CN115291982A

CN115291982A - Page display method, device, equipment and storage medium

Info

Publication number: CN115291982A
Application number: CN202210800021.6A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 魏申鸿
Original assignee: Beijing Youzhuju Network Technology Co Ltd
Current assignee: Beijing Youzhuju Network Technology Co Ltd
Priority date: 2022-07-06
Filing date: 2022-07-06
Publication date: 2022-11-04

Abstract

The embodiment of the disclosure provides a page display method, a device, equipment and a storage medium, wherein the method comprises the following steps: responding to a target page loading request, and acquiring a target view information set created during historical display of a target page; according to a target view information set corresponding to a target page, determining pre-loading information corresponding to a first view to be pre-loaded, and pre-loading the first view based on the pre-loading information; and responding to a view creation triggering operation corresponding to the target page, creating a target view in the target page based on the preloaded first view, and displaying the created target page. Through the technical scheme of the embodiment of the disclosure, the utilization rate and the hit rate of the preloaded view can be effectively guaranteed, so that the display speed of the page is guaranteed, and the user experience is further improved.

Description

Page display method, device, equipment and storage medium

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to computer technologies, and in particular, to a page display method, apparatus, device, and storage medium.

Background

With the rapid development of computer technology, the page can be rapidly displayed in a mode of preloading views in the page, so that the starting speed of application software and the page sliding fluency are improved, and further the user experience is improved.

At present, preloaded information such as views to be preloaded, view preloading sequence and preloaded view number is generally determined manually based on business experience. However, the accuracy of the manually determined preloaded information depends heavily on the judgment of business experience, and is difficult to maintain in the iterative update process of the application software, so that the utilization rate and hit rate of the preloaded view cannot be effectively guaranteed, and the page display speed cannot be further guaranteed.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides a page display method, a page display device, page display equipment and a storage medium, which are used for effectively ensuring the utilization rate and hit rate of a preloaded view, so that the display speed of a page is ensured, and the user experience is further improved.

In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a page display method, including:

responding to a target page loading request, and acquiring a target view information set created during historical display of a target page;

according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, determining preloading information corresponding to a first view to be preloaded, and preloading the first view based on the preloading information;

and responding to a view creation trigger operation corresponding to the target page, creating a target view in the target page based on the first view after preloading is completed, and displaying the created target page.

In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure further provides a page display apparatus, including:

the target view information set acquisition module is used for responding to a target page loading request and acquiring a target view information set created during the historical display of a target page;

the first view preloading module is used for determining preloading information corresponding to a first view to be preloaded according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, and preloading the first view based on the preloading information;

and the target page display module is used for responding to the view creation triggering operation corresponding to the target page, creating a target view in the target page based on the first view after preloading is completed, and displaying the created target page.

In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure further provides an electronic device, where the electronic device includes:

one or more processors;

a storage device for storing one or more programs,

when the one or more programs are executed by the one or more processors, the one or more processors implement the page display method according to any one of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

In a fourth aspect, the embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a storage medium containing computer-executable instructions, which when executed by a computer processor, are used to perform the page display method according to any one of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

According to the method and the device for pre-loading the target view, the target view information set created during historical display of the target page is obtained in response to the target page loading request, namely the target view information set actually created during previous display of the target page, the target view information set can more accurately represent the actual display condition of the current software version, so that the pre-loading information corresponding to the first view to be pre-loaded can be dynamically and accurately determined according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, automatic determination of the pre-loading information is achieved, manual participation is not needed, the first view is pre-loaded based on the pre-loading information, more accurate first views can be pre-loaded within limited pre-loading time, further, triggering operation is created in response to the view corresponding to the target page, more target views to be created in the pre-loaded first view can be directly taken out, the utilization rate and the hit rate of the pre-loaded view can be effectively guaranteed, further, the display speed of the page is guaranteed, and user experience is improved.

Drawings

The above and other features, advantages and aspects of various embodiments of the present disclosure will become more apparent by referring to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numbers refer to the same or similar elements. It should be understood that the drawings are schematic and that elements and features are not necessarily drawn to scale.

Fig. 1 is a schematic flowchart of a page display method according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

fig. 2 is a schematic flowchart of a page display method according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

fig. 3 is a schematic flowchart of a page display method according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a page displaying apparatus according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Detailed Description

Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While certain embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it is to be understood that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein, but rather are provided for a more thorough and complete understanding of the present disclosure. It should be understood that the drawings and embodiments of the disclosure are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.

It should be understood that the various steps recited in the method embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in a different order, and/or performed in parallel. Moreover, method embodiments may include additional steps and/or omit performing the illustrated steps. The scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this respect.

The term "include" and variations thereof as used herein are open-ended, i.e., "including but not limited to". The term "based on" is "based, at least in part, on". The term "one embodiment" means "at least one embodiment"; the term "another embodiment" means "at least one additional embodiment"; the term "some embodiments" means "at least some embodiments". Relevant definitions for other terms will be given in the following description.

It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", and the like in the present disclosure are only used for distinguishing different devices, modules or units, and are not used for limiting the order or interdependence relationship of the functions performed by the devices, modules or units.

It is noted that references to "a", "an", and "the" modifications in this disclosure are intended to be illustrative rather than limiting, and that those skilled in the art will recognize that "one or more" may be used unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

The names of messages or information exchanged between devices in the embodiments of the present disclosure are for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the messages or information.

It is understood that before the technical solutions disclosed in the embodiments of the present disclosure are used, the type, the use range, the use scene, etc. of the personal information related to the present disclosure should be informed to the user and obtain the authorization of the user through a proper manner according to the relevant laws and regulations.

