CN115254158B - 一种纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂及其制备和应用 - Google Patents
一种纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂及其制备和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115254158B CN115254158B CN202211003761.3A CN202211003761A CN115254158B CN 115254158 B CN115254158 B CN 115254158B CN 202211003761 A CN202211003761 A CN 202211003761A CN 115254158 B CN115254158 B CN 115254158B
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- carbon
- phosphorus
- catalyst
- metal phosphide
- hydrogenation
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- JXBAVRIYDKLCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[P] Chemical compound [C].[P] JXBAVRIYDKLCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 49
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
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- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol-hexakisphosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phytic acid Natural products OP(O)(=O)OC1C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000002949 phytic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000467 phytic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940068041 phytic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
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- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical class C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NDVRKEKNSBMTAX-BTVCFUMJSA-N (2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O NDVRKEKNSBMTAX-BTVCFUMJSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-gluconic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZRIUUUJAJJNDSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium phosphates Chemical group [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O ZRIUUUJAJJNDSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000174 gluconic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012208 gluconic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- 239000005456 alcohol based solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 2
- VAKIVKMUBMZANL-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron phosphide Chemical compound P.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] VAKIVKMUBMZANL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- CGHIBGNXEGJPQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexyne Chemical compound CCCCC#C CGHIBGNXEGJPQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- QCTBMLYLENLHLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminomethylbenzoic acid Chemical compound NCC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 QCTBMLYLENLHLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- JRXXLCKWQFKACW-UHFFFAOYSA-N biphenylacetylene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JRXXLCKWQFKACW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1CC1(F)F JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/185—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals
- B01J27/1853—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals with iron, cobalt or nickel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种纳米团簇金属磷化物‑磷‑碳催化剂,是将磷‑碳载体分散于加氢金属盐溶液中,混合均匀后在搅拌下反应0.5~24h,反应结束后于30~100℃下蒸干溶剂,于50~00℃下干燥;然后在氢气气氛下,于200~1200℃还原碳化处理1~24h,获得纳米团簇金属磷化物‑磷‑碳催化剂。本发明制备催化剂的方法,催化剂制备、催化剂再生、成本低、操作方法简易且普适性好;制备的催化剂加氢能力强,对多种有机化合物的不饱和键可实现全加氢和选择性加氢,适用于进行工业化生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化剂制备技术领域,具体涉及纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂及其制备与应用。
背景技术
金属磷化物是一种既有半导体性质又拥有金属性质的一类特殊化合物。金属磷化物因具有独特的物理及化学特性而成为一类较有发展前景的电解水制氢/催化加氢/催化氢甲酰化/的催化剂。金属磷化物中,由于非金属磷的电负性大于金属,金属的电子会有一部分转移到P,使其更负而成为质子接受中心,而金属是氢化物接受中心,P会有利于H在过渡金属磷化物的表面吸附-脱附,从而使过渡金属磷化物在析氢过程中具有良好的催化活。由于使用不同磷源和反应方式不同,因此,过渡金属磷化物的制备方法主要有气-固反应法、热解还原法、液相反应法和电沉积法。通过调控温度、浓度、磷源的种类等条件来制备不同尺寸、晶型、结构的磷化物。
纳米团簇是尺寸小于2 nm,介于单原子和纳米颗粒之间的一类催化剂,通常是由几个到几百个原子组成。特殊的电子和几何结构、高密度的活性位点以及不同晶面暴露等特点,促使纳米团簇表现出独特的催化性能。与此同时,纳米团簇精确的结构便于探究催化性能与材料结构之间的构效关系。然而,纳米团簇的催化活性通常取决于金属成核的尺寸,但可控合成不同尺寸尤其是超小的纳米团簇非常困难,是目前该领域存在的研究难点。因此,无论是从应用还是基础研究的角度看,发展一种纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂技术都具有很强的必要性和急迫性。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供了一种纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的制备方法。
本发明的另一目的在于提供上述制备的纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂在加氢反应中的应用。
一、纳米金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的制备
本发明一种纳米金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)磷-碳的制备:将磷源分散于溶剂中,加入碳源,在20~80℃搅拌0.5~24h,在50~120℃蒸干溶剂,50~120℃下干燥,然后在保护性气氛下,于200~1200℃煅烧5~24h,得到磷-碳。
