,并在疾病发病机制中具有重要地位。以过度纤维化为特征的疾病包括但不限于:系统性硬化症、硬皮病、肥厚型心肌病、扩张型心肌病(DCM)、心房纤维性颤动、心室纤维性颤动、心肌炎、肝硬化、肾脏疾病、眼病、哮喘、囊胞性纤维症、关节炎和特发性肺纤维化。尽管纤维化对人类健康有很大影响,但其治疗和诊断方法仍未满足医疗需求。
发明内容
本申请的一个方面包括通过PKM2激活剂给药在需要接受治疗的受试者中治疗、预防或减轻纤维化。一种治疗患有由器官/组织纤维化引起的疾病的患者的方法,包括使用包含有效量的PKM2激活剂的药物组合物对有此需要的患者进行给药。
另一方面包括一种其中PKM2激活剂是TEPP-46的方法。
另一方面包括一种治疗患有由器官/组织纤维化引起的疾病的患者的方法,该方法包括PKM2激活剂的给药。PKM2激活剂可降肌成纤维细胞中的胶原蛋白合成及LOX/L家族表达。PKM2激活剂治疗可降低肌成纤维细胞调往抑制。
附图说明
图1示出了TEPP-46逆转肝和肺纤维化并降低纤维化肝脏和肺中的丝氨酸/甘氨酸代谢。
图2示出了PKM2的二聚体通过上调NADPH代谢保护肌成纤维细胞免受氧化应激诱导发生的凋亡。
图3示出了PKM2在肌成纤维细胞中表达。
图4示出了用PKM2激活剂(DASA-10)对成纤维细胞进行的治疗降低了参与丝氨酸/甘氨酸代谢的代谢酶。
图5示出了用PKM2激活剂(TEPP-46)进行的治疗逆转了胰腺炎。
图6示出了用PKM2激活剂(TEPP-46)进行的治疗降低了心肌梗塞后的心肌纤维化。
图7示出了用PKM2激活剂(DASA-10)进行的治疗降低了激活的成纤维细胞中LOX和LOXL2在体内的表达。
图8示出了在肝脏和肺纤维化的小鼠模型中,用PKM2激活剂(TEPP-46)进行的治疗降低了LOX在体内的表达。
图9示出了PKM2激活剂(Mitapivat)对肌成纤维细胞中胶原蛋白产生的影响。
术语
术语“给药”是指一种给予患者一定剂量的药物组合物的方法。本文所述的组合物可以通过选自例如眼给药、吸入给药、肠胃外给药、皮肤给药、经皮给药、口腔给药、直肠给药、阴道给药、舌下给药、舌周给药、鼻腔给药、局部给药和口服给药的途径给药。胃肠外给药包括静脉给药、腹腔给药、皮下给药和肌内给药。优选的给药途径可以根据各种因素的变化而变化,例如,所给药的组合物的组分和所治疗疾病的严重程度。
术语“纤维化”是指涉及组织或器官中过多纤维结缔组织(例如瘢痕组织)发展的病症。这种瘢痕组织的产生可能是对感染、炎症或因疾病、创伤、化学毒性和手术等导致的器官损伤的反应。纤维化可在多种不同的组织和器官中发生,包括肝、肾、肠、肺、心脏等。这些变化有时被称为纤维囊性变化,过去被称为纤维囊性疾病。本文所用的纤维化不是癌性纤维化。
本文所用的术语“抑制(inhibiting)”或“抑制(inhibition)”是指对疾病或病症(例如纤维化)的发展或进展的任何可检测的积极作用。这种积极作用可包括延迟或预防疾病或病症的至少一种症状或体征的发作,缓解或逆转一种或多种症状或体征,以及减缓或预防一种或多种症状或体征的进一步恶化。
本文所用的术语“有效量”是指在适当剂量给药时产生急性或慢性治疗效果的化合物(例如丙酮酸激酶M2(PKM2)的激活剂)的量。该效果包括在任何可检测的程度上预防、纠正、抑制或逆转疾病/病症(例如,肝、肾或肠的纤维化)及相关并发症的症状、体征和潜在病理。确切的量和给药方案将取决于治疗目的,并且可由本领域技术人员使用已知技术确定。
术语“患者”是指任何动物,例如哺乳动物或人。
术语“前药”是指可在生理条件下或通过溶剂分解转化为本申请的生物活性化合物的化合物。因此,术语“前药”是指本申请化合物的药学上可接受的代谢前体。前药在对需要其的受试者进行给药时可以是无活性的,但会在体内转化为本申请的活性化合物。通常,前药在体内迅速转化,例如通过在血液中水解得到本申请的母体化合物。通常,前药化合物在哺乳动物生物体中具有溶解性、组织相容性或延迟释放的优点。