For example, in response to receiving an active request from a user, a prompt message is sent to the user to explicitly prompt the user that the requested operation to be performed would require the acquisition and use of personal information to the user. Thus, the user can autonomously select whether to provide personal information to software or hardware such as an electronic device, an application program, a server, or a storage medium that performs the operations of the disclosed technical solution, according to the prompt information.

As an optional but non-limiting implementation manner, in response to receiving an active request from the user, the manner of sending the prompt information to the user may be, for example, a pop-up window, and the prompt information may be presented in a text manner in the pop-up window. In addition, a selection control for providing personal information to the electronic device by the user's selection of "agreeing" or "disagreeing" can be carried in the pop-up window.

It is understood that the above notification and user authorization process is only illustrative and not limiting, and other ways of satisfying relevant laws and regulations may be applied to the implementation of the present disclosure.

Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a page display method provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure, where the embodiment of the present disclosure is applicable to a case of displaying any page in application software, and the method may be executed by a page display apparatus, and the apparatus may be implemented in a form of software and/or hardware, or optionally implemented by an electronic device, and the electronic device may be a mobile terminal, a PC terminal, a server, or the like.

As shown in fig. 1, the page display method specifically includes the following steps:

s110, responding to the target page loading request, and acquiring a target view information set created during target page history display.

The target page may refer to a current page to be displayed, which needs to preload a view. The embodiment can set the page needing to preload the view based on the business requirement. For example, the home page of the application software can be used as a page needing a preloaded view, so that the display speed of the home page is improved, and the starting time is shortened; the page supporting the sliding can also be used as the page needing the preloading view, so that the fluency of the page sliding can be improved. The page form corresponding to the page needing the preloaded view can be various, for example, a popup floating window can also be used as a page needing the preloaded view, and the like. The target view information set may refer to a set formed by various view information created each time the target page is historically displayed. Each time the target page is presented before the current time, a corresponding set of target view information is cached. Different pages correspond to different use scenes, so that under the same use scene, namely for the same page, all the view information created when the page is displayed every time is collected and cached as a view information set. The target view information set in this embodiment may be, for a user currently using application software, a user Profile corresponding to a target page, and is used to store each piece of view information created in the target page.

Specifically, for a user currently using application software, if an open trigger operation of the user on a target page is detected, for example, an operation of clicking an application software icon or an operation of clicking a target page link by the user, a main thread of a client may generate a target page loading request and send the target page loading request to a server, so as to display a loaded target page. When the asynchronous sub-thread of the client detects a target page loading request, a target view information set created when the target page history is displayed each time can be obtained from the cache database, and the number of the obtained target view information sets is one or more.

Exemplarily, before S110, the method may further include: collecting a view information set created when each page is displayed, and caching the view information set collected when each page is displayed; accordingly, S110 may include: and determining a target view information set corresponding to the target page based on the view information set corresponding to each currently cached page and the target page identifier corresponding to the target page.

The target page identifier may refer to information for uniquely identifying the target page, so as to distinguish different pages, i.e., different usage scenarios. Specifically, in the process that a user uses application software, a corresponding view information set may be collected for each page that needs to be preloaded with a view at each presentation, and the collected view information set of the page at the presentation may be stored in the cache database, for example, each collected page identifier and the corresponding view information set may be cached, and a mapping relationship between the page identifier and the view information set may be established, so that when a target page needs to be presented, each target view information set corresponding to the target page, that is, all target view information sets collected when the target page currently cached is previously presented may be determined based on the mapping relationship between the page identifier currently cached and the view information set and the target page identifier, and one target view information set exists for each presentation of the target page.

It should be noted that, different pages have different contents of display, and the created views are different, so that the views of different pages that need to be preloaded are different, and therefore, view information sets, i.e., profiles, under different pages need to be separately collected, so as to ensure a high utilization rate and a high hit rate of each page preloading.

S120, according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, determining preloading information corresponding to a first view to be preloaded, and preloading the first view based on the preloading information.

The first view may refer to a view that needs asynchronous sub-thread preloading in the process of loading the target page by the main thread. The number of the first views is plural. The preloaded information corresponding to each first view may include: and the target view name information, the target view priority information and the target view quantity information corresponding to the first view. The target view priority information may be used to characterize the pre-loaded precedence of the first view. The target view quantity information may refer to a quantity of the first view that needs to be preloaded. Multiple identical views may be included in the destination page.

Specifically, the asynchronous sub-thread of the client may perform view statistics on all target view information sets corresponding to target pages obtained from the cache database, use a view with a high history frequency as a first view, and determine pre-loading information corresponding to each first view. And preloading the corresponding first views based on the preloading information corresponding to each first view, and storing the preloaded first views into a cache pool, so that the asynchronous sub-thread can create views required by target page display in advance, and the display speed of the target page is improved.

It should be noted that, if the function of the target page changes or the usage habit of the user changes during the iterative update process of the application software, the view information displayed in the target page changes, and a new target view information set is cached when the target page is displayed, so that the target view information set can more accurately represent the actual display condition of the current software version. And different users have different use habits, for example, in the same page position, the user a in different regions shows the view 1, and the user B shows the view 2, so that the collected target view information sets are different according to different user use habits, and the target view information sets can represent the personalized display of the current user more accurately. Therefore, the first view needing to be preloaded at each time can be dynamically and accurately determined based on the cached target view information set, so that more accurate first views can be loaded in limited preloading time, and the utilization rate and hit rate of the preloaded views are improved.

