CN115262913A - 地板镶板 - Google Patents
地板镶板 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115262913A CN115262913A CN202210481973.6A CN202210481973A CN115262913A CN 115262913 A CN115262913 A CN 115262913A CN 202210481973 A CN202210481973 A CN 202210481973A CN 115262913 A CN115262913 A CN 115262913A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种硬表面地板镶板,该地板镶板适于构造地板覆盖物,该地板镶板包括芯层、装饰性顶层以及位于芯层与装饰性顶层之间的能够改善声学性能的层。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种适于构造硬表面地板覆盖物的地板镶板。
背景技术
声音或噪声是现代住宅、商业和工业建筑中的关键设计考虑。没有适当声音管理的建筑物中的噪声在房间之间传输,同时房间内的表面反射、吸收或甚至增强噪声。这种噪声会打扰工人或居民,并导致不利的健康影响,诸如睡眠障碍、压力和头痛。噪声通常被理解为包括两种类型:空气传声(诸如来自讲话或电视)和撞击传声(诸如来自脚步或物体落在地板上)。传统上,设计用于改善建筑物的声学性能的声音管理解决方案包括吸声天花板、墙壁处理、甚至吸声地板,这些方案集中于降低传输到相邻房间的噪声的振幅(强度)或使声波散射以减少反射。
硬表面地板覆盖物由于其刚性和强度而受到欢迎。然而,还已知的是硬表面地板覆盖物特别是由于顶表面的硬度而声学性能相对较差,因此通常不适合用作吸声地板覆盖物。这由于用作浮动地板所需的刚性(当根据EN 310测试时,通常定义为>3500Mpa)而进一步加剧,浮动地板是具有互锁机构的地板,该地板可以在没有粘合剂的情况下邻接安装,以向镶板提供足够的强度,从而以互锁机构为特征并且弥合底层地板缺陷。面对这些缺点,已知试图通过在装饰性地板和底层地板之间提供衬垫,或在工厂中将隔音垫粘附到装饰性地板的背面,来改善并因此降低硬表面地板覆盖物的至少某些频率的传输声音的振幅。这种类型的衬垫提供了低密度、多孔的缓冲层,该缓冲层通过空气颗粒和其孔壁之间的摩擦降低了穿过地板的声波的某些频率的振幅。该缓冲层的唯一目的是吸收穿过地板镶板的一些声能。迄今为止还没有改善硬表面地板覆盖物的所反射的步行声的技术方案。
用于改善地板覆盖物的声学性能的现有技术的缺点有三方面。首先,产生的撞击传声所实现的声音衰减受限于地板覆盖物的厚度(通常厚度范围为3mm至15mm),这限制了缓冲层的厚度和用于最佳声音扩散的孔尺寸的最佳范围。第二,“硬表面”地板覆盖物根据定义的特征在于表面具有邵氏D硬度大于46的相对高硬度。第三,这些镶板的特征在于刚度大于3500Mpa以允许浮动安装。这些特征的组合导致特别烦扰的高音噪声,并且大大限制了撞击传声和所反射的步行声传输衰减的可能性。
发明内容
因此,需要一种(硬的、刚性的)表面地板覆盖物,其解决了当前技术的至少一个缺点或者其提供了至少一种替代方案。
本发明提供了一种地板镶板,特别是适于构造(硬)地板覆盖物的(硬)表面地板镶板,该地板镶板包括至少一个芯层、至少一个装饰性顶层以及位于芯层与装饰性顶层之间的至少一个可压缩层,其中装饰性顶层具有1800MPa以下的弯曲强度(flexibility)和/或其中可压缩层具有75以下的邵氏A硬度。
根据本发明的镶板具有优于现有技术的若干益处。
具有1800MPa以下的弯曲强度的装饰性顶层和/或位于芯层与装饰性顶层之间的具有75以下的邵氏A硬度的可压缩层的组合使用使得所产生的声音的显著减小。还发现,能够获得反射的声音和/或传输的撞击传声的减小。本发明的发明人通过广泛的测试而实验发现,最佳的声音衰减性能不是通过减小传输的声音来实现的,而是通过减小特别是在地板表面受到撞击激励时产生的声音来实现的。通过吸收和转换撞击的动能,能够实现所产生的声音的振幅和音调的显著减小。具有1800MPa以下的弯曲强度的装饰性顶层可以被分类为相对柔软的顶层。具有75以下的邵氏A硬度的可压缩层通常构造为暂时变形,并且特别为压缩。实验发现,根据本发明的相对硬和/或柔性(低弯曲强度)的装饰性顶层和可压缩层的组合由于所产生的声音被减弱而对声音衰减具有意想不到的积极效果。对于根据本发明的装饰性顶层和可压缩层的组合,发现26dB衰减的结果。该结果甚至可以通过这样的构造获得:该构造与现有技术中的以刚性顶层为特征的地板构造或以芯层和顶层之间没有可压缩层为特征的柔性地板覆盖物相比,显著地更薄。其中装饰性顶层具有1800MPa以下的弯曲强度和/或其中可压缩层具有75以下的邵氏A硬度的装饰性顶层和可压缩层的组合,对于本领域技术人员而言不是显而易见的解决方案,这是因为现有技术状态仅专注于使所产生的声音衰减而不是使所产生的声音减弱。
地板层(例如装饰性顶层、可压缩层和/或芯层)的弯曲强度通常根据EN310或ASTMD790进行测量。根据所述标准测量的弯曲强度来衡量将垂直力施加到材料表面上时材料整体上承受变形的能力。还可以用硬度计测量镶板层的硬度。在该方法中,较高的数值对应于较高的硬度。硬度是当垂直力施加到所测试材料表面时,该材料在压力点处局部变形的能力的指示。邵氏A通常使用具有钝头的针用于较软材料;而邵氏D使用末端呈30°的尖角的针用于中等硬表面测量至硬表面测量。通常,邵氏A级可由非常软(0至40)、软(40至75)和中等硬(75至95)构成;邵氏D级可由软(8至25)、中等硬(25至46)和硬(46至90)构成。在两个等级之间存在一定的重叠,其中40至75的(软)邵氏A硬度与8至25的邵氏D硬度相似;并且75至95的(中等硬)邵氏A硬度与25至46的邵氏D硬度相似。根据说明,以高密度纤维板芯层和三聚氰胺浸渍的顶层为特征的层压镶板的硬度在80至90邵氏D的范围内;刚性(硬质)乙烯基的硬度在70至90邵氏D范围内;传统胶合LVT硬度为约50至55邵氏D;并且瓷砖硬度为80至90邵氏D。由于撞击噪声是由硬物体(鞋跟、椅子、智能手机等)击打在硬表面上而产生的,因此,表面越硬,所产生的噪声的振幅和音调越高,并且相反,表面或物体越软,所产生的噪声的振幅和音调越低。当硬表面地板覆盖物被脚步或上述诸如开孔机等测量装备激励时,所产生的声音具有高音调和大振幅,如上所述,这会特别干扰人类感知。
