CN114107830B - 一种宽温域使用低密度耐磨钢及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种宽温域使用低密度耐磨钢及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN114107830B
CN114107830B CN202111402650.5A CN202111402650A CN114107830B CN 114107830 B CN114107830 B CN 114107830B CN 202111402650 A CN202111402650 A CN 202111402650A CN 114107830 B CN114107830 B CN 114107830B
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曹文全
王存宇
徐海峰
俞峰
许达
翁宇庆
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Central Iron and Steel Research Institute
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Abstract

一种宽温域使用低密度耐磨钢及其制备方法，属于高性能耐磨钢技术领域。化学成分：C:0.70‑3.0％、Mn：15‑35％、Ni：0‑10％、Cu：0‑5％、Al：5‑13％、Cr：0‑10.0％、Ni：0‑10％、Ti：0‑5％、Mo：0‑2.0％、Nb：0‑2.0％、V：0‑2.0％，其中Ti、Nb、Mo和V的总量不低于0.5％；余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质；在此基础上另加以下一种或多种元素：Si:0‑0.60wt％、Cu:0‑0.50wt％、B：0‑0.005wt％、RE:0‑0.050wt％。优点在于，满足未来高端装备对轻量化、耐高温和耐磨性需求，适应不同环境。

Description

一种宽温域使用低密度耐磨钢及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于高性能耐磨钢技术领域，提供了一种宽温域使用低密度耐磨钢及其制备方法，一种低密度奥氏体基体与大量硬质颗粒复合的耐磨钢设计思路，实现了密度达到6.5-7.0g/cm3、室温硬度300-395HB、室温耐磨性能不低于NM650耐磨钢水平，同时500℃下的耐磨性能远远优于NM650，满足在宽温域范围内实现耐磨设备的轻量化和高安全性要求。
技术背景
耐磨钢类别很多，按材料成分来分，主要有锰钢，低、中合金耐磨钢等；按材料组织来分，主要有马氏体耐磨钢、贝氏体耐磨钢及贝氏体－马氏体耐磨钢等。但无论是高锰耐磨钢Mn13及其衍生钢种，还是马氏体或贝氏体耐磨钢都有各自优缺点，无法适应未来耐高温、超耐磨和强韧性匹配等复杂环境要求。同时传统奥氏体耐磨钢与低中碳耐磨钢的密度基本维持在7.8-8.1g/cm3，不利于大型装备的轻量化，增加了设备制造与使用过程中的材料与能源消耗。
高锰钢是由英国人哈德菲尔德(R.A.Hadfield)在1882年发明的一种韧性很高且具有适当耐磨性的材料。其碳含量1.0％～1.4％，锰含量11％～14％。经1000～1100℃奥氏体化后水韧处理，得到单一的奥氏体组织，具有很高的韧性和加工硬化性能，广泛应用于冶金、矿山、建材、机械等行业中。在室温及低温下强烈冲击工况下，发生马氏体或孪晶强化效应而加工硬化，表面硬度可由初始的HB180～220提高到HB550～600左右，从而具有良好的耐磨性。但随着温度提高，马氏体相变和孪晶诱导硬化作用消失，导致耐磨性能变差或消失，不适合高温领域应用。因此高锰钢只有在冲击大、应力高和较低温度等条件下才具有较好的耐磨性能。另外尽管奥氏体高锰钢的韧性很高，但屈服强度低(350MPa)较低，易于发生在使用过程中易变形，因此在许多领域的铸件为其他材料所替代，例如美国、日本等国已不用高锰钢做球磨机上的衬板。