术语“药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂”包括但不限于任何佐剂、载体、赋形剂、助流剂、甜味剂、稀释剂、防腐剂、染料/着色剂、风味增强剂、表面活性剂、润湿剂、分散剂、悬浮剂、稳定剂、等渗剂、溶剂或乳化剂,其已从美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)获批可用于人类或家畜。
该药物组合物可以肠胃外给药,例如静脉内给药、皮下给药、皮内给药或肌内给药。因此,本申请提供了用于肠胃外给药的组合物,其包含溶解或悬浮在适于肠胃外给药的可接受载体中的化合物或盐的溶液,所述载体包括水性和非水性等渗无菌注射液。
术语“选择性”是指PKM2的抑制是第二激酶(例如第二丙酮酸激酶,例如不同亚型)的至少20%、50%、75%、2倍、3倍、4倍、5倍、6倍或10倍。因此,在一些实施方案中,相对于另一亚型,药剂对PKM2具有选择性。例如,相对于PKM1,药剂对PKM2具有选择性。选择性调节(例如抑制或激活)或选择性调制可与特异性调节或特异性调制互换使用。
术语“治疗”不仅包括纤维化的预防和治疗,还包括维持抑制组织中纤维性颤动的进展、减轻炎症、缓解与纤维化相关的症状以及预防复发。
具体实施方式
本申请的特征在于利用丙酮酸激酶M2(PKM2)激活剂治疗、预防或改善由器官组织纤维化引起的疾病的方法和试剂盒。本申请提供了治疗、改善或预防纤维化或纤维化相关疾病的方法,以及筛选可用于这些方法的化合物和组合物的方法。在某些示例中,治疗患有纤维化的患者的方法包括使用药物组合物(即PKM2激活剂)对有此需要的患者进行给药,其中该药物组合物包含有效量的选自本文所公开的组合物的化合物。
纤维化的示例包括肺纤维化、肝纤维化、心肌纤维化、胰腺炎、肾纤维化、纤维性颤动引起的前列腺增生、骨髓纤维化和硬皮病。在这些纤维化中,根据出现晚期纤维颤动的器官和进展速度对与纤维化相关的症状(如炎症和萎缩)进行观察。因此,与纤维化相关的症状的治疗也包括在本申请中。
其他示例包括肝纤维化;肝炎、肝硬化、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、ASH/AH、原发性胆汁性胆管炎、原发性硬化性胆管炎;肺纤维化;特发性肺纤维化、COPD、囊性纤维化、硬皮病;慢性肾脏疾病;糖尿病肾病、囊性纤维化、肾小球肾炎/肾炎、高血压性肾硬化、移植性肾病;胰腺纤维化;胰腺炎;系统性硬化症;心肌纤维化;心血管纤维化;血管纤维化;冠心病、外周动脉疾病、动脉硬化、血管炎;原发性骨髓纤维化;减少整形手术中的瘢痕;纤维化导致的手术并发症;以及放射性纤维化。
心肌梗塞是冠状动脉疾病的重要并发症,通常由继发于冠状动脉血栓形成的冠脉血流严重减少引起。急性心肌梗塞后心脏组织的两个重要病理变化是心脏组织的纤维化和肥大性生长。这两种变化(“重塑”)都与心力衰竭的发病机制有很大关系。静脉溶栓剂治疗已被广泛用于恢复闭塞的冠状动脉的血流。溶栓剂是一种药物,其能够溶解纤维蛋白-血小板血栓,从而允许血液再次流过受累血管。这些药剂包括链激酶、尿激酶、尿激酶原、瑞替普酶、阿替普酶和组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)。即使使用溶栓剂进行了治疗,急性心肌梗塞患者的死亡率仍然很高。
使用上述方法治疗的患者可能有或者没有可检测到的纤维化。在一些实施方案中,在进行PKM2激活剂给药之后(例如在1天、2天、1周、1个月或6个月或更长时间之后),患者中存在的纤维化的量减少至少约5%、10%、20%、30%、40%或甚至50%或更多。这种化合物的给药可以是例如至少每天一次。与未使用如本文所公开的化合物进行给药的患者相比,使用本文所公开的化合物进行给药的患者中纤维化临床表现可以延迟至少例如6个月、1年、18个月或甚至2年或更长时间。