在镶板的优选实施例中,可压缩层具有75以下的邵氏A硬度。这意味着具有75以下邵氏A硬度的可压缩层允许所述层相对容易地变形。在进一步优选实施例中,可压缩层具有65以下、更优选55以下的邵氏A硬度。可压缩层的邵氏A硬度例如可以在45至65的范围内。在有利的实施例中,可压缩层的邵氏A硬度至多为55。
可压缩层的压缩强度也可根据EN 826测量。压缩强度是当垂直力施加到材料的表面时材料在压力点局部变形的能力的指示。根据该测试方法,75的邵氏A硬度大致等于445psi或3Mpa。优选地,可压缩层具有400kPa以下的压缩强度,并且更优选地具有200kPa以下的压缩强度。具有200kPa以下的压缩强度的可压缩层允许变形并且能够在经受应力之后相对快速地恢复到其初始状态。还可以设想,可压缩层具有至多3MPa的可压缩强度。使用这种可压缩层能够进一步有助于吸收和/或转换撞击的动能,由此能够实现所产生的声音的振幅和音调的显著降低。实验发现,当施加这种可压缩层时,获得了良好的结果。
可压缩层可以包括选自以下组的材料:闭孔式柔性泡沫、可压缩泡沫、柔性聚合物、弹性体、可压缩天然材料和/或任何上述的组合。优选地,可压缩层包括至少50%的泡沫材料,特别是闭孔式泡沫材料。可选地,可压缩层包括至少80%的闭孔式泡沫材料。优选的是闭孔式泡沫材料,因为闭孔式泡沫材料能够实现足够的可压缩行为,同时足够坚固以支撑装饰性顶层和所施加的荷载。可压缩层例如可以由闭孔式柔性泡沫制成。可压缩层还可以包括半闭孔式或开孔式可压缩泡沫。开孔式结构具有改善的吸音作用的优点。可压缩层可以例如包括聚烯烃泡沫、膨胀聚苯乙烯、膨胀聚丙烯、膨胀橡胶、膨胀乙烯醋酸乙烯酯、膨胀乙烯和/或膨胀聚乙烯。可压缩中间层也可以是基本上实心的非发泡层。在这种情况下,使用选自柔性聚合物和弹性体的组的材料获得最佳结果,柔性聚合物和弹性体的组诸如为橡胶、乳胶、丙烯酸弹性环氧树脂、顺式聚异戊二烯(天然橡胶,NR)、顺式聚丁二烯(丁二烯橡胶,BR)、丁腈橡胶(NBR)、丁苯橡胶(SBR)、橡胶、乳胶和/或乙丙单体(EPM)。可压缩层例如可以包括可压缩的天然材料,诸如毡、棉、羊毛、菌丝体、麻、软木和/或类似物。可压缩层可以是上述泡沫和/或非泡沫材料的任意组合。这些示例是非限制性的,并且可以应用具有等同材料性能的任何类似的泡沫材料。可压缩层的厚度通常在0.8mm至4mm的范围内,特别是0.8mm至2mm的范围内。在进一步优选实施例中,可压缩层在未压缩状态下具有0.75mm至1.25mm范围内的厚度。
优选地,可压缩层的声阻抗为至多8MRayl、更优选至多5MRayl、甚至更优选至多2MRayl。优选地,可压缩层的声阻抗低于装饰性顶层的声阻抗。可选地,可压缩层的声阻抗至少小于装饰性顶层的阻抗的一半,优选地小于装饰性顶层的阻抗的四分之一。优选地,可压缩层的声阻抗低于装饰性顶层的声阻抗。可选地,可压缩层的声阻抗至少小于装饰性顶层的阻抗的一半,优选地小于装饰性顶层的阻抗的四分之一。可选地,可压缩层的声阻抗至少小于芯层的阻抗的一半,优选地小于芯层的阻抗的四分之一。
还可以设想,可压缩层包括至少一个中间声阻抗层,优选地,其中所述中间声阻抗层的声阻抗为至少4Mrayl、优选至少7Mrayl、更优选至少10Mrayl。还可以设想,中间声阻抗层的声阻抗为至多8MRayl、优选至多5MRayl、更优选至多2MRayl。如果施加的话,中间声阻抗层的厚度在0.05mm至2mm范围内,优选在0.1mm至0.7mm范围内。在优选实施例中,中间声阻抗层包括至少一种添加剂,该至少一种添加剂优选地具有高于30MRayl的声阻抗。使用这种添加剂可对镶板本身的声学性能具有进一步的积极影响。可压缩层可以包括选自以下组的至少一种添加剂:铁、碳化硅和/或氧化铝。添加剂也可以包含铁、碳化硅和/或氧化铝。所述添加剂相对较重,这防止它们在材料中振动。添加剂可以分散在中间声阻抗层的至少一部分中。
装饰性顶层的厚度可以在可压缩层厚度的0.5倍至3倍的范围内。在优选实施例中,装饰性顶层的厚度至少等于可压缩层的厚度。优选地,可压缩层和装饰性顶层构造成使得装饰性顶层能够变形到可压缩层中。
在优选实施例中,装饰性顶层的弯曲强度为1500MPa以下、优选1200MPa以下、更优选900MPa以下。优选地,装饰性顶层具有至少300MPa的弯曲强度。装饰性顶层可以例如具有300MPa至900MPa范围内的弯曲强度。实验发现,具有所述弯曲强度值的装饰性顶层提供良好的声音衰减结果。
优选地,装饰性顶层的上表面具有至少46的邵氏D硬度。装饰性顶层的上表面的邵氏D硬度可以在例如46至90的范围、46至60的范围或61至90的范围。装饰性顶层的上表面的邵氏D硬度还可以在50至80的范围、优选约60至70的范围。实验发现具有所需弯曲强度和约60至70的邵氏D硬度的装饰性顶层具有硬表面地板覆盖物的所有优点,包括耐刮擦性、易清洁性、耐压痕性,还具有大大改善的声学性能,并且提供足够的硬度以承受高荷载使用(heavy traffic)。
优选的是,装饰性顶层包括至少一种聚合物材料。装饰性顶层可以例如至少部分地由聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、氯化聚乙烯(CPE)、聚乙烯(PE)、氯化PVC(CPVC)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、聚碳酸酯(PC)等制成。优选地,顶层包括柔性PVC、柔性PET或柔性PP复合物。优选地,顶层包括柔性PVC。PVC的密度例如可以在1.1g/cm3至1.35g/cm3的范围内。优选地,装饰性顶层还包括至少一种矿物填料。所用的矿物填料的非限制性示例是滑石、碳酸钙(CaCO3)和/或珍珠岩。装饰性顶层可以例如包括至多15wt%(重量%)、优选至多10wt%的填料。