S130, responding to a view creation triggering operation corresponding to the target page, creating a target view in the target page based on the preloaded first view, and displaying the created target page.

Specifically, when the main thread of the client needs to create a target view in the target page, each first view that the asynchronous sub-thread completes preloading can be directly acquired, and all target views in the target page are created. For example, for each target view to be created in the target page, matching the target view with each first view which is preloaded; if the matching is successful, the first view which is successfully matched is used as the target view, so that the target view can be directly taken out from the cache pool without creating the target view. If the matching fails, a new target view needs to be created. The target page may be exposed after all of the target views are created. The more target views are directly taken out from the preloaded first views, the more view creation time can be saved, so that the target page can be displayed faster, and the display speed of the target page is improved. It should be noted that, after the target page is displayed, information of each target view created by the target page during the secondary display (including preloading each created view and each newly created view) may be collected, and the collected target view information set is cached, so that the target view information set during each display may be cached in real time, and the utilization rate and hit rate of the preloaded view during the subsequent display of the target page may be ensured.

Wherein usage may refer to preloaded view usage frequency. For example, the ratio between the number of view uses and the number of preloaded views may be determined as the usage rate. If the usage of the preloaded views is lower, the less preloaded views are actually consumed, so that the preloaded views are wasted on running resources. Hit rate may refer to the probability of a view being fetched from the cache pool. For example, the ratio between the number of hits in the cache and the number of views created may be determined as the hit rate. The higher the hit rate is, the more the target view in the target page is created, the more the target view can be directly taken out of the cache pool, so that the time consumption of the main thread is shorter. Therefore, the embodiment can pre-load the first view which can be directly used in the target page more accurately by using the target view information set of the target page during the history display, and improves the utilization rate and hit rate of the pre-loaded view.

According to the technical scheme of the embodiment of the disclosure, a target view information set created during historical display of a target page is obtained by responding to a target page loading request, namely the target view information set actually created during previous display of the target page, and the target view information set can more accurately represent the actual display condition of a current software version, so that pre-loading information corresponding to a first view to be pre-loaded can be dynamically and accurately determined according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, automatic determination of the pre-loading information is realized, manual participation is not needed, the first view is pre-loaded based on the pre-loading information, more accurate first views can be pre-loaded within limited pre-loading time, further, triggering operation is created in response to the view corresponding to the target page, more target views to be created in the pre-loaded first view can be directly taken out, the utilization rate and the hit rate of the pre-loaded view can be effectively guaranteed, further, the page display speed is guaranteed, and user experience is improved.

On the basis of the above technical solution, the "determining the pre-loading information corresponding to the first view to be pre-loaded according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page" in S120 may include: and if the set number of the target view information sets corresponding to the target page is detected to be larger than or equal to the preset set number, determining the pre-loading information corresponding to the first view to be pre-loaded according to each target view information set corresponding to the target page.

Specifically, after all target view information sets corresponding to the target pages are obtained from the cache database, whether the number of the target view information sets is greater than or equal to a preset set number X or not can be detected, whether the target pages are displayed for X times before the current time or not is determined, if yes, the obtained target view information sets are enough, intelligent preloading operation can be performed on the basis of the obtained target view information sets, and accuracy of preloaded views is further guaranteed. If the number of the target view information sets is less than the preset set number X, it indicates that the target page has not been displayed for X times, and the acquired target view information sets are not enough to support intelligent preloading, and at this time, preloading of views can be performed based on an original preloading mode, for example, manually-specified views in a configuration file are preloaded, so that preloading of views can be realized when the acquired target view information sets are not enough, for example, when application software is used for the first time, and the adaptability and accuracy of preloaded views are ensured.

On the basis of the foregoing technical solution, the "preloading a first view based on preloading information" in S120 may include: determining a preloading sequence corresponding to the first views based on the target view priority information corresponding to each first view to be preloaded; and preloading each first view according to the target view name information and the target view quantity information corresponding to each first view based on the preloading sequence.

Specifically, the preloading orders of the first views may be sorted based on the priority information of the target views corresponding to each first view, so as to obtain a preloading order with sequentially reduced priority information, and then, according to the preloading order, the preloading may be sequentially performed based on the name information of the target views and the number information of the target views corresponding to each first view, for example, the corresponding first views may be queried based on the name information of the target views, and the first views of the number information of the target views are loaded, so that the most important first views, for example, the first views which hit first may be preferentially loaded within a limited preloading time, and the first views with a proper number may be loaded, thereby avoiding a situation that the hit rate is low due to too small number of loaded first views or the usage rate is low due to too large number of loaded first views, and further improving the hit rate and usage rate of view preloading.

Fig. 2 is a schematic flow chart of a page display method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, where the embodiment of the present disclosure optimizes the step of "acquiring a view information set created when each page is displayed every time" on the basis of the above-mentioned embodiment, and optimizes the step of "caching a view information set acquired when each page is displayed every time" on the basis of the optimized step. Wherein explanations of the same or corresponding terms as those of the above-disclosed embodiments are omitted.

As shown in fig. 2, the page display method specifically includes the following steps:

s210, if a plurality of second views are created in the current display page, view information corresponding to each second view is determined based on a view creation mode, a view creation sequence number and view creation times corresponding to each second view.