在一个示例中,PKM2激活剂降低了赖氨酰氧化酶(LOX)的表达,其是LOX/L蛋白家族的成员之一。该蛋白质家族被认为可通过赖氨酰胺残基的氧化促进ECM蛋白质(如胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白)的共价交联,从而形成ECM的拉伸强度。LOX/L蛋白家族在多种组织中表达,其调节障碍与器官组织纤维化所有疾病的病理均有关。LOX及其不同家族(包括LOXL2和LOXL4蛋白)在不同疾病中的表达有所不同。这可能是由许多原因造成,如组织分布、加工、结构域、活性调节的差异,以及蛋白质之间的其他差异。由于LOX/L家族蛋白在器官组织纤维化疾病进展中的功能作用,抑制LOX/L家族已成为开发纤维化治疗方法的一个有吸引力的策略。实验表明,PKM2激活剂会显著降低LOX/L家族蛋白在肝和肺纤维化小鼠模型的肌成纤维细胞、纤维组织和血液循环中的表达和分泌。PKM2在减少LOX/L家族过程中的功能作用表明,PKM2激活剂是治疗纤维化的极好药剂。
根据以下适当地确定本申请的用于纤维化的治疗剂(例如PKM2激活剂)和用于治疗纤维化的药物组合物的给药方法:例如,剂型;患者的年龄、性别等情况;以及患者的症状。举例来说,片剂、丸剂、散剂、颗粒剂、胶囊剂、液体制剂、混悬剂和乳剂用于口服。注射剂单独静脉给药或与普通补充液(如葡萄糖和氨基酸)联合静脉给药。此外,如有必要,注射剂可自行进行动脉内给药、肌内给药、皮内给药、皮下给药或腹腔给药。栓剂为直肠给药。PKM2激活剂可与其他治疗或其他PKM2激活剂一起给药。
“激活剂”是指一种药剂,该药剂从无活性的单体或二聚体形式的状态提高PKM2的丙酮酸激酶活性水平或维持或增加PKM2的活性四聚体形式的活性(例如,在内源性抑制剂的存在下)。增加活性可包括通过内源性抑制剂(例如,内源性磷酸酪氨酸肽或蛋白)降低PKM2的内源性下调。含磷酸酪氨酸的肽与活化PKM2的结合导致FBP分解和PKM2失活。增殖细胞中的自主生长信号或胰岛素对脂肪细胞的刺激会导致酪氨酸磷酸化级联反应。激活剂可以以多种方式发挥其作用,包括以下的一种或多种:激活剂可以使PKM2抵抗抑制剂(例如内源性抑制剂)的抑制;激活剂抑制激活剂(更具体地FBP)的释放;激活剂可以与PKM2结合并阻止内源性抑制剂促进内源性激活剂(更具体地FBP)的释放;或者激活剂可以抑制组成PKM2的亚基的溶解或促进其重组,例如激活剂可以抑制这些亚基上的巯基部分的氧化,例如抑制半胱氨酸残基的氧化。PKM2的丙酮酸激酶活性的激活剂可称为“PKM2激活剂”。
激活剂可使PKM2的丙酮酸激酶活性增加至高于PKM2的活性水平(例如,基础水平)(例如,在不存在内源性或天然激活剂/配体(例如,FBP)的情况下观察到的水平)。举例来说,激活剂可以模拟由内源性或天然配体或激活剂(例如,FBP)引起的效应。与由内源性或天然配体或激活剂引起的活化效应相比,由药剂引起的活化效应可能相同、程度更大或程度更小,但也可能引起相同类型的效应。激活剂可以是肽、核酸或小分子。在某些实施方案中,激活剂的分子量在10或20、100或200至10000、100或200至5000、100或200至2000、或更优选100至300、200至500、150至500、200至500、300至500、或150至800道尔顿或更高的范围内。
激活剂可以是例如肽、核酸或小分子。在本文所述的方法、组合物和试剂盒中用作激活剂的肽可包括修饰,例如多肽的体内或体外化学衍生(例如,乙酰化或羧化)。还包括糖基化的修饰,例如通过在多肽的合成和加工过程中或在进一步的加工步骤中修饰多肽的糖基化模式而进行的那些修饰,例如通过将肽暴露于影响源自细胞的糖基化的酶(例如哺乳动物糖基化酶),这些细胞通常提供这种加工。还包括具有磷酸化氨基酸残基的相同伯氨基酸序列的变体,例如磷酸酪氨酸、磷酸丝氨酸或磷酸苏氨酸。
本申请还涉及如上文定义的化合物或药物组合物,其与至少一种选自STAT抑制剂、其他消炎药和/或免疫抑制剂的治疗活性剂联合使用。该联合使用可以补充一种或多种其他活性成分(例如抗凝血剂)或手术方法(血管成形术)。