优选地,装饰性顶层包括至少一种增塑剂,诸如但不限于外部或内部增塑剂,这些增塑剂包括:邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂,诸如DEHP、DOP、DIDP、DTDP;非OTP增塑剂,诸如DOTP、DINCH;生物增塑剂,诸如大豆油;共聚物,诸如ASA、ABS、MBS、氯化聚乙烯(CPE)、丙烯酸酯(ACR),或选自如下组的弹性体:聚烯烃弹性体、乙烯-丁烯或乙烯-辛烯的共聚物、丁腈橡胶(NBR)等。可以设想,装饰性顶层包括至少一种内部增塑剂和/或至少一种外部增塑剂。至少一种增塑剂的应用能够积极地有助于装饰性顶层的柔软度和/或柔性,这改善了根据本发明的镶板的声音阻尼效果。装饰性顶层还以可以包括其它添加剂,诸如但不限于阻燃剂(ATH、MDH等);稳定剂(例如金属皂,诸如硬脂酸锌、硬脂酸钙-锌、硬脂酸钙等);UV抑制剂,灭微生物剂,诸如抗微生物剂、抗病毒剂(si-quat)、抗菌剂和抗真菌剂;加工助剂和润滑剂,诸如固体或液体脂肪酯、脂肪醇、脂肪酸酯、酯蜡、固体烃(诸如石蜡或聚乙烯蜡);二氧化钛和类似的增白剂、发泡剂和/或发泡调节剂等。
在优选实施例中,装饰性顶层包括至少一个装饰层和/或至少一个耐磨层。耐磨层可以例如是耐刮擦层。装饰性顶层可以包括耐磨层或饰面层(finishing layer),例如具有热固性清漆或漆,诸如聚氨酯、PUR或三聚氰胺基树脂。在优选实施例中,顶层包括至少一个基本上透明的耐磨层或饰面层。耐磨层可以包括一个或多个热塑性或热固性树脂的透明层。可以使用的热塑性或热固性材料的非限制性示例是聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚氨酯(PU)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、酚醛树脂和/或三聚氰胺树脂或甲醛树脂。所述耐磨层还可以是由热固性树脂制成的液体或糊状形式,所述热固性树脂诸如但不限于酚醛树脂和/或三聚氰胺树脂或甲醛树脂。耐磨层可以包括浸渍诸如纸或木质纤维素等载体层的固有耐刮擦热固性树脂,或者可以基本上由浸渍诸如纸或木质纤维素等载体层的固有耐刮擦热固性树脂组成。后一实施例(基本上由上述固有耐刮擦热固性树脂组成的实施例)的优点是脲-甲醛还起到相对耐刮擦的耐磨层的作用。通常,本发明的镶板中的耐磨层结构的优选厚度在0.1mm至2.0mm的范围内,更优选地在0.15mm至1mm之间,并且最优选地在0.2mm至0.8mm之间。
在优选实施例中,耐磨层或饰面层可以包括至少一个涂层。例如,该至少一个涂层可以包括至少部分透明或半透明的保护涂层。在优选实施例中,该至少一个涂层可以是例如聚氨酯涂层、丙烯酸涂层和/或环氧多元醇涂层。这种涂层可以例如是紫外线(UV)可固化涂层或电子束(EB)可固化涂层。还可以设想,涂层包括热固性树脂和通过UV或电子束固化方法交联的光引发剂。
在一个可选的实施例中,装饰层基本上由载体材料层构成,该载体材料层被设计成在上侧处设置有装饰性图案。合适的材料是机织、挤出或压延的塑料网、片或膜。可以使用的热塑性或热固性材料的非限制性示例是聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚氨酯(PU)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、聚丙烯(PP)、酚醛树脂和/或三聚氰胺树脂或甲醛树脂。
作为选择,装饰层可以包括至少一个基于纤维素的层,并且可选地包括固化树脂,其中基于纤维素的层优选地为纸、木饰面、竹饰面等。这种装饰层可以包括多个这种树脂浸渍纸或木饰面的板层。装饰层还可以包括石材或固化粘土的饰面,或瓷质砖或瓷砖。作为选择,装饰层可以包括底部底漆或涂层,该底部底漆或涂层以液态或半液态施加,然后固化,之后接收以点提供的油墨形式的至少一个装饰性视觉件,以整体形成期望的视觉效果。这种油墨可以由基于标准配色方案的至少3种颜色组成,并以0.1pl至50pl/点的量施加。为了铺地板目的,优选的配色方案可以以至少350dpi、更优选至少400dpi的分辨率施加。
装饰性顶层的厚度通常在0.5mm至2.5mm范围内、优选在0.8mm至2mm范围内。通常,装饰性顶层的厚度小于3.5mm,优选小于3mm,更优选小于2.75mm。施加相对薄的装饰性顶层是有益的。这将积极地有助于装饰性顶层的柔性,并因此有助于镶板的声音衰减性能。
可选地,镶板包括至少一个加强层,该至少一个加强层定位在装饰性顶层和可压缩层之间。加强层优选地构造成改进装饰性顶层的性能,而不会不利地影响其柔性。可以设想,至少一个加强层形成装饰性顶层的一体部分。加强层可以例如埋入在装饰性顶层中。加强层可以例如包括玻璃纤维。
在优选实施例中,装饰性顶层包括具有高于30MRayl的声阻抗的至少一种添加剂。还可以设想,包括在装饰性顶层中的至少一个层包括具有高于30MRayl的声阻抗的至少一种添加剂。使用这种添加剂可对镶板本身的声学性能具有进一步的积极影响。装饰性顶层可以包括选自以下组的至少一种添加剂:铁、碳化硅和/或氧化铝。添加剂也可以包含铁、碳化硅和/或氧化铝。所述添加剂相对较重,这防止它们在材料中振动。添加剂可以埋入装饰性顶层的至少部分中。装饰性顶层的声阻抗通常为至少4Mrayl、优选至少7Mrayl、更优选至少10Mrayl。
在又一实施例中,装饰性顶层包括至少一个上部声阻抗层,该上部声阻抗层的声阻抗为至少4Mrayl、优选至少7Mrayl、更优选至少10Mrayl。上部声阻抗层的厚度可以在0.05mm至2mm范围内,优选在0.1mm至0.7mm范围内。上部声阻抗层可以例如直接附接到可压缩层的上侧。还可以设想,上部声阻抗层被封装在装饰性顶层的其它层压层之间。上部声阻抗层可赋予装饰性顶层至少一些支撑和/或柔性。可以设想,上部声阻抗层直接或间接地连接到其它面向上的装饰性元件和/或保护元件,诸如装饰性膜、乙烯基饰面、LVT、至少一个基于纤维素的层和固化树脂、木饰面、竹饰面、瓷砖饰面、石材饰面、粘土饰面等,从而赋予顶层所需的柔性和支撑,以实现增强的声学性能。可以设想,包括在装饰性顶层中的任何层都用作高阻抗层。因此,高阻抗层可以理解为装饰性顶层的包括至少0.5wt%、优选至少1wt%、更优选至少5wt%的高阻抗材料(特别是为了增加装饰性顶层的阻抗的高阻抗材料)的任何部分。还可以设想,高阻抗层构成包括在装饰性顶层中的层的一部分。装饰性顶层可以包括至多15wt%、优选至多10wt%、更优选至多5wt%的高阻抗材料。