The currently displayed page may refer to a page currently being displayed in the application software. The second view may refer to a view in the currently presented page. The number of the second views is plural. The view creation means may be means for creating a view. The view creation mode may include a new mode or a mode of initializing infilateview by layout based on the layout identifier layout id. For example, the new way is: new XXXView (context). The method for initializing layout InflatView based on the layout identifier layout Id is as follows: val view = layout. The view creation sequence number corresponding to the second view may refer to a creation sequence number of the second view in the current presentation page, and is used to represent a creation sequence of the views. Every time a second view in the current presentation page is created, the view creation sequence number is incremented by 1. The larger the view creation sequence number corresponding to the second view is, the more the second view is created first. The creation number of views corresponding to the second view may refer to the creation number corresponding to the same view in the current presentation page. And adding 1 to the view creation times corresponding to the second view every time the same second view is created. The view information corresponding to the second view may refer to pre-loaded information when the second view is pre-loaded. The view information corresponding to the second view may include: and second view name information, second view priority information and second view quantity information corresponding to the second view. The second view priority information may be used to characterize the preloading order of the second view, for example, a higher second view priority information indicates that the second view is more important, and the preloading is prioritized, so as to improve the utilization rate and hit rate of the preloading.

Specifically, after the page is displayed, that is, when the user enters the use scene corresponding to the currently displayed page, the view creation mode, the view creation sequence number, and the view creation frequency corresponding to each second view created by the currently displayed page during the secondary display may be acquired in real time, and the view information corresponding to each second view is determined based on these information.

Illustratively, S210 may include: for each second view, determining second view name information corresponding to the second view based on a view creation mode corresponding to the second view; determining second view priority information corresponding to a second view based on a view creation sequence number of the second view in a current display page; and determining second view quantity information corresponding to the second view based on the view creation times of the second view in the current display page.

Specifically, for each second view, if the view creation mode corresponding to the second view is a new mode, the class name className corresponding to the second view is used as the second view name information corresponding to the second view, so that the second view is created in a class name reflection mode. For example, the class name corresponding to the second view is XXXView. If the view creation mode corresponding to the second view is a mode of initializing the infilterview by layout based on the layout identifier layout id, the layout name information layout name corresponding to the layout identifier layout id of the second view can be obtained, and the layout name information layout name is used as the second view name information corresponding to the second view. It should be noted that, in the software iteration process, the layout id is automatically generated and is easy to change, and the layout name is a name for the layout, and generally does not change, and is more stable than the layout id, so that the corresponding second view can be queried more accurately based on the layout name, and the accuracy of the preloaded view is further ensured. And if the same second view is only created once in the current display page, determining the view creation sequence number corresponding to the creation as the second view priority information corresponding to the second view. And if the same second view is created in the current display page for multiple times, averaging the view creation sequence numbers corresponding to the creation of each time, and determining the obtained average value as the second view priority information corresponding to the second view. The number of times the second view is created in the current presentation page may be used as the second view number information corresponding to the second view, that is, the number of the second view included in the current presentation page.

S220, generating a view information set corresponding to the current display page based on the view information corresponding to all the second views.

Specifically, all view information corresponding to all second views in the current display page may be combined to obtain a view information set acquired when the current display page is displayed at the time. For example, the view information set corresponding to the current display page is as follows: { [ "className": com.s.android.buzz.section.content.BuzzFeedContentView "," count ": 5", "layout Name": "", "priority":21], [ "className": "", "count": 2"," layout Name ": feed _ video _ feed _ card _ layout _ vertical _ with _ section2", "priority":22] … }.

It should be noted that, if only one second view is created in the current presentation page, the view information corresponding to the second view may be directly used as the view information set corresponding to the current presentation page, that is, only one view information exists in the view information set.

And S230, caching the view information set collected in the current display page at the current time if the page display time length corresponding to the current display page is detected to be greater than or equal to the preset time length and the total number of views created in the current display page is detected to be greater than or equal to the preset view number.

The page display duration may be a display duration between a display start time and a display end time of the page. The presentation end time may refer to a time when the user closes the page. The preset duration may be a preset shortest duration corresponding to effective display of the page. The preset view number may refer to a minimum value of the total number of views included in the effective page.

Specifically, the page display duration corresponding to the current display page and the total number of views created in the current display page may be obtained, and it is detected whether the page display duration is greater than or equal to a preset duration, if so, it is indicated that the current collected view information set conforms to the normal behavior of the user, and the collected view information set is valid. Meanwhile, whether the total number of the views is larger than or equal to the preset number of the views or not can be detected, and if yes, the current display page seen by the user is a normal page and a non-abnormal page. When the page display duration is greater than or equal to the preset duration and the total number of views is greater than or equal to the preset number of views, the view information set collected in the current display page at the current time can be exported to a local cache database, so that the cached view information set can be ensured to be effective, and the accuracy of subsequently preloading the views in the page can be ensured.

Exemplarily, after S230, the method may further include: if the set number of the view information sets corresponding to the current cached display page is detected to be larger than the preset set number, determining a difference value between the set number of the view information sets and the preset set number; and sequencing the view information sets based on the cache time corresponding to each view information set, and deleting the view information sets with the difference number of the earlier cache time.

The preset set number N may be the number of view information sets corresponding to each page cached at most in the cache database. Specifically, each time the same page is displayed, a view information set corresponding to the page is cached. Because the latest cached view information set can represent the current use state of the page better, the view information set with the early caching time has little meaning, so that when the set number of the view information sets corresponding to the currently cached front display page is greater than the preset set number, the view information sets with the different number of the early caching time can be deleted, so that only N recently cached view information sets are stored, and the accuracy of subsequent view preloading can be ensured while the caching space is reduced.

It should be noted that, in this embodiment, the view to be preloaded may be determined based on the recently cached N view information sets, so that, in the software iterative update process, the view information set corresponding to the old function is replaced by the view information set corresponding to the new function, thereby ensuring that the preloaded view is matched with the function currently used by the user, and further improving the robustness of the preloading.