用作激活剂的肽可以由天然原料合成或从天然原料纯化提取。这些肽可商购获得,也可以在重组或非重组细胞系中产生。分离的肽激活剂的表征可使用例如溶液测定法、凝胶测定法(例如,SDS-PAGE)、膜结合法、抗体、酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)或液相色谱电子喷雾电离质谱法(LCMS)完成。
PKM2的一种示例性激活剂是TEPP-46,其具有下式:
PKM2的一种示例性激活剂是Mitapivat,其具有下式/结构:
PKM2的其他示例性激活剂可选自以下候选药剂:果糖-1,6-双磷酸、二硫苏糖醇、2,5-脱水-D-甘露醇1,6-双磷酸、AMP、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸,以及以下结构:
本申请的药物组合物可以通过制药领域熟知的方法制备。举例来说,旨在通过注射给药的药物组合物可以通过以下方式制备:将本申请的化合物与无菌蒸馏水混合以形成溶液。可加入表面活性剂以促进形成均匀的溶液或悬浮液。表面活性剂是与应用中的化合物非共价相互作用的化合物,以促进化合物在水性给药系统中的溶出或均匀悬浮。
本申请的化合物(例如,PKM2激活剂)或其药学上可接受的盐以治疗有效量给药,其将根据多种因素变化,这些因素包括:所用特定化合物的活性;化合物的代谢稳定性和作用时长;患者的年龄、体重、总体健康状况、性别和饮食;给药方式和时间;排泄率;联合用药、特定疾病或病症的严重性;以及接受治疗的受试者。
在局部给药或选择性摄取的情况下,药物的有效局部浓度可与血浆浓度无关,并且可以采用本领域已知的其他方法来确定正确的剂量和间隔时间。
PKM2激活剂的给药量一定取决于所治疗的受试者、病痛的严重程度、给药方式、处方医师的判断等。
实施例
图1示出了TEPP-46逆转肝和肺纤维化并降低纤维化肝脏和肺中的丝氨酸/甘氨酸代谢。图1的(A)和(E)部分为TAA/酒精性肝纤维化(A)和博来霉素肺纤维化(E)诱导及随后的TEPP-46治疗时间表的示意图。图1的(B)部分示出了用指定药剂治疗的小鼠的肝脏切片的天狼星红染色(上图)和a平滑肌肌动蛋白免疫荧光(a-SMA IF)染色(下图)的代表性图像。图1的(C)和(D)部分示出了使用ImageJ软件对天狼星红(B)和Masson三色(F)染色以及纤维化肝脏(B)和肺(F)的a-SMA IF(B)和免疫组化(IHC)(F)染色中胶原蛋白水平的量化。根据10只小鼠的测量值对定量进行计算。将每只动物四个随机选择的组织切片和每个切片中三个随机选择的视野进行了量化。天狼星红或Masson三色和α-SMA IF或IHC染色中胶原蛋白水平的数量以总面积的%表示。(F)部分示出了用指定药剂治疗的小鼠的肺组织切片的Masson三色染色(上图)和α-SMA或IHC染色(下图)的代表性图像。(G)和(H)部分示出了通过质谱法(HPLC-MS)对使用指示药剂治疗的小鼠的肝和肺组织提取物中的丝氨酸(G)和甘氨酸(H)水平的定量分析。通过将溶媒处理组定义为100%,丝氨酸和甘氨酸水平以相对丰度表示。C、D、G、H部分中的误差条代表均值±标准误。
图2示出了PKM2的二聚体通过上调NADPH代谢保护肌成纤维细胞免受氧化应激诱导发生的凋亡。示出了用指定药剂治疗的小鼠的肝脏切片的a-SMA与裂解的半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(CC3)IF共染色的代表性图像。(B)和(C)部分:通过FACS(图,B)和(定量,C)对经(H2O2)或未经(无H2O2)处理和用DASA-10或DMSO处理的LX2的凋亡进行测量。(D)和(E)部分:使用试剂盒测量LX2中的GSH、GSSG、GSH/GSSG比率(D)和NADPH(E)的细胞水平。用DMSA或DASA-10对细胞进行处理。GSH和GSSG以mM(100ml中的1x106细胞溶解产物)表示。NADPH在106个细胞中以pmole形式表示。C、D、E部分中的误差条代表均值±标准误。