所述溶剂为水、甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、1,4-二氧六环、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯甲基叔丁基醚、丙酮;磷源为磷酸、磷酸的铵盐、葡萄糖磷酸、葡萄糖酸的铵盐、植酸、植酸的铵盐、三苯基膦、三苯基膦衍生物,碳源为活性碳、石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳球、微孔碳、介孔碳、大孔碳、多级孔碳中的至少一种,磷源和碳源的质量比为1:5~1:100。
(2)金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂得制备:将磷-碳载体分散于加氢金属盐溶液中,混合均匀后在搅拌下反应0.5~24h,反应结束后于30~100℃下蒸干溶剂,于50~00℃下干燥;然后在氢气气氛下,于200~1200℃还原碳化处理1~24h,获得纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂。
所述加氢金属盐溶液中,加氢金属为钌、铂、钴、镍、铱、金、铜、钯、银、铁、锌和铑中的至少一种,溶剂为水、醇类溶剂、醚类溶剂、烃类溶剂中的任意一种或两种以上的组合。其中醇类溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、异丁醇、叔丁醇、乙二醇和甘油中任意一种;醚类溶剂为四氢呋喃、乙醚、1,4-二氧六环、二苯醚和叔丁醇甲醚中的任意一种;烃类溶剂为戊烷、己烷、苯、甲苯、石油醚、二氯甲烷和三氯甲烷中的任意一种。加氢金属盐溶液中,加氢金属盐的浓度为0.001~1.0mol/L。
所述制备的纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂中,碳为载体,加氢金属为催化活性组分,磷为协同催化元素。且催化活性组分加氢金属分布于磷-碳载体上。
所述制备的纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂中,协同催化元素磷的含量为0.01~40wt%;加氢金属的含量为0.001~20wt.%。
电镜图片显示,本发明制备的纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂中,金属磷化物的粒径在2纳米以下,是纳米团簇金属磷化物。
纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂形成的机理:首先是载体磷-碳中的磷和氢气作用形成活性更高的磷-氢物种,磷-氢物种进一步与催化剂上面的金属作用,形成金属磷化物。由于载体上面有一定量的磷的存在,使得形成的金属磷化物不会发生大量团聚,保证其以纳米团簇的形式稳定存在。
二、纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的应用
纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳在氢化合成不饱和化合物中的应用,是在还原性气体中,将不饱和化合物溶液连续输入设置有所述纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的连续管式反应器中,或者将不饱和化合物、所述纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂和溶剂加入间歇式反应釜中,在压力0.1~30MPa,温度为20~300℃下反应,制得不饱和化合物的加氢产物。
所述不饱和化合物所含有的官能团为碳氧双键、碳碳双键、碳氮双键、碳碳三键和硝基中的至少一种。优选亚胺类化合物、含碳碳三键类化合物。
所述还原性气体为氢气、含氢气的混合气体。优选纯氢气。
所述溶剂包括水、醇类溶剂、醚类溶剂、烃类溶剂中的任意一种或两种以上的组合。
综上所述,本发明制备催化剂的方法,成本低、操作方法简易且普适性好;制备的催化剂加氢能力强,对多种有机化合物的不饱和键可实现全加氢和选择性加氢,适用于进行工业化生产。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例2制备的催化剂的TEM图。
图2是本发明实施例6制备的催化剂的TEM图。
图3是本发明实施例7制备的催化剂的TEM图。
具体实施方式
下面所用的实施例中所采用的实验材料,如无特殊说明,均可由常规的生化试剂公司购买得到。
实施例1、纳米团簇磷化钴/磷-活性碳催化剂制备
将0.5g磷酸溶于水中,在加入3g活性碳,在20℃,搅拌24h,50℃蒸干溶剂,50℃下干燥,之后在保护性气氛下于200℃煅烧24h,得到磷-活性炭粉末。
将5g磷-活性碳粉末分散于0.05mol/L硝酸钴水溶液中,充分搅拌12h,90℃蒸干水溶液,于空气中80℃再干燥12h,之后于氢气气氛中,600℃碳化12h,得到目标催化剂。
称取实施例1制备的催化剂0.1g、对醛基苯甲酸20mmolg、氨水15ml、水20ml加入高压反应釜中,通入高纯氢气置换3次气体后,充氢气至3.0MPa,升温到100℃,反应5h,反应结束后,快速冷却至室温,然后将反应液进行离心分离,取上层清液对反应体系进行定量计算。经HPLC检测表征,4-(氨甲基)苯甲酸的产率为98%。
实施例2、纳米团簇磷化钌/磷-活性碳催化剂制备
将10g蔗糖加入100ml 0.01mol/L植酸混合溶液中,充分搅拌20h,进行干燥,于空气中160℃煅烧10h,之后于氮气中800℃碳10h,得到磷-活性炭。