S240, responding to the target page loading request, and determining a target view information set corresponding to the target page based on the view information set corresponding to each currently cached page and the target page identification corresponding to the target page.

S250, according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, determining pre-loading information corresponding to the first view to be pre-loaded, and pre-loading the first view based on the pre-loading information.

And S260, responding to a view creation triggering operation corresponding to the target page, creating a target view in the target page based on the preloaded first view, and displaying the created target page.

According to the technical scheme of the embodiment of the disclosure, the view information corresponding to each second view is determined based on the view creation mode, the view creation sequence number and the view creation times corresponding to each second view created by the current display page, and the view information set corresponding to the current display page is generated based on each view information corresponding to each second view, so that the view information set of each page during each display can be acquired in real time. When the page display duration corresponding to the current display page is detected to be greater than or equal to the preset duration and the total number of views created in the current display page is detected to be greater than or equal to the preset view number, caching the view information set collected in the current display page at the current time, so that the cached view information set can be guaranteed to be effective, and the accuracy of the subsequent preloaded views is guaranteed.

Fig. 3 is a schematic flowchart of a page display method provided by the embodiment of the present disclosure, and the embodiment of the present disclosure optimizes the step "determining the preloading information corresponding to the first view to be preloaded according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page" on the basis of the embodiment of the present disclosure. Wherein explanations of the same or corresponding terms as those of the above-disclosed embodiments are omitted.

As shown in fig. 3, the page display method specifically includes the following steps:

s310, responding to the target page loading request, and acquiring a target view information set created during the history display of the target page.

S320, determining the display times corresponding to each third view created during historical display in the target page based on each target view information set corresponding to the target page, and determining the first view to be preloaded from the third views based on the display times.

The third view may refer to a view included in the target view information set, that is, a view created when the target page is displayed before. The number of times of presentation corresponding to the third view may be the number of times that the third view is presented in all the historical number of times of presentation of the target page. The number of presentations corresponding to the third view can be used for representing the occurrence frequency of the third view. If the number of corresponding display times of the third view is more, the higher the appearance frequency of the third view is.

Specifically, for each third view, whether each target view information set corresponding to the target page includes the third view may be detected, and if yes, the number of display times corresponding to the third view is increased by 1, so that the number of target view information sets including the third view may be used as the number of display times corresponding to the third view, and the number of display times may more accurately represent the current use condition of the third view. Based on the display times corresponding to the third views, the first view to be preloaded can be accurately determined from the third views, so that the utilization rate and the hit rate of the preloaded views can be guaranteed, the display speed of the page is guaranteed, and the user experience is improved.

Exemplarily, the determining the first view to be preloaded from the third view based on the number of presentations in S320 may include: determining a third view with the display times larger than or equal to the preset times as a first view to be preloaded; and if a third view which is displayed for a preset number of times continuously exists recently, taking the third view as the first view to be preloaded.

Specifically, each third view having a presentation number greater than or equal to a preset number may be determined as the first view to be preloaded. In this embodiment, the number of display times corresponding to each third view may also be divided by the number of the target view information sets to obtain the appearance frequency corresponding to each third view, and each third view with the appearance frequency greater than or equal to the preset frequency is determined as the first view to be preloaded. The third view with more display times or higher occurrence frequency is used as the first view, so that the utilization rate and hit rate of the first view after preloading can be improved, and the page display efficiency is further improved.

In the software iteration process, if the old version uses view a, the new version uses view B, the number of preset sets N is 30, the preset times is 15, that is, the preset frequency is 50%, the view B is determined to be the first view to be loaded after being displayed 15 times, and the convergence speed is too slow, so that it can be detected whether each third view has been displayed for the last continuous preset times C, that is, whether the same third view exists in the C target view information sets cached recently, and whether the third view does not exist in the target view information set cached previously, if so, it indicates that the third view is the view used by the new version, and at this time, the third view can be directly used as the first view to be preloaded, so that the convergence speed can be accelerated, and the usage rate and the hit rate of the preloaded first view can be further ensured.

It should be noted that, if there is a third view in the previously cached target view information sets and there is no third view in the most recently cached C target view information sets, it indicates that the third view is no longer used by the new version, and at this time, the third view does not need to be preloaded.

S330, obtaining each view information corresponding to the first view from each target view information set containing the first view, and determining the pre-loading information corresponding to the first view based on each view information corresponding to the first view.

Specifically, for each first view, each view information corresponding to the first view may be obtained from each target view information set including the first view. Each view information may include: view name information, view priority information, and view number information corresponding to the first view. And performing fusion processing based on each view information corresponding to the first view, and determining the pre-loading information corresponding to the first view.

For example, the determining of the preloaded information corresponding to the first view based on the respective view information corresponding to the first view in S330 may include: acquiring target view name information corresponding to a first view; carrying out average processing on the priority information of each view corresponding to the first view, and determining the priority information of a target view corresponding to the first view; and averaging the view quantity information corresponding to the first view, and determining the target view quantity information corresponding to the first view.

Specifically, the view name information corresponding to the first view may be used as the target view name information corresponding to the first view. And averaging the priority information of each view corresponding to the first view, wherein the obtained average value is used as the priority information of the target view corresponding to the first view. And averaging the view quantity information corresponding to the first view, wherein the obtained average value is used as the target view quantity information corresponding to the first view.

And S340, preloading the first view based on the preloading information.