图3示出了PKM2在肌成纤维细胞中表达。(A)部分示出了通过免疫印迹法分析的LX-2细胞(LX2)和NLF(经(+)或未经(-)TGFβ处理)中的PKM2(IB:PKM2)和α-SMA(IB:a-SMA)水平。b-肌动蛋白(IB:b-肌动蛋白)免疫印迹是一种负载对照。(B)和(C)部分示出了a-SMA(B)和PKM2的定量。(C)部分显示了经(TGFb,黑色条)或未经(无TGFb,空白条)TGFb处理的LX2细胞和NFL中的水平。PKM2和a-SMA水平表示为与对照组相比的倍数变化。B、C、D、F部分中的误差条代表均值±标准误。(D)部分示出了通过TAA醇诱导肝纤维化并使用TEPP-46或溶媒处理的小鼠的肝脏切片中IF a-SMA(红色)和PKM2(绿色)共染色的代表性图像。共染色(黄色)表明肌成纤维细胞中存在PKM2。
图4示出了PKM2激活剂(DASA-10)降低了参与丝氨酸/甘氨酸代谢的代谢酶。通过qRT-PCR分析TGFβ处理后经DASA-10(黑色条)或DMSO(空白条)处理的LX2细胞中胶原蛋白(Col1A1)、PHGDH、PSAT1、SHMT1和SHMT2的mRNA的细胞水平。通过比较对照,细胞mRNA水平以倍数变化表示。误差条代表均值±标准误。
图5示出了PKM2激活剂逆转了胰腺炎。(A)部分是蛙皮素(红色箭头)胰腺炎诱导和随后的TEPP-46处理(绿色箭头)时间表的示意图。(B)部分示出了使用ImageJ软件对(C)部分中天狼星红染色的胶原蛋白水平进行定量。根据6只小鼠的测量值对定量进行计算。将每只动物四个随机选择的组织切片和每个切片中三个随机选择的视野进行了量化。天狼星红染色中胶原水平的数量以总面积%表示。B中的误差条代表均值±标准误。(C)部分示出了溶媒和TEPP-46处理的动物的胰腺切片的胶原蛋白天狼星红染色(上图)和H&E染色的代表性图像。
图6示出了用PKM2激活剂进行的治疗降低了心肌梗塞后的心肌纤维化。C57BL/6J小鼠(n=6/组)通过左心室结扎(LV)诱导心肌梗塞(MI)。假手术组是在未经LV的情况下进行了相同的手术的小鼠。70分钟后,解除LV。立即用TEPP-46或溶媒通过腹腔内注射对所有小鼠进行治疗。不对假手术组进行任何治疗。部分(A)示出了用指示药剂治疗的小鼠的梗塞区组织切片的Masson三色染色的代表性图像。蓝色显示胶原蛋白染色。比例尺为100mm。(B)部分示出了组织切片中胶原蛋白的三色染色定量。定量是从每个部分随机选择的4个字段的平均值。每只小鼠随机抽取4个切片。定量以蓝色染色胶原蛋白面积(%)表示。误差条代表均值±标准误。采用不成对双尾“学生”t检验,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001。
图7示出了DASA-10降低了LOX和LOXL2的表达。(A)部分示出了1x106的LX2和NLF细胞用DMSO或10μM DASA-10处理并在低氧条件下培养24小时。(B)部分示出了使用ImageJ计算LOX和LOXL2的相对谱带强度。(C)部分示出了分离并转化为cDNA的mRNA,并对LX2细胞中LOX和LOXL2的表达进行了qPCR。(D)部分示出了分离并转化为cDNA的mRNA,并对NLF细胞中LOX和LOXL2的表达进行了qPCR。
图8示出了TEPP-46降低了体内的LOX表达。(A)部分示出了用指定药剂治疗的小鼠的纤维化肺(上图)和肝(下图)组织在5μm处进行切片,并通过免疫组织化学染色对LOX进行检测。(B)部分示出了使用ImageJ对肺(上图)和肝(下图)中的LOX阳性面积进了定量。(C)部分示出了LOX活性测定是使用LOX活性试剂盒在博来霉素肺纤维化模型的肺溶解产物(左栏)和血清(右栏)中测量的。(D)部分示出了LOX活性测定是使用LOX活性试剂盒在TAA/醇肝纤维化模型的肝溶解产物(左栏)和血清(右栏)中测量的。