此外,注意到,根据本发明的上部声阻抗层与可压缩层的组合进一步改善了结构的声学性能。发明人提出的理论是,当受到相同的动能时,在镶板表面处的高阻抗层(诸如上部声阻抗层)不能够振动,并且因此不会与低阻抗层一样高效地或容易地产生声音。这也适用于作为高阻抗层的装饰性顶层。在100Hz至4000Hz频带处实现了高达26dB振幅的减小,而通过从上到下组合(组合到层压体中)以下层,所产生的平均音调减小了高达5个八度音阶(octave),这样层为:刚度1800Mpa、邵氏D硬度65的0.5mm PVC装饰性层;刚度1800Mpa和阻抗8Mrayl的0.5mm铁颗粒填充的CPE复合箔,以及邵氏A硬度55的1mm IXPP可压缩层。
还可以设想,在施加的情况下,结合在可压缩层中的至少一个中间声阻抗层与结合在装饰性顶层中的至少一个上部声阻抗层之间的边界表面形成地板镶板的结构中的第一反射边界。可以设想,形成第一反射边界的两个(镶板)层的声阻抗之间的比率大于2:1,最优选大于4:1。两种材料在第一反射边界处的声阻抗之间的差异越大,所传输的声音的减少就越大。可以设想,两种材料在边界处的声阻抗之间的比率大于10:1。
可压缩层和装饰性顶层可以形成第一反射边界。在施加的情况下,可压缩层和结合在装饰性顶层中的至少一个上部声阻抗层也可以形成第一反射边界。在施加中间声阻抗层的情况下,中间声阻抗层与装饰性层和/或上部声阻抗层可以形成第一反射边界。可以设想,形成第一反射边界的两个(镶板)层的声阻抗之间的比率大于2:1,最优选大于4:1。两种材料在第一反射边界处的声阻抗之间的差异越大,所传输的声音的减少就越大。可以设想,两种材料在边界处的声阻抗之间的比率大于10:1。
还可以设想,装饰性顶层用作上部声阻抗层。因此,上部声阻抗层可理解为装饰性顶层的包括至少0.5wt%、优选至少5wt%的高阻抗材料(特别是为了增加装饰性顶层的阻抗的高阻抗材料)的任何部分。还可以设想,上部声阻抗层构成包括在装饰性顶层中的层的一部分。
优选地,根据本发明的镶板包括至少一个芯层。芯层的存在可进一步有助于镶板的声学性能。施加具有至少3500MPa的刚度(特别是当根据EN310或ASTM D790测量时)的芯层是有益的。这种芯层受益于高刚性而为装饰性顶层和可压缩层提供足够的支撑,并且可以允许提供互锁机构。芯层还可以作为阻抗层。
可以施加的芯层的非限制性示例是包括至少一种矿物材料和至少一种粘合剂的复合芯层。优选地,芯层由具有高压缩强度的相对脆性的材料制成。芯层可以例如包括至少60wt%的矿物材料,优选至少70wt%的矿物材料。较高的矿物含量通常导致更刚性的芯层,并因此导致更刚性的镶板。此外,由于相对大量的矿物材料,因此能够获得相对好的耐温性,特别是相对于具有主要基于PVC的芯层的传统地板镶板而言。可以设想,至少一个芯层包括选自由以下物质组成的组的至少一种矿物材料:氧化镁、碳酸钙、白垩、粘土、硅酸钙和/或滑石。作为另一个非限制性示例,石灰石(例如碳酸钙与碳酸镁)可以用作芯层中的矿物材料。可选地,矿物材料作为颗粒矿物填料存在。
优选地,芯层还包括选自由以下物质组成的组的至少一种强化添加剂:纤维材料、纤维,诸如但不限于钢、玻璃、聚丙烯、木材、丙烯酸、氧化铝、乌拉草纤维(curaua)、碳、纤维素、椰子、凯夫拉尔合成纤维、尼龙、聚酰胺纤维、聚乙烯、PVA、石棉、荚莲属植物(viburnum)、玻璃纤维和/或菲奎叶纤维(fique)。这能够进一步增加镶板本身的强度。芯层还可以包括至少一种天然材料,诸如木纤维、菌丝体、羊毛、稻草、大麻等。
优选地,芯层的密度为至少1200kg/m3,优选至少1400kg/m3。芯层的密度可以例如在1600kg/m3至2100kg/m3的范围内。芯层可以例如用作(高)声阻抗层。所述芯层的阻抗优选为至少4Mrayl,优选大于7Mrayl,最优选大于10Mrayl。向芯层的至少一部分中加入诸如铜、铁、氧化铝等高阻抗材料可有效增加芯层的阻抗。可以设想,包括在芯层中的任何层都用作(高)声阻抗层。因此,声阻抗层可以理解为芯层的包括至少0.5wt%、优选至少5wt%的高阻抗材料以增加芯层的阻抗的任何部分。芯层的至少一部分可以例如包括至少0.5wt%、优选至少1wt%、更优选至少2wt%的声阻抗高于30Mrayl的添加剂。还可以设想,芯层的至少一部分包括至多15wt%、优选至多10wt%、更优选至多5wt%的声阻抗高于30Mrayl的添加剂。还可以设想,(高)声阻抗层构成包括在芯层中的层的一部分。芯层可以被设计成使得芯层材料的阻抗是进一步衰减声音的关键。结果当施加密度在1600kg/m3至2100kg/m3的范围的芯层时,观察到改进的声音衰减高达30dB。如果具有所述范围内的密度的芯层还具有大于7MRayl的声阻抗并与根据本发明的其它特性相协同,则是有益的。这可以解释为,这种芯层对阻挡在激励顶表面期间仍然产生的任何剩余的较高频率方面是有效的。可以设想,芯层至少部分地发泡并且具有密度梯度。在优选实施例中,芯层在其顶部和/或底部表面的材料密度比芯层的其余部分高至少5%,更优选高至少20%。
在优选实施例中,芯层的上表面和/或下表面的至少一部分包括多个腔体。在芯层的上表面和/或下表面中存在腔体能够进一步有助于声音扩散、声音分布和/或衰减。多个腔体可以例如限定预定的图案,该预定的图案可以是重复的腔体图案。优选地,芯层的上表面和/或下表面至少部分地包括散射进入和/或离开声波的预定图案的声扩散腔体。可选地,腔体的至少一部分可以在深度、形状、尺寸和/或角度方面不同。可以设想,声扩散腔体的特征在于被设计成散射不同频率的声波的不同深度、形状、尺寸和/或角度。腔体的至少一部分可以是压印腔体。腔体的至少一部分可以例如通过压印、旋转压印和/或旋转(模具)切割来获得。有益的是腔体存在于镶板的中心区域中。芯层的至少一个外边缘并且优选所有外边缘可以没有腔体。因此,可以设想,一个或多个腔体不延伸穿过镶板的外边缘。例如,可以设想,距离镶板的每个外边缘至少1cm处没有腔体。例如还可选的是,镶板并且特别是芯层的周向边缘在至少2厘米的范围没有腔体。