低、中合金的马氏体或贝氏体耐磨钢是高锰耐磨钢外的另外一类很有耐磨材料。已经成为耐磨钢发展的重要方向。主要有以下特点：(1)合金含量低，一般低合金钢为3％～5％，而中合金钢为6％～8％。所加合金元素主要是国内资源丰富元素，如铬、硅、锰、硼、稀土等，而较少含或不含贵重稀缺元素(镍，钼)，易于推广应用，经济合算；(2)具有较高硬度和足够的韧性，综合力学性能较好，在硬度大于50HRC时，采用低合金、多元素及复合合金化获得的淬硬相组织，能够在较大范围内控制硬度与韧性的匹配关系，在各类磨料磨损工况下均可获得较好的耐磨性；(3)具有良好的淬透性，适当调整合金元素，可使不同尺寸的工件淬透，也给空冷淬硬简化处理工艺提供了条件；(4)生产灵活易行，对不同的工厂条件，可铸、也可轧制生产。因次，低、中合金耐磨钢有着广阔的应用前景以及重要的推广价值。目前国内外都在开发各种低合金马氏体耐磨钢以替代低应力磨损时的高锰钢，低合金马氏体耐磨钢具有高淬透性，高硬度，具有良好的综合性能等特点，应用范围很广。目前国内外已经形成了硬度360HB到650HB甚至700HB的超级马氏体耐磨钢。但马氏体钢存在以下难以克服的缺点，即高硬度条件下的塑性较低和高温条件下由于组织退化而耐磨性变差，特别是随着使用温度提升，马氏体的结构与性能会发生变化，导致马氏体的耐磨性无法体现出来，从而限制了低中碳耐磨钢在高冲击及高温领域的应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种宽温域使用低密度耐磨钢及其制备方法，解决了传统奥氏体高锰钢和低中碳马氏体钢的密度高、高温耐磨性能差和高硬度条件下韧性差等现有耐磨钢的缺点，满足未来高端装备对轻量化、耐高温和耐磨性需求，适应不同环境。
本发明通过低密度奥氏体的基体合金成分设计实现高韧性、添加以TiC等为主的第二相实现超级耐磨的成分设计与总体强韧化的形变与热处理组织设计思路，获得屈服强度904-1310MPa级和耐磨性能达到甚至超过硬度650HB耐磨钢耐磨性能的新型低密度奥氏体超级耐磨钢，同时具有很好的塑性以满足耐磨钢对轻量化、强韧化和宽温域化的超高耐磨性要求。具体典型成分为：C:0.70-3.0％、Mn：15-35％、Ni：0-10％、Cu：0-5％、Al：5-13％、Cr：0-10.0％、Ni：0-10％、Ti：0-5％、Mo：0-2.0％、Nb：0-2.0％、V：0-2.0％，其中Ti、Nb、Mo和V的总量不低于0.5％，余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质。在此基础上还可以另加以下一种或多种元素：Si:0-0.60wt％、Cu:0-0.50wt％、B：0-0.005wt％、RE(稀土):0-0.050wt％。
该成分设计具有以下几个特点：(a)C、Mn、Al、Cr和Ni的合金化获得低密度奥氏体基体组织；(b)通过加入Ti、V、Nb和Mo等强碳化物形成元素，形成耐磨第二相，大幅度提升耐磨性能。
本发明耐磨钢可以通过感应熔炼、电炉或转炉等方式冶炼，后续通过高温均匀化、热锻或热轧以及水韧处理，制造出密度在6.5-7.0g/cm3的超级耐磨钢。可以满足矿山机械、能源石化、冶金装备等多种领域装备对轻量化、耐高温和超耐磨等耐磨钢需求。
本发明各元素的作用及配比依据如下：
(1)C、Mn、Ni、Cu和Al的配比获得奥氏体组织和降低密度达到13-24％，保障基体奥氏体组织在不同温度下的稳定性和强韧性。
(2)Ti、Nb、V和Mo的加入可以细化、均匀化奥氏体组织并形成耐磨的第二相粒子，大幅度提升发明钢的耐磨性。
本发明的制备方法的工艺步骤及控制的技术参数如下：
(1)在钢的化学成分控制：C:0.70-3.0％、Mn：15-35％、Ni：0-10％、Cu：0-5％、Al：5-13％、Cr：0-10.0％、Ni：0-10％、Ti：0-5％、Mo：0-2.0％、Nb：0-2.0％、V：0-2.0％，其中Ti、Nb、Mo和V的总量不低于0.5％，余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质。在此基础上还可以另加以下一种或多种元素：Si:0-0.60wt％、Cu:0-0.50wt％、B：0-0.005wt％、RE(稀土):0-0.050wt％。
在制备工艺上，主要通过真空感应冶炼后浇铸成铸锭，然后高温均匀化和热变形，最终通过水韧处理，实现奥氏体基体的细化与均匀化，提高基体强度与塑性，调控以TiC为主的耐磨第二相，实现高耐磨性能。
(2)冶炼与铸造：适用于转炉、电炉或感应炉冶炼，采用连铸生产铸坯或模铸生产铸锭或铸坯。
(3)锻造或热轧
锻造或热轧棒线材：将铸坯或铸锭经1100-1200℃加热，在800-1150℃范围内由热轧或锻造形成不同规格的棒材或板材。
(4)对锻造或热轧材进行固溶处理
在800-1150℃进行高温固溶，调整组织结构，获得奥氏体基体与大量耐磨碳化物的组织结构，以提高强度、韧性和耐磨性能。