Specifically, according to the target view priority information corresponding to each first view, the first views are sorted from high to low in priority, and a preloading order with sequentially reduced priority is obtained. According to the preloading sequence, each first view and the corresponding view quantity are created based on the target view name information and the target view quantity information corresponding to the first views, so that the most important first views can be loaded preferentially in limited preloading time, the first views with proper quantity are loaded, the condition that the hit rate is low due to too small loading quantity of the first views or the utilization rate is low due to too large loading quantity of the first views is avoided, and the hit rate and the utilization rate of the preloaded views are further improved.

And S350, responding to a view creation triggering operation corresponding to the target page, creating a target view in the target page based on the preloaded first view, and displaying the created target page.

According to the technical scheme, the display times corresponding to each third view created during historical display in the target page are determined based on the target view information sets corresponding to the target page, and the first view to be preloaded can be accurately determined from each third view based on the display times, so that the utilization rate and hit rate of preloaded views can be guaranteed, the display speed of the page is guaranteed, and user experience is improved.

Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a page displaying apparatus provided in an embodiment of the present disclosure, and as shown in fig. 4, the apparatus specifically includes: a target view information set acquisition module 410, a first view preloading module 420 and a target page presentation module 430.

The target view information set obtaining module 410 is configured to, in response to a target page loading request, obtain a target view information set created when a target page history is displayed; the first view preloading module 420 is configured to determine, according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, preloading information corresponding to a first view to be preloaded, and preload the first view based on the preloading information; and the target page display module 430 is configured to, in response to a view creation trigger operation corresponding to the target page, create a target view in the target page based on the preloaded first view, and display the created target page.

According to the technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the disclosure, the target view information set created during historical display of the target page is obtained by responding to the target page loading request, namely the target view information set actually created during previous display of the target page, and the target view information set can more accurately represent the actual display condition of the current software version, so that the pre-loading information corresponding to the first view to be pre-loaded can be dynamically and accurately determined according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, the automatic determination of the pre-loading information is realized, manual participation is not needed, and the first view is pre-loaded based on the pre-loading information, so that more accurate first views can be pre-loaded within limited pre-loading time, further, the triggering operation is created in response to the view corresponding to the target page, more target views to be created in the pre-loaded first view can be directly taken out, the utilization rate and hit rate of the views can be effectively guaranteed, further, the page display speed is guaranteed, and the user experience is improved.

On the basis of the technical scheme, the device further comprises:

a view information collection module, configured to collect the view information collection created during each display of each page before acquiring the target view information collection created during historical display of the target page in response to the target page loading request

The view information set caching module is used for caching the view information set acquired when each page is displayed each time;

the target view information set obtaining module 410 is specifically configured to: and determining a target view information set corresponding to the target page based on the view information set corresponding to each currently cached page and the target page identifier corresponding to the target page.

On the basis of the above technical solutions, the view information collection module includes:

the view information determining unit is used for determining view information corresponding to each second view based on a view creation mode, a view creation sequence number and view creation times corresponding to each second view if the plurality of second views are created in the current display page;

and the view information set generating unit is used for generating a view information set corresponding to the current display page based on the view information corresponding to all the second views.

On the basis of the above technical solutions, the view information corresponding to the second view includes: second view name information, second view priority information and second view quantity information corresponding to the second view;

the view information determining unit is specifically configured to: for each second view, determining second view name information corresponding to the second view based on a view creation mode corresponding to the second view; determining second view priority information corresponding to the second view based on the view creation sequence number of the second view in the current display page; and determining second view quantity information corresponding to the second view based on the view creation times of the second view in the current display page.

On the basis of the above technical solutions, the view information set caching module is specifically configured to:

if the page display duration corresponding to the current display page is detected to be greater than or equal to the preset duration and the total number of the views created in the current display page is detected to be greater than or equal to the preset number of the views, caching the view information set collected in the current display page at the current time.

On the basis of the above technical solutions, the apparatus further includes:

a view information set deletion module to: after caching the view information set collected in the current display page at the current time, if the set number of the view information sets corresponding to the current display page cached at the current time is detected to be larger than the preset set number, determining a difference value between the set number of the view information sets and the preset set number; and sequencing the view information sets based on the cache time corresponding to each view information set, and deleting the view information sets with the difference number with the earlier cache time.

On the basis of the above technical solutions, the first view preloading module 420 is specifically configured to:

and if the set number of the target view information sets corresponding to the target page is detected to be larger than or equal to the preset set number, determining preloading information corresponding to a first view to be preloaded according to each target view information set corresponding to the target page.

On the basis of the above technical solutions, the first view preloading module 420 includes:

a first view determining unit, configured to determine, based on each target view information set corresponding to the target page, a number of display times corresponding to each third view created during historical display in the target page, and determine, based on the number of display times, a first view to be preloaded from the third views;

a preloaded information determining unit, configured to obtain, from each target view information set including the first view, each piece of view information corresponding to the first view, and determine, based on each piece of view information corresponding to the first view, preloaded information corresponding to the first view.

On the basis of the above technical solutions, the first view determining unit is specifically configured to:

determining a third view with the display times larger than or equal to preset times as a first view to be preloaded; and if a third view which is displayed for a preset number of times continuously exists recently, taking the third view as the first view to be preloaded.

On the basis of the above technical solutions, the preloaded information determining unit is specifically configured to:

acquiring target view name information corresponding to the first view; carrying out average processing on the priority information of each view corresponding to the first view, and determining the priority information of a target view corresponding to the first view; and averaging the view quantity information corresponding to the first view, and determining the target view quantity information corresponding to the first view.

On the basis of the above technical solutions, the first view preloading module 420 is further specifically configured to:

determining a preloading sequence corresponding to each first view to be preloaded based on target view priority information corresponding to the first view; and preloading each first view according to the target view name information and the target view quantity information corresponding to each first view based on the preloading sequence.