在施加包括多个腔体的芯层的情况下,在芯层的上表面和/或下表面中,仅由芯层的实际材料来确定密度,其中不考虑腔体。因此,优选地,芯层的材料具有至少1200kg/m3的密度,优选至少1400kg/m3的密度。芯层材料的密度可以例如在1600kg/m3至2100kg/m3的范围内。
芯层的声阻抗可以为至少4Mrayl,优选至少7Mrayl,更优选至少10Mrayl。还可以设想,芯层包括至少一个另外的阻抗层,该另外的阻抗层的阻抗为至少4Mrayl、优选至少7Mrayl、更优选至少10Mrayl。
在一个优选实施例中,可压缩层和结合在芯层中的至少一个声阻抗层形成地板镶板的结构中的第二阻抗边界。因此,两种材料在边界处的声阻抗之间的比率优选大于2:1,最优选大于4:1。两种材料在边界处的声阻抗之间的差异越大,所传输的声音的减少就越大。可以设想,两种材料在边界处的声阻抗之间的比率大于10:1。
通常,芯层的厚度在2mm至8mm的范围内,优选在3mm至5mm的范围内。另一个非限制性示例是在3.5mm至4.5mm范围内的芯层。在另一优选实施例中,镶板(并且特别是芯层)包括至少一对相对的侧边缘,该侧边缘设置有用于使相邻镶板互连的互连联接部。根据本发明的镶板可以包括至少一对相对的(侧)边缘,该对相对的(侧)边缘包括构造成用于相邻镶板的相互联接的互补联接部。镶板的联接部可以例如是互锁联接部,其优选地构造成提供水平和竖直锁定。互锁联接部是需要弹性变形、卡扣(click)或沿多个方向移动以使联接部彼此联接或脱离联接的联接部。可以应用本领域已知的任何合适的互锁联接部。非限制性示例是这样的实施例,其中第一对相对边缘的第一边缘包括第一联接部,并且其中第一对相对边缘的第二边缘包括互补的第二联接部,所述联接部允许多个镶板相互联接;其中,第一联接部包括侧向舌部,该侧向舌部在基本上平行于由镶板限定的平面的方向上延伸,并且其中,第二联接部包括凹槽,该凹槽构造成用于容纳另一镶板的侧向舌部的至少一部分,所述凹槽由上唇部和下唇部限定。
在优选实施例中,镶板包括附接到芯层背侧的至少一个背衬层。背衬层也可以称为缓冲层或阻尼层。背衬层通常由聚合物材料制成,例如但不限于乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)、辐射交联聚乙烯(IXPE)、发泡聚丙烯(XPP)和/或发泡聚苯乙烯(XPS)的低密度泡沫层。然而,也可以设想,背衬层包括非织造纤维,诸如像大麻或软木等天然纤维,和/或回收利用的/可再循环的材料,诸如PET、毡、回收利用的地毯等。
缓冲层或背衬层赋予镶板声音阻尼效果。背衬层进一步有助于在镶板与其上施加镶板的下层表面之间提供最佳界面,并且可以为芯层提供保护功能。背衬层还允许吸收一些底层地板的不规则性。
优选地,背衬层具有65kg/m3和300kg/m3范围内的密度,更优选80kg/m3和150kg/m3范围内的密度。背衬层的厚度通常从约0.1mm变化至2.5mm。可以制造背衬层的材料的非限制性示例为聚乙烯、软木、聚氨酯和乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯。
在一个实施例中,还可以设想,镶板(在其背面)包括至少一个平衡层,该至少一个平衡层通常由包含木质纤维素和固化树脂、木饰面或竹饰面等的至少一个层组成。
本发明还涉及用于根据本发明的镶板中的装饰性顶层。本发明还涉及用于根据本发明的镶板中的可压缩层。装饰性顶层和/或可压缩层可以是所述实施例中的任何一个。本发明还涉及用于根据本发明的镶板中的至少一个装饰性顶层和至少一个可压缩层的组件。
示例
将通过以下非限制性示例进一步解释本发明,这些示例代表本发明的优选实施例。
如上所述,广泛的测试表明了最佳的声音衰减性能不是通过减少所传输的声音来实现的,而是通过减少所产生的声音来实现的。开孔机的特征在于六个金属锤,该六个金属锤设计成在地板的表面上以固定频率施加固定力。硬表面地板覆盖物的声学性能差,这正是由于对于它们的硬表面(通常具有大于3500Mpa的弹性模量和大于46的邵氏D硬度),锤在任何硬表面地板的表面上的撞击产生多个频率下、特别是范围从400Hz至4000Hz的较高频率下的约75dB的噪声。
为了说明,下面是不同类型的地板、不同厚度和有/无垫层的情况下以dB为单位的传输声音减小的表格。
注意,与以刚性顶层为特征的更厚的材料或以没有可压缩垫层为特征的柔性地板覆盖物相比,柔性顶层与所述顶层下面的可压缩层的组合具有意想不到的26dB的衰减结果。
将通过以下非限制性条款进一步阐明本发明。
1.一种地板镶板,特别是硬表面地板镶板,其适于构造地板覆盖物,该地板镶板包括:
-至少一个芯层;
-至少一个装饰性顶层;以及
-至少一个可压缩层,其位于芯层与装饰性顶层之间;
其中,装饰性顶层具有1800MPa以下的弯曲强度,和/或
其中,装饰性顶层的上表面具有至少46的邵氏D硬度。
2.根据前述条款所述的镶板,其中,至少一个可压缩层具有75以下的邵氏A硬度。
3.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,至少一个可压缩层具有3MPa以下的压缩强度。
4.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,可压缩层具有200kPa以下的压缩强度。
5.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,可压缩层包括至少50%的泡沫材料,特别是闭孔式泡沫材料。
6.根据前述条款中任一项所述镶板,其中,可压缩层包括选自以下材料的组的材料:闭孔式柔性泡沫、开孔式泡沫、可压缩的天然材料和/或可压缩的弹性体,或它们的组合。
7.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,可压缩层包括聚烯烃泡沫、膨胀聚苯乙烯、膨胀聚丙烯、膨胀橡胶和/或膨胀聚乙烯。
8.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,可压缩层具有0.8mm至4mm范围内、优选0.8mm至2mm范围内的厚度。
