CN115261737B - 一种空冷高强韧轻质奥氏体钢及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种空冷高强韧轻质奥氏体钢及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN115261737B
CN115261737B CN202210778132.1A CN202210778132A CN115261737B CN 115261737 B CN115261737 B CN 115261737B CN 202210778132 A CN202210778132 A CN 202210778132A CN 115261737 B CN115261737 B CN 115261737B
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曹文全
王辉
王存宇
徐海峰
俞峰
梁剑雄
翁宇庆
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Abstract

一种空冷高强韧轻质奥氏体钢及其制备方法，成分重量百分数为：C：0.85％–1.25％,Mn：25％‑35％，Al：6％‑11％，S：≤0.01％，P：≤0.02％，Mo:≤1.0％，Nb：≤1.0％，V：≤1.0％，W：≤1.0％，Zr：≤1.0％，余量为Fe。通过电炉或转炉冶炼，然后通过锻造或热轧形成板材、棒材、管材或线材，最后通过固溶处理和空冷条件下实现高强韧，即室温力学性能为屈服强度Rp0.2≥500MPa，抗拉强度Rm≥900MPa，延伸率A5≥40％和‑40℃V‑型冲击韧性≥100J/cm2。通过以上成分和工艺制备出的低密度奥氏体钢具有导磁率≤1.01的优异抗磁性能。该钢具有轻质、无磁、高强韧等优点。