The page display device provided by the embodiment of the disclosure can execute the page display method provided by any embodiment of the disclosure, and has the corresponding functional module and beneficial effect of executing the page display method.

It should be noted that, the units and modules included in the apparatus are merely divided according to functional logic, but are not limited to the above division as long as the corresponding functions can be implemented; in addition, specific names of the functional units are only used for distinguishing one functional unit from another, and are not used for limiting the protection scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Referring now to fig. 5, a schematic diagram of an electronic device (e.g., the terminal device or the server in fig. 5) 500 suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. The terminal device in the embodiments of the present disclosure may include, but is not limited to, a mobile terminal such as a mobile phone, a notebook computer, a digital broadcast receiver, a PDA (personal digital assistant), a PAD (tablet computer), a PMP (portable multimedia player), a vehicle terminal (e.g., a car navigation terminal), and the like, and a fixed terminal such as a digital TV, a desktop computer, and the like. The electronic device shown in fig. 5 is only an example, and should not bring any limitation to the functions and the scope of use of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

As shown in fig. 5, electronic device 500 may include a processing means (e.g., central processing unit, graphics processor, etc.) 501 that may perform various appropriate actions and processes in accordance with a program stored in a Read Only Memory (ROM) 502 or a program loaded from a storage means 508 into a Random Access Memory (RAM) 503. In the RAM 503, various programs and data necessary for the operation of the electronic apparatus 500 are also stored. The processing device 501, the ROM 502, and the RAM 503 are connected to each other through a bus 504. An editing/output (I/O) interface 505 is also connected to bus 504.

Generally, the following devices may be connected to the I/O interface 505: input devices 506 including, for example, a touch screen, touch pad, keyboard, mouse, camera, microphone, accelerometer, gyroscope, etc.; output devices 507 including, for example, a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), speakers, vibrators, and the like; storage devices 508 including, for example, magnetic tape, hard disk, etc.; and a communication device 509. The communication means 509 may allow the electronic device 500 to communicate with other devices wirelessly or by wire to exchange data. While fig. 5 illustrates an electronic device 500 having various means, it is to be understood that not all illustrated means are required to be implemented or provided. More or fewer devices may be alternatively implemented or provided.

In particular, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the processes described above with reference to the flowcharts may be implemented as computer software programs. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure include a computer program product comprising a computer program carried on a non-transitory computer readable medium, the computer program containing program code for performing the method illustrated by the flow chart. In such an embodiment, the computer program may be downloaded and installed from a network via the communication means 509, or installed from the storage means 508, or installed from the ROM 502. The computer program performs the above-described functions defined in the methods of the embodiments of the present disclosure when executed by the processing device 501.

The electronic device provided by the embodiment of the disclosure and the page display method provided by the embodiment belong to the same inventive concept, and technical details which are not described in detail in the embodiment can be referred to the embodiment, and the embodiment have the same beneficial effects.

The embodiment of the present disclosure provides a computer storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, and when the program is executed by a processor, the page display method provided by the above embodiment is implemented.

It should be noted that the computer readable medium in the present disclosure can be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium or any combination of the two. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium may include, but are not limited to: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the present disclosure, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. In contrast, in the present disclosure, a computer readable signal medium may comprise a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, either in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated data signal may take many forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to: electrical wires, optical cables, RF (radio frequency), etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the clients, servers may communicate using any currently known or future developed network Protocol, such as HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), and may interconnect with any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., a communications network). Examples of communication networks include a local area network ("LAN"), a wide area network ("WAN"), the Internet (e.g., the Internet), and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., ad hoc peer-to-peer networks), as well as any currently known or future developed network.

The computer readable medium may be embodied in the electronic device; or may be separate and not incorporated into the electronic device.

The computer readable medium carries one or more programs which, when executed by the electronic device, cause the electronic device to:

the computer readable medium carries one or more programs which, when executed by the electronic device, cause the electronic device to: responding to a target page loading request, and acquiring a target view information set created during historical display of a target page; according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, determining preloading information corresponding to a first view to be preloaded, and preloading the first view based on the preloading information; and responding to a view creation triggering operation corresponding to the target page, creating a target view in the target page based on the preloaded first view, and displaying the created target page.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including but not limited to an object oriented programming language such as Java, smalltalk, C + +, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the "C" programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the case of a remote computer, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a Local Area Network (LAN) or a Wide Area Network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet service provider).

The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

The units described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by software or hardware. Where the name of a unit does not in some cases constitute a limitation of the unit itself, for example, the first retrieving unit may also be described as a "unit for retrieving at least two internet protocol addresses".

The functions described herein above may be performed, at least in part, by one or more hardware logic components. For example, without limitation, exemplary types of hardware logic components that may be used include: field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), application Specific Standard Products (ASSPs), systems on a chip (SOCs), complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), and the like.