本发明的优点在于：
在综合性能上，屈服强度为904-1310MPa，抗拉强度为1120-1550MPa，塑性也可达20％；可实现密度降低13％以上，耐磨性能比现有NM650提升50％以上，有助于实现耐磨装备轻量化。
由于奥氏体基体的高温稳定性高和第二相碳化物同时具有高温稳定性和高温硬度，具有优异的高温组织稳定性，可以在较高的温度条件下作为高温耐磨钢使用,在500℃条件下耐磨性比NM650最高提升10倍以上。具有高温耐磨性特点，可以使用到800℃的高温应用领域。
附图说明
图1为LNM4经过1150保温2小时的固溶处理EBSD微观组织结构图。表明发明钢具有基体奥氏体组织(黑色组织)和大量的TiC(白色)的液态析出。
图2为LNM2和LNM4钢的室温拉伸应力应变曲线图。表面固溶处理后发明钢具有高的强度与良好塑性。
图3为LNM1-LNM4发明钢的室温耐磨性能测试图。表明发明钢具有比高锰耐磨钢和低中碳马氏体耐磨钢具有同等条件下更低的磨损量。
具体实施方式
本实施例主要针对不同成分的低密度钢，进行低密度钢的冶炼、铸造、热轧和固溶处理等工艺模拟，形成低密度耐磨钢的热锻/热轧与固溶工艺与对应性能。
实施例：低密度钢的热轧中厚板
钢的冶炼与锻造：
本发明钢由试验室真空感应炉冶炼，浇铸锭型为50kg的圆锭，包括发明钢与对比钢共冶炼6炉钢供锻造棒状样品，化学成分见表1。发明钢LNM1-LNM4#钢和对比钢NM360、NM650的钢锭经过1180℃加热，保温5h，进行锻造开坯。初始锻造温度为1150℃，将直径约130mm的铸锭锻成截面尺寸为厚度40mm和宽度100mm的锻坯。通过实验室轧机，将锻坯轧制到厚度12mm板材。对热轧板在1180℃进行高温固溶。进行力学性能和冲击韧性测定(拉伸试验拉伸速率为10-4/s，延伸率采用A5。通过耐磨试验进行耐磨性能对比研究。图1给出了LNM4钢的微观组织结构，表明发明钢具有奥氏体基体和大量TiC耐磨相的微观组织结构，说明经过1150℃保温2小时后依然具有大量的NbC，表明新型耐磨钢中的强碳化物可以在1150℃下稳定，也说明发明钢可以在低于1150℃的条件下使用。图2给出了LNM2和LNM4钢的室温拉伸曲线，表明发明钢具有高强度与高塑性。表2给出了发明钢的室温力学性能、密度以及耐磨性以及高温耐磨性，表明了发明钢具有在宽温域内的优异耐磨性。图3给出耐磨性能对比结果，表明发明钢具有比传统高锰奥氏体钢(Mn13)和低中碳马氏体耐磨钢具有更低的磨损量。
通过表2可以看出，热轧空冷板的屈服强度在904-1310MPa之间，抗拉强度在1120-1550MPa之间，延伸率均超过了19-25％。同时研发钢热轧固溶后的密度达到了6.5-7.0g/cm3之间。同时表2给出了高温耐磨性结果，可以看出500℃条件下发明钢具有比传统耐磨钢更加优异的耐磨性能。同时由于TiC可以在1150℃下保持稳定(见图1)，因此本发明钢可以做高温耐磨钢使用。
表1发明钢与传统低密度钢化学成分
Figure BDA0003364643030000061
表2热轧固溶后发明钢与传统低密度钢力学性能与密度
Figure BDA0003364643030000062

Claims (1)

1.一种宽温域使用低密度耐磨钢，其特征在于，化学成分为：C:3.0％、Mn：35％、Ni：10％、Cu：0.1％、Al：11％、Si:0.25％、B：0.005％、La：0.05％、Ti、Nb、V、W和Mo的总量为5.0％，余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质；
所述宽温域使用低密度耐磨钢的制备方法如下：
(1)钢的化学成分控制：C:3.0％、Mn：35％、Ni：10％、Cu：0.1％、Al：11％、Si:0.25％、B：0.005％、La：0.05％、Ti、Nb、V、W和Mo的总量为5.0％，余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质；
(2)冶炼与铸造：适用于转炉、电炉或感应炉冶炼，采用连铸生产铸坯或模铸生产铸锭或铸坯；
(3)锻造或热轧
锻造或热轧棒线材：将铸坯或铸锭经1100-1200℃加热，在800-1150℃范围内由热轧或锻造形成不同规格的棒材或板材；
(4)对锻造或热轧材进行固溶处理
在800-1150℃进行高温固溶，调整组织结构，获得奥氏体基体与大量耐磨碳化物的组织结构，以提高强度、韧性和耐磨性能。
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