9.根据前述条款中任一项所述镶板,其中,可压缩层包括至少一个中间阻抗层,该至少一个中间阻抗层包括具有高于30MRayl的声阻抗的至少一种添加剂。
10.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,中间阻抗层包括选自以下的组中的至少一种添加剂:铁、碳化硅和/或氧化铝。
11.根据条款10所述的镶板,其中,添加剂的至少一部分分散在中间阻抗层的至少一部分中。
12.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,可压缩层具有至多8MRayl、优选至多5MRayl、更优选至多2MRayl的声阻抗。
13.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,可压缩层包括至少一个中间声阻抗层,该至少一个中间声阻抗层具有至多8MRayl、优选至多5MRayl并且更优选至多2MRayl的声阻抗。
14.根据条款13所述的镶板,其中,中间声阻抗层具有0.05mm至2mm范围内、优选0.1mm至0.7mm范围内的厚度。
15.根据前述条款中任一项所述镶板,其中,装饰性顶层具有300MPa至900MPa范围内的弯曲强度。
16.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层具有至少46的邵氏D硬度。
17.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层具有46至90范围内的邵氏D硬度。
18.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层包括至少一种聚合物材料,并且优选地包括至少一种矿物填料。
19.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层包括至少一种增塑剂,至少一种增塑剂优选地选自以下的组:氯化聚乙烯、丙烯酸树脂、大豆油和/或对苯二甲酸二辛酯。
20.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层包括至少一个装饰层和/或至少一个耐磨层。
21.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层具有0.8mm至2mm范围内、优选1.2mm至1.8mm范围内的厚度。
22.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层的至少一部分包括具有高于30MRayl的声阻抗的至少一种添加剂。
23.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层的至少一部分包括至少0.5wt%、优选至少5wt%%的具有高于30Mrayl的声阻抗的添加剂。
24.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层包括选自以下的组的至少一种添加剂:铁、碳化硅和/或氧化铝,其中优选地,添加剂的至少一部分埋入在装饰性顶层的至少一部分中。
25.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层具有至少4Mrayl、优选至少7Mrayl、更优选至少10Mrayl的声阻抗。
26.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层包括至少一个上部声阻抗层,该至少一个上部声阻抗层具有至少4Mrayl、优选至少7Mrayl、更优选至少10Mrayl的声阻抗。
27.根据条款26所述的镶板,其中,上部声阻抗层具有0.05mm至2mm范围内、优选0.1mm至0.7mm范围内的厚度。
28.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层的厚度是可压缩层的厚度的0.5倍至3倍。
29.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,装饰性顶层的厚度至少等于可压缩层的厚度。
30.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,可压缩层的声阻抗低于装饰性顶层的声阻抗。
31.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,镶板包括至少一个加强层,该至少一个加强层定位在装饰性顶层与可压缩层之间。
32.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,芯层具有至少3500MPa的刚度。
33.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,芯层是包括至少一种矿物材料和至少一种粘合剂的复合芯层。
34.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,芯层包括至少60wt%的矿物材料,优选至少70wt%的矿物材料。
35.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,芯层具有至少1200kg/m3、优选至少1400kg/m3的密度。
36.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,芯层的至少一个表面的至少一部分包括多个腔体。
37.根据条款36所述的镶板,其中,腔体限定预定图案。
38.根据条款36至37中任一项所述的镶板,其中,腔体的至少一部分在深度、尺寸、角度和/或形状方面不同。
39.根据条款36至38中任一项所述的镶板,其中,腔体是压印腔体。
40.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,芯层具有2mm至8mm范围内的厚度。