Description

一种空冷高强韧轻质奥氏体钢及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于钢铁材料强韧化技术领域，具体涉及一种空冷高强韧轻质奥氏体钢及其制备方法，即，在空冷条件下获得高强韧奥氏体低密度钢及其制备工艺，为高强韧、低密度、易焊接和无磁性钢航空航天等高端装备提供了一种结构与功能兼备的钢铁材料。
背景技术
高强韧奥氏体轻质钢是高性能钢铁材料的重要发展方向和国内外研究热点。通过开发高强韧轻质奥氏体钢，可以不仅可以实现通过强塑积提升制造复杂零部件和满足轻量化需求，同时通过低密度设计进一步提高钢铁材料轻量化潜力，为高端装备轻量化开辟了崭新的发展思路。但是高强韧轻质奥氏体存在一些列瓶颈问题需要克服，这包括高强轻质钢的韧性随着钢的强度提升而降低，高强韧轻质钢韧性随着热处理加热与冷却速率的降低而恶化。更为不利的情况是高强韧轻质钢焊接导致的温度场变化而无法保障焊接区及焊接影响区韧性，导致高强韧轻质钢焊接性能无法满足零部件安全性要求。而影响高强韧轻质钢这些性能的关键因素是钢中k-型碳化物的无法得到有效控制，导致该碳化物析出量过大、析出物粗化和大量晶界处的碳化物与铁素体析出，从而严重恶化高强韧轻质钢韧性。为此需要通过控制轻质奥氏体钢的碳存在形式，提高钢中碳分布均匀性，抑制高强韧低密度钢中k-型碳化物析出，从而保障高强韧轻质钢的韧性。同时通过钢中碳化物调控，也为轻质奥氏体钢的磁性调控提供了基础，是的无磁奥氏体生产工艺更加顺行与高效。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种空冷高强韧轻质奥氏体钢及其制备方法，可焊接、易于热处理调控和易于工业化生产的高强韧轻质奥氏体钢及其制备工艺。通过合理的合金化设计，降低奥氏体轻质钢热处理过程中冷却速率对碳化物析出行为影响，解决焊接区及其热影响区脆性低的问题和提高高强韧轻质奥氏体钢工业生产过程中生产效率和产品成材率。
化学成分设计
本发明所述高强韧轻质奥氏体钢的成分重量百分数为：C：0.85％–1.25％,Mn：25％-35％，Al：6％-11％，S：≤0.01％，P：≤0.02％，Mo:≤1.0％，Nb：≤1.0％，V：≤1.0％，W：≤1.0％，Zr：≤1.0％，余量为Fe。其中，主体元素和碳化物控制含量要求1.68≥0.12C％+0.01Mn％/10+0.1Al％≥1.23，5.0％≥Mo％+Nb％+V％+W％+Zr％≥1.0％。在此基础上，可以添加Ca：≤0.10％，Mg：≤0.10％,稀土(Ce、La)：≤0.10％，Cr：≤1.0％，Si:≤1.0％，Cu：≤1.0％，Ti：≤1.0％和Ni：≤1.0％。
本发明各元素的作用及配比依据主要有三点。一是通过C、Mn、Al和Fe为主实现低密度(≤6.8g/cm3)和奥氏体基体，二是通过Mo、Nb、V、W和Zr的合金化实现空冷低磁性，三是通过S和P的控制实现奥氏体钢的高韧性能。
C、Mn和Al:轻质钢降低密度的关键元素，通过C合金化可以实现每添加1％的C而降低密度0.12g/cm3,；每添加10％的Mn可降低密度0.1g/cm3，每添加1％的Al则可降低密度0.1g/cm3。为了保证奥氏体基体、低密度≤6.8g/cm3、高强度Rp0.2≥500MPa、高韧性Akv-40℃≥100J和无磁性μ≤1.01，需要合金设计1.68≥0.12C％+0.01Mn％/10+0.1Al％≥1.23。
为了实现热处理过程中冷却速度对k-型碳化物调控，需要加入强碳化物形成元素Mo、Nb、V、W和Zr，但过高强碳化物形成元素会大幅度提升工业成本。因此要求Mo:≤1.0％，Nb：≤1.0％，V：≤1.0％、W：
≤1.0％和Zr：0-1.0％，其中5.0％≥Mo％+Nb％+V％+W％+Zr％≥1.0％可以实现碳化物选择性控制，从而实现低成本。
为了实现轻质钢高韧性，应严格控制S和P含量。但考虑到生产成本，要求S：≤0.01％和P：≤0.02％。此外Ca：≤0.10％，Mg：≤0.10％,稀土(Ce、La)：≤0.10％，Cr：≤1.0％，Si:≤1.0％,Cu：≤1.0％，Ti：≤1.0％，Ni：≤1.0％等元素添加可以改善轻质钢夹杂物特性、碳化物特性和提高强韧性极限。
制造工艺及条件
本发明设计轻质钢，可以通过冶炼、凝固、高温均匀化、热变形和热处理等工序完成制造，形成棒材、板材或型材等。具体制备流程及控制参数如下。
1.冶炼与凝固
通过真空感应、真空感应+电渣、电炉或转炉冶炼，然后通过模铸或连铸等方式凝固成铸坯并冷却到室温；
2.高温均匀化
将铸坯加热到1100-1200℃保温1-20小时，实现铸坯成分均匀化，减少成分偏析；
3.热锻或热轧
将高温均匀化铸坯加热到1100-1200℃，温度均匀后在850-1200℃进行轧制。需要最终轧制温度不低于850℃，热轧后空冷到室温。但是也可以水冷或油冷到室温。
4.空冷钢热处理
热轧或热锻后空冷的钢材可以通过热处理进一步改善力学性能。空冷后的发明钢可以在1000-1200℃保温0.5-20小时，然后空冷或水冷到室温，以获得韧性更加优异的性能。
5.性能测试
通过室温标准拉伸试验、-40℃冲击试验和室温磁性能测试等试验，评价发明钢的力学性能和磁性能。
发明钢密度与性能
通过以上成分和工艺制备出低密度奥氏体钢的导磁率≤1.01和密度≤6.8g/cm3。同时发明钢具有室温力学性能为屈服强度Rp0.2≥500MPa，抗拉强度Rm≥800MPa，延伸率A5≥40％、-40℃V-型冲击韧性≥100J/cm2，实现了轻质、无磁、高强韧等综合性能，为航空航天等高端装备提供了一种结构与功能一体化钢铁材料。发明钢热处理后空冷可以获得高强韧性的特性为良好的焊接提供了可行性。
通过以上成分和工艺制备出的低密度奥氏体钢具有导磁率≤1.01的优异抗磁性能。新研发低密度钢的轻质、无磁、高强韧等性能为航空航天等高端装备提供了一种优异的结构与功能兼备的钢铁材料。
附图说明
图1为热轧空冷KLLD2钢的室温拉伸曲线，表明了发明钢具有优异的强度、塑性和加工硬化行为图。
图2为水冷与空冷对1050℃固溶2小时固溶后的KLLD2钢力学性能影响图。
图3为KLLD3热变形空冷后的微观组织结构具有大量位错与孪晶等强化组织图。
图4为在1050℃固溶处理的KLLD2钢的微观组织结构，表明固溶处理消除掉了大量位错与孪晶等强化组织结构图。
具体实施方式
通过成分设计，在实验室内采用真空感应冶炼制备出不同化学成分的高强韧轻质钢，具体成分如表1所示。通过实验室50公斤真空感应炉进行冶炼，得到直径120mm铸锭，然后在实验室进行低密度钢制备过程模拟。针对铸锭进行1200℃的温度范围内保温10小时进行高温均匀化处理，然后将高温均匀化铸锭加热1150℃开始锻造和轧制，最终变形温度不低于850℃，轧制变形后空冷，形成20mm热轧板材。
通过实验室进行热轧板材和热处理工艺下力学性能与磁性能检测。空冷后板材性能如表2所示。为了进一步研究冷却速度影响，研究了固溶后不同冷却速度对力学性能影响，结果如表3所示。通过表3可以看出，水冷与空冷等不同冷却速度条件下，力学性能没有发生根本性变化。
图1给出了发明钢KLLD2的20mm热轧空冷板材拉伸曲线图，可以看出热轧空冷钢力学性能的优异强度和塑性匹配。图2给出了KLLD2钢在1050℃固溶2小时后水冷与空冷力学性能，除了空冷比水冷高出了近50MPa屈服强度外，冷却速率对力学性能影响不大，表明合金化设计有效抑制了k-型碳化物的析出，保证了高韧性。同时新型合金化设计也为高强高韧轻质钢的热处理与焊接奠定材料基础。但固溶处理后的屈服强度相对于热轧空冷态下降了100MPa以上，这可能与热轧组织存在大量位错和细小孪晶等变形强化组织结构有关，如图3所示的热变形组织和图4所示的固溶处理水冷组织。
表1发明钢实施例成分设计，余量为Fe
Figure BDA0003719760560000051
表2发明钢热轧空冷板材力学性能、密度、韧性和磁性
Figure BDA0003719760560000061
表3发明钢热轧空冷板材1050℃x2小时固溶处理后空冷与水冷力学性能对比
Figure BDA0003719760560000062