将5g磷-活性碳粉末分散于0.05mol/L氯化钌乙醇溶液中,充分搅拌0.5h,30℃蒸干乙醇溶液,于空气中50℃再干燥24h,之后于氢气气氛中,200℃碳化24h,得到目标催化剂。所得催化剂电镜照片如图1,由电镜照片可以得出,所形成的的磷化钌的粒径在2纳米以下,是纳米团簇磷化钌。
称取实施例2制备的催化剂0.5g、苯酐20mmol、四氢呋喃40ml加入高压反应釜中,通入高纯氢气置换3次气体后,充氢气至4MPa,升温到150℃,反应5h,反应结束后,快速冷却至室温,然后将反应液进行离心分离,对反应液进行色谱分析,反应液采用agilent6980气相色谱配备SE-54毛细管柱,苯酞的产率为91%。
称取实施例2制备的催化剂0.1g、己烷30ml加入高压反应釜中,通入乙炔30%和70%氢气混合气置换3次气体后,充气至3.0MPa,升温到100℃,反应10h,反应结束后,快速冷却至室温,收集气体成分进行GC分析,然后将反应液进行离心分离,对反应液进行色谱分析,反应液采用agilent6980气相色谱配备SE-54毛细管柱,乙烯的产率为92%。
实施例3、纳米团簇磷化钯/磷-介孔碳催化剂制备
将2g纳米二氧化硅粉末和10g果糖,加入200ml 0.01mol/L植酸溶液中,充分搅拌20h,进行干燥,于空气中160℃煅烧10h,之后于氮气中800℃碳10h,得到含模板的催化剂,将该含模板的催化剂加入4mol/L的氢氟酸溶液中,80℃下搅至室温,用水洗至PH=7,得到磷-介孔碳。
将5g磷-介孔碳粉末分散于0.05mol/L乙酸钯乙醇溶液中,充分搅拌24h,60℃蒸干乙醇溶液,于空气中80℃再干燥12h,之后于氢气气氛中,1200℃碳化1h,得到目标催化剂。
称取实施例3制备的催化剂0.1g、苯酞20mmol、乙醇15ml、水15ml加入高压反应釜中,通入高纯氢气置换3次气体后,充氢气至5.0MPa,升温到120℃,反应10h,反应结束后,快速冷却至室温,然后将反应液进行离心分离对反应液进行色谱分析,反应液采用agilent6980气相色谱配备SE-54毛细管柱,六氢苯酞的产率为95%。
称取实施例3制备的催化剂5.0g(20-60目)、装入固定床的反应管中,充通入乙炔20%和80%氢气混合气至2.0MPa,升温到110℃,50ml/min通入混合气,尾气进行GC分析,乙烯的产率为91%。
实施例4、纳米团簇磷化铑/磷-活性碳催化剂制备
将1g植酸溶于水中,在加入5g活性碳,在80℃,搅拌0.5h,100℃蒸干溶剂,120℃下干燥,之后在保护性气氛下于1200℃煅烧5h,得到目标磷-活性碳。
将5g磷-活性碳粉末分散于0.05mol/L氯化铑异丁醇醇溶液中,充分搅拌12h,90℃蒸干异丁醇溶液,于空气中100℃再干燥12h,之后于氢气气氛中,500℃碳化5h,得到目标催化剂。
称取实施例4制备的催化剂2.0g(20-60目)、装入固定床的反应管中,充通入乙烯10%和90%氢气混合气至4.0MPa,升温到80℃,40ml/min通入混合气,尾气进行GC分析,乙烷的产率为95%。
实施例5、纳米团簇磷化钌/磷-多级孔碳催化剂制备
将2g纳米二氧化硅溶胶,5g葡萄糖,5g果糖,加入150ml 0.01mol/L植酸混合溶液中,充分搅拌20h,进行干燥,于空气中160℃煅烧10h,之后于氮气中800℃碳12h,得到含模板的催化剂,将该含模板的催化剂加入4mol/L的盐酸溶液中,80℃下搅拌反应24h,冷至室温,用水洗至PH=7,得到磷-多级孔碳。
将5g磷-多级孔碳粉末分散于0.05mol/L硝酸锌水溶液中,充分搅拌10h,80℃蒸干溶液,于空气中80℃再干燥20h,之后于氢气气氛中,700℃碳化3h,得到目标催化剂。
称取实施例5制备的催化剂0.1g、苯甲醛20mmol、(R)-(+)-1-苯基乙胺22mmol、乙醇40ml加入高压反应釜中,通入高纯氢气置换3次气体后,充氢气至30.0MPa,升温到20℃,反应20h,反应结束后,快速冷却至室温,然后将反应液进行离心分离,对反应液进行色谱分析,反应液采用agilent6980气相色谱配备SE-54毛细管柱,(S)-(-)-N-苄基-α-甲基苄胺的产率为88%。
实施例6、纳米团簇磷化铁/磷-活性碳催化剂制备
将10g蔗糖加入300ml 0.01mol/L三苯基膦溶液中,充分搅拌20h,进行干燥,于空气中160℃煅烧10h,之后于氮气中700℃碳12h,得到含模板的催化剂,将该含模板的催化剂加入4mol/L的盐酸溶液中,80℃下搅拌反应24h,冷至室温,用水洗至PH=7,得到磷-活性碳。
将5g磷-活性碳粉末分散于0.05mol/L硝酸锌水溶液中,充分搅拌10h,80℃蒸干溶液,于空气中80℃再干燥20h,之后于氢气气氛中,500℃碳化3h,得到目标催化剂。所得催化剂电镜照片如图2,由电镜照片可以得出,所形成的磷化钌的粒径在2纳米以下,是纳米团簇磷化铁。
称取实施例6制备的催化剂0.5g、1-己炔20mmol、四氢呋喃30ml加入高压反应釜中,通入高纯氢气置换3次气体后,充氢气至3.0MPa,升温到80℃,反应10h,反应结束后,快速冷却至室温,然后将反应液进行离心分离,对反应液进行色谱分析,反应液采用agilent6980气相色谱配备SE-54毛细管柱,1-己烯的产率为95%。
实施例7、纳米团簇磷化铂/磷-活性炭催化剂制备
将10g果糖加入100ml 0.01mol/L植酸溶液中,充分搅拌24h,进行干燥,于空气中80℃煅烧12h,之后于氮气中200℃碳24h,得到含模板的催化剂,将该含模板的催化剂加入4mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液中,80℃下搅拌反应10h,冷至室温,用水洗至PH=7,得到磷-活性碳。