41.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,芯层具有至少4Mrayl、优选至少7Mrayl、更优选至少10Mrayl的声阻抗。
42.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,芯层包括至少一个另外的阻抗层,该至少一个另外的阻抗层具有至少4Mrayl、优选至少7Mrayl、更优选至少10Mrayl的阻抗。
43.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中,镶板、并且特别是芯层包括至少一对相对的侧边缘,该侧边缘设置有用于使相邻镶板互连的互连联接部。
44.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中芯层的至少一部分包括至少0.5wt%并且优选至少5wt%的具有高于30Mrayl的声阻抗的添加剂。
附图说明
将通过在以下附图中示出的非限制性的示例性实施例来进一步阐述本发明,其中:
图1a示出了根据本发明的地板镶板的第一实施例的透视图;
图1b示出了如图1a所示的镶板的截面;
图2示出了根据本发明的地板镶板的第二实施例的截面;
图3示出了根据本发明的地板镶板的第三可选实施例的截面;
图4示出了根据本发明的地板镶板的第四可选实施例的截面;
图5示出了用于根据本发明的镶板中的芯层的可选实施例的示意图;
图6示出了可以用于制造在根据本发明的镶板中使用的芯层的辊;以及
图7示出了根据本发明的地板镶板的另一可选实施例的透视图。
在这些图中,相似的附图标记对应于相似或等同的元件或特征。
具体实施方式
图1a示出了根据本发明的地板镶板101的第一实施例的透视图。图1b示出了如图1a所示的镶板101的截面。镶板101包括芯层102、装饰性顶层103和可压缩层104。可压缩层104位于芯层102和装饰性顶层103之间。可压缩层104包括(闭)孔式泡沫材料。装饰性顶层103由于其1800MPa以下的弯曲强度而受益于相对良好的柔性特性。根据本发明的可压缩层104具有400kPa以下的压缩强度。芯层102是基本上刚性的芯层。在所示的实施例中,装饰性顶层103的厚度Td基本上等于可压缩层104的厚度Tc。芯层的厚度Tu显著大于装饰性顶层103的厚度Td和可压缩层104的厚度Tc。芯层102包括两对相对的侧边缘。在所示的实施例中,第一对相对的侧边缘设置有互连联接部108a、108b,用于使相邻的镶板101互连。
图2示出了根据本发明的地板镶板201的第二可选实施例的截面。镶板201包括芯层202、装饰性顶层203和可压缩层204。装饰性顶层203包括装饰层203b和耐磨层203a。镶板201还包括位于装饰性顶层203和可压缩层204之间的加强层205。在所示的实施例中,芯层202的上表面包括多个腔体206,这些腔体以构造为散射传入声波的预定图案的方式存在。镶板201可以可选地包括背衬层207。
图3示出了根据本发明的地板镶板301的第三可选实施例的截面。镶板301包括芯层302、装饰性顶层303和可压缩层304。镶板301还包括背衬层307。装饰性顶层303包括添加剂309,添加剂309优选地包括铁、碳化硅和/或氧化铝。所述添加剂309埋入在装饰性顶层303的至少一部分中。
图4示出了根据本发明的地板镶板401的第四可选实施例的截面。镶板401包括芯层402、装饰性顶层403和可压缩层404。芯层402的上表面包括多个腔体406,这些腔体以构造为散射传入声波的预定图案的方式存在。装饰性顶层403包括装饰层403a和上部声阻抗层403b。
图5示出了根据本发明的镶板501的可选实施例的示意图,并且具体地示出了镶板的芯层502。该图示出了芯层502的顶视图。该镶板包括芯层502,芯层502优选地包括复合材料,该复合材料包括矿物材料和热塑性材料的混合物。芯层502具有上表面(已示出)和底表面(在图中未示出)。然而,底表面可以等同于顶表面(上表面),并且因此也可以设置有多个腔体。芯层502的上表面的一部分设置有多个腔体506。腔体506向芯层502的底表面延伸。腔体506是一体形成的腔体506。在所示的实施例中,腔体506限定了单元图案,特别是多边形单元图案。该图示出了腔体506经由分隔件507而分开,其中分隔件507在腔体506之间的至少一部分的厚度小于腔体506的长度和/或宽度。在所示的实施例中,腔体506被压印到芯层502的上表面中。因此,腔体506是压印腔体506。芯层502的边缘基本上没有腔体。镶板的周向边缘在预定距离X上没有腔体506。优选地,所示的芯层502与根据本发明的装饰性顶层和可压缩层组合使用。
图6示出了可以用于制造在根据本发明的镶板中使用的芯层的辊600。可以通过使芯层的上表面和/或底表面的至少一部分经受(旋转)压印工艺来设置多个腔体。这可以例如基本上紧接着芯层挤出后进行。例如,可以设想的是,将芯层引导通过至少两个辊600,其中辊中的至少一个设置有这样的表面结构661:该表面结构构造为在芯层的底表面的至少一部分中提供多个腔体。
图7示出了根据本发明的地板镶板701的另一可选实施例的透视图。镶板701包括芯层702、装饰性顶层703和可压缩层704。芯层702的部分上表面包括多个腔体706,这些腔体以构造为散射进入声波的预定图案的方式存在。镶板701还包括背衬层708。
显然,本发明不限于这里示出和描述的示例性实施例,而是在所附权利要求的框架内可以有无数的变型,这些变型对于本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。在这种情况下,在不背离在所附权利要求中描述的发明思想的情况下,可以设想完全或部分地组合上述变型实施例的不同发明构思和/或技术措施。
在本专利文件中使用的动词“包括”及其动词变化形式被理解为不仅表示“包括”,而且还包括“包含”、“基本上包含”、“由……形成”及其动词变化形式的表述。
Claims (20)
1.一种镶板,所述镶板包括:
-至少一层芯层;
-至少一层装饰性顶层;以及
-至少一个可压缩层,位于芯层和装饰顶层之间;