Claims (2)

1.一种空冷高强韧轻质奥氏体钢，其特征在于，成分重量百分数为：C：0.85％–1.25％,Mn：25％-35％，Al：6％-11％，S：≤0.01％，P：≤0.02％，Mo:≤1.0％，Nb：≤1.0％，V：≤1.0％，W：≤1.0％，Zr：≤1.0％，余量为Fe；其中，1.23％≤0.12C％+0.01Mn％/10+0.1Al％≤1.68％，1.0％≤Mo％+Nb％+V％+W％+Zr％≤5.0％；
该空冷高强韧轻质奥氏体钢的制备流程及控制参数如下：
(1)冶炼与凝固
通过真空感应、真空感应+电渣、电炉或转炉冶炼，然后通过模铸或连铸方式凝固成铸坯并冷却到室温；
(2)高温均匀化
将铸坯加热到1100-1200℃保温1-20小时，实现铸坯成分均匀化，减少成分偏析；
(3)热轧
将高温均匀化铸坯加热到1100-1200℃，温度均匀后在850-1200℃进行轧制；最终轧制温度不低于850℃，热轧后空冷到室温；
(4)空冷钢热处理
热轧后空冷的钢材通过热处理进一步改善力学性能，空冷后在1000-1200℃保温0.5-20小时，然后空冷到室温；
(5)性能测试
通过室温标准拉伸试验、-40℃冲击试验和室温磁性能测试，评价力学性能和磁性能：
导磁率≤1.01和密度≤6.8g/cm3；同时有室温力学性能为屈服强度Rp0.2≥500MPa，抗拉强度Rm≥800MPa，延伸率A5≥40％、-40℃V-型冲击韧性≥100J/cm2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的空冷高强韧轻质奥氏体钢，其特征在于，另添加Ca：≤0.10％，Mg：≤0.10％,稀土：≤0.10％，Cr：≤1.0％，Si:≤1.0％，Cu：≤1.0％，Ti：≤1.0％，Ni：≤1.0％；所述的稀土为Ce或La。
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