5g磷-活性碳粉末分散于0.05mol/L氯铂酸水溶液中,充分搅拌5h,80℃蒸干溶液,于空气中80℃再干燥20h,之后于氢气气氛中,600℃碳化4h,得到目标催化剂,所得催化剂电镜照片如图3,由电镜照片可以得出,所形成的的磷化钌的粒径在2纳米以下,是纳米团簇磷化铂。
称取实施例7制备的催化剂0.5g、二苯乙炔20mmolg、甲苯30ml加入高压反应釜中,通入高纯氢气置换3次气体后,充氢气至3.0MPa,升温到140℃,反应10h,反应结束后,快速冷却至室温,然后将反应液进行离心分离,对反应液进行色谱分析,反应液采用agilent6980气相色谱配备SE-54毛细管柱,二苯乙烯的产率为98%。
实施例8、纳米团簇磷化钌/磷-石墨烯催化剂制备
将1g磷酸氢铵溶于水中,再加入5g石墨烯,在50℃搅拌12h,80℃蒸干溶剂80℃下干燥,之后在保护性气氛下于600℃煅烧12h,得到目标磷-石墨烯。
将5g磷-石墨烯粉末分散于0.05mol/L氯化钌水溶液中,充分搅拌5h,80℃蒸干溶液,于空气中80℃再干燥12h,之后于氢气气氛中,500℃碳化4h,得到目标催化剂。
称取实施例8制备的催化剂1.0g和二氧化硅2.0均匀混合后、压片制备出40-60目的催化剂颗粒、装入固定床反应管内、充入3.0MPa的氢气,氢气流速50ml/min,升温至110℃,将对氯硝基苯200g溶于1000ml的甲苯溶剂中,利用高压注射泵连续向反应器中注入,空速30g/g.h,在装置的储液罐收集反应液,对反应液进行色谱分析,反应液采用agilent6980气相色谱配备SE-54毛细管柱,对氯苯胺的收率97%。
Claims (7)
1.一种纳米金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)磷-碳的制备:将磷源分散于溶剂中,加入碳源,在20~80℃搅拌0.5~24h,在50~120℃蒸干溶剂,50~120℃下干燥,然后在保护性气氛下,于200~1200℃煅烧5~24h,得到磷-碳;其中,磷源为磷酸、磷酸的铵盐、葡萄糖磷酸、葡萄糖酸的铵盐、植酸、植酸的铵盐、三苯基膦、三苯基膦衍生物;碳源为活性碳、石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳球、微孔碳、介孔碳、大孔碳、多级孔碳中的至少一种;且磷源和碳源的质量比为1:5~1:100;
(2)金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的制备:将磷-碳分散于加氢金属盐溶液中,混合均匀后在搅拌下反应0.5~24h,反应结束后于30~100℃下蒸干溶剂,于50~00℃下干燥;然后在氢气气氛下,于200~1200℃还原碳化处理1~24h,获得纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂;所述加氢金属盐溶液中,加氢金属为钌、铂、钴、镍、铱、金、铜、钯、银、铁、锌和铑中的至少一种。
2.如权利要求1所述一种纳米金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,所述加氢金属盐溶液中,加氢金属盐的浓度为0.001~1.0mol/L。
3.如权利要求1所述一种纳米金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(2)中,溶剂为水、醇类溶剂、醚类溶剂、烃类溶剂。
4.如权利要求3所述一种纳米金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述醇类溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、异丁醇、叔丁醇、乙二醇和甘油中任意一种;醚类溶剂为四氢呋喃、乙醚、1,4-二氧六环、二苯醚和叔丁醇甲醚中的任意一种;烃类溶剂为戊烷、己烷、苯、甲苯、石油醚、二氯甲烷和三氯甲烷中的任意一种。
5.如权利要求1所述一种纳米金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所制备的纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂中,磷元素的含量为0.01~40wt%;加氢金属的含量为0.001~20wt.%。
6.如权利要求1所述方法制备的纳米金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂在氢化合成不饱和化合物中的应用,是在还原性气体中,将不饱和化合物溶液连续输入设置有所述纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂的连续管式反应器中,或者将不饱和化合物、所述纳米团簇金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂和溶剂加入间歇式反应釜中,在压力0.1~30MPa,温度为20~300℃下反应,制得不饱和化合物的加氢产物。
7.如权利要求6所述纳米金属磷化物-磷-碳催化剂在不饱和化合物加氢反应中的应用,其特征在于:所述不饱和化合物所含有的官能团为碳氧双键、碳碳双键