In the context of this disclosure, a machine-readable medium may be a tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine-readable medium may be a machine-readable signal medium or a machine-readable storage medium. A machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of a machine-readable storage medium would include an electrical connection based on one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber, a compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example one ] there is provided a page presentation method, including:

according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, determining pre-loading information corresponding to a first view to be pre-loaded, and pre-loading the first view based on the pre-loading information;

and responding to a view creation triggering operation corresponding to the target page, creating a target view in the target page based on the preloaded first view, and displaying the created target page.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example two ] there is provided a page display method, further comprising:

optionally, before responding to the target page loading request and acquiring the target view information set created during the history display of the target page, the method further includes:

collecting a view information set created when each page is displayed, and caching the view information set collected when each page is displayed;

the obtaining of the target view information set created during the historical display of the target page includes:

and determining a target view information set corresponding to the target page based on the view information set corresponding to each currently cached page and the target page identifier corresponding to the target page.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example three ] there is provided a page display method, further comprising:

optionally, the collecting a view information set created when each page is displayed includes:

if a plurality of second views are created in the current display page, determining view information corresponding to each second view based on a view creation mode, a view creation sequence number and view creation times corresponding to each second view;

and generating a view information set corresponding to the current display page based on the view information corresponding to all the second views.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example four ] there is provided a page presentation method, further comprising:

optionally, the view information corresponding to the second view includes: second view name information, second view priority information and second view quantity information corresponding to the second view;

the determining the view information corresponding to each second view based on the view creation mode, the view creation sequence number and the view creation times corresponding to each second view comprises:

for each second view, determining second view name information corresponding to the second view based on a view creation mode corresponding to the second view;

determining second view priority information corresponding to the second view based on the view creation sequence number of the second view in the current display page;

and determining second view quantity information corresponding to the second view based on the view creation times of the second view in the current display page.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example five ] there is provided a page presentation method, further comprising:

optionally, the caching the view information set acquired when each page is displayed each time includes:

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example six ] there is provided a page display method, further comprising:

optionally, after caching the view information set collected at the current time in the current display page, the method further includes:

if the set number of the view information sets corresponding to the current cached display page is detected to be larger than the preset set number, determining a difference value between the set number of the view information sets and the preset set number;

and sequencing the view information sets based on the cache time corresponding to each view information set, and deleting the view information sets with the difference number with the earlier cache time.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example seven ] there is provided a page presentation method, further comprising:

optionally, the determining, according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, pre-loading information corresponding to a first view to be pre-loaded includes:

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example eight ] there is provided a page display method, further comprising:

determining the display times corresponding to each third view created during historical display in the target page based on each target view information set corresponding to the target page, and determining a first view to be preloaded from the third views based on the display times;

and obtaining each view information corresponding to the first view from each target view information set containing the first view, and determining the pre-loading information corresponding to the first view based on each view information corresponding to the first view.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example nine ] there is provided a page display method, further comprising:

optionally, the determining, based on the number of displaying times, the first view to be preloaded from the third view includes:

determining the third view with the display times larger than or equal to the preset times as a first view to be preloaded;

and if a third view which is displayed for a preset number of times continuously exists recently, taking the third view as the first view to be preloaded.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example ten ] there is provided a page presentation method, further comprising:

optionally, the determining the pre-loading information corresponding to the first view based on the information of each view corresponding to the first view includes:

acquiring target view name information corresponding to the first view;

carrying out average processing on the priority information of each view corresponding to the first view, and determining the priority information of a target view corresponding to the first view;

and averaging the view quantity information corresponding to the first view, and determining the target view quantity information corresponding to the first view.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example eleven ] there is provided a page display method, further comprising:

optionally, the preloading the first view based on the preloading information includes:

determining a preloading sequence corresponding to each first view to be preloaded based on target view priority information corresponding to the first view;

and preloading each first view according to the target view name information and the target view quantity information corresponding to each first view based on the preloading sequence.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, [ example twelve ] there is provided a page displaying apparatus comprising:

The foregoing description is only exemplary of the preferred embodiments of the disclosure and is illustrative of the principles of the technology employed. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the scope of the disclosure herein is not limited to the particular combination of features described above, but also encompasses other embodiments in which any combination of the features described above or their equivalents does not depart from the spirit of the disclosure. For example, the above features and the technical features disclosed in the present disclosure (but not limited to) having similar functions are replaced with each other to form the technical solution.

Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order. Under certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are included in the above discussion, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination.

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.

Claims

1. A page display method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

2. The page display method according to claim 1, wherein before acquiring the target view information set created during the history display of the target page in response to the target page loading request, the method further comprises:

acquiring a view information set created when each page is displayed, and caching the view information set acquired when each page is displayed;

3. The method for displaying pages according to claim 2, wherein said collecting the view information set created by each page display comprises:

4. The page display method according to claim 3, wherein the view information corresponding to the second view comprises: second view name information, second view priority information and second view quantity information corresponding to the second view;

the determining the view information corresponding to each second view based on the view creation mode, the view creation sequence number, and the view creation frequency corresponding to each second view includes:

5. The page display method according to claim 2, wherein caching the view information set collected each time each page is displayed comprises:

6. The page display method according to claim 5, wherein after caching the view information set collected at the current time in the current display page, the method further comprises:

7. The page display method according to claim 1, wherein the determining, according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, pre-loading information corresponding to a first view to be pre-loaded comprises:

8. The page display method according to claim 1, wherein the determining, according to the target view information set corresponding to the target page, pre-loading information corresponding to a first view to be pre-loaded comprises:

9. The page display method according to claim 8, wherein the determining the first view to be preloaded from the third view based on the number of display times comprises:

10. The page display method according to claim 8, wherein the determining the pre-loaded information corresponding to the first view based on the respective view information corresponding to the first view comprises:

acquiring target view name information corresponding to the first view;

11. The page presentation method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein said preloading the first view based on the preloading information comprises:

12. A page display apparatus, comprising:

13. An electronic device, characterized in that the electronic device comprises:

one or more processors;

a storage device to store one or more programs,

when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to implement the page presentation method of any one of claims 1-11.

14. A storage medium containing computer-executable instructions for performing the page presentation method of any one of claims 1-11 when executed by a computer processor.