其中,所述芯层的上表面的至少一部分和/或其中所述芯层的下表面的至少一部分包括多个腔体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述压缩层具有75以下的邵氏A硬度。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的镶板,其中,所述装饰性顶层具有1800MPa以下的弯曲强度。
4.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其特征在于,所述芯层的上表面有多个朝上的腔体。
5.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其特征在于,所述芯层的下表面有多个朝下的腔体。
6.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其特征在于,所述芯层的上表面多个腔体朝向第一角度;所述芯层的下表面多个腔体朝向第二角度;其中第一角度与第二角度不同。
7.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述可压缩层包括选自以下组的材料:闭孔式泡沫、开孔式泡沫、可压缩的天然材料或可压缩的弹性体。
8.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述可压缩层的厚度在0.8mm至4mm范围内。
9.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述可压缩层包括至少一个中间声阻抗层,所述至少一个中间声阻抗层具有至多8MRayl的声阻抗。
10.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述装饰性顶层的至少一部分包括至少0.5wt%的具有高于30Mrayl的声阻抗的添加剂。
11.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述装饰性顶层的至少一部分具有至少7Mrayl的声阻抗。
12.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述装饰性顶层的厚度是所述可压缩层的厚度的0.5倍至3倍。
13.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述可压缩层的声阻抗至少低于所述装饰性顶层的声阻抗的二分之一。
14.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述芯层是复合芯层,所述复合芯层包括至少60wt%的至少一种矿物材料并且包括至少一种粘合剂。
15.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述芯层具有至少1400kg/m3的密度。
16.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述芯层的上表面的至少一部分和/或所述芯层的下表面的至少一部分包括限定预定图案的多个腔体。
17.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述腔体的至少一部分在深度、尺寸、角度和/或形状方面不同。
18.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述腔体是压印腔体。
19.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述芯层的厚度在2mm至8mm范围内。
20.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中,所述芯层包括至少一对相对的侧边缘,所述侧边缘设置有用于使相邻镶板互连的互连联接部。
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2021
- 2021-04-30 NL NL2028108A patent/NL2028108B1/en active
- 2021-07-20 US US17/380,581 patent/US12011905B2/en active Active
- 2021-08-20 CN CN202110961264.3A patent/CN115262907A/zh active Pending
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2022
- 2022-04-29 EP EP22170981.9A patent/EP4082766A1/en active Pending
- 2022-05-05 CN CN202210481973.6A patent/CN115262913A/zh active Pending
- 2022-05-27 US US17/804,425 patent/US12103275B2/en active Active
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- 2024-05-13 US US18/662,211 patent/US20240300220A1/en active Pending
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NL2028108B1 (en) | 2022-11-09 |
US12011905B2 (en) | 2024-06-18 |
EP4082766A1 (en) | 2022-11-02 |
US12103275B2 (en) | 2024-10-01 |
US20220347979A1 (en) | 2022-11-03 |
US20220347978A1 (en) | 2022-11-03 |
US20240300220A1 (en) | 2024-09-12 |
CN115262907A (zh) | 2022-11-01 |
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