图9示出了PKM2激活剂(Mitapivat)对肌成纤维细胞中胶原蛋白产生的影响。(A)和(B)部分包括LX2中的羟脯氨酸,其中使用羟脯氨酸试剂盒对(A)部分和肺成纤维细胞(NFL)以及经(填充条)和未经(空白条)TGFβ处理的(B)部分进行了分析。经TGFβ处理后,用Mitapivat(灰色条)或溶媒(黑色条)对细胞进行处理。A和B中的羟脯氨酸以1x106细胞溶解产物中羟脯氨酸的μg表示。
Claims (30)
1.一种治疗患有由器官/组织纤维化引起的疾病的患者的方法,所述方法包括使用包含有效量的PKM2激活剂的药物组合物对有此需要的所述患者进行给药,其中所述PKM2激活剂降低了LOX蛋白表达并激活了PKM2。
2.根据权利要求所述的方法1,其中所述纤维化是肺纤维化。
3.根据权利要求所述的方法1,其中所述纤维化是胰腺纤维化或胰腺炎。
4.根据权利要求所述的方法1,其中所述PKM2激活剂是TEPP-46。
5.根据权利要求所述的方法1,其中所述纤维化是所述肝、肾、骨髓、心脏、胰腺、皮肤、肠、脉管系统或关节的纤维化。
6.根据权利要求所述的方法1,其中所述纤维化是胆管炎或酒精性肝炎。
7.根据权利要求所述的方法1,其中所述纤维化是非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)。
8.根据权利要求所述的方法1,其中所述纤维化是所述肺纤维化,包括IPF和COPD。
9.根据权利要求所述的方法1,其中所述纤维化是特发性肺纤维化。
10.根据权利要求所述的方法1,其中所述纤维化是在心脏病发作的心脏手术之后的心肌纤维化。
11.根据权利要求所述的方法1,其中所述纤维化存在于手术并发症和瘢痕中。
20.一种在哺乳动物中激活PKM2以降低受试者中器官组织原纤维合成和LOX蛋白表达并增加有此需要的肌成纤维细胞凋亡的方法,所述方法包括使用有效量的PKM2激活化合物对所述哺乳动物(所述受试者)进行给药。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述PKM2激活剂包括药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。
22.根据权利要求20所述的方法,进一步包括使用有效量的一种或多种化疗剂对所述受试者进行给药。
23.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中当用于人类时,所述化合物的所述治疗有效量为约0.5毫克至约1000毫克。
24.一种治疗有此需要的人的纤维化疾病的方法,所述方法包括使用有效量的PKM2激活剂对所述人进行给药,其中所述PKM2激活剂是TEPP-46。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述纤维化疾病是肝纤维化、肺纤维化、心脏纤维化、皮肤纤维化、骨髓纤维化或肠纤维化。
26.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述PKM2激活剂作为包含赋形剂、分散剂、增溶剂、稳定剂和/或防腐剂的药物组合物进行给药。
27.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述PKM2激活剂是是口服或肠道外给药。
28.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述PKM2激活剂是果糖-1,6-双磷酸、二硫苏糖醇、2,5-脱水-D-甘露醇1,6-双磷酸、AMP或磷酸烯醇丙酮酸。
29.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述PKM2激活剂降低所述LOX/L家族成员的所述表达。
30.一种在有此需要或有此风险的患者中抑制纤维化的方法,所述方法包括向使用有效量的PKM2激活剂对所述患者进行给药,其中所述纤维化与手术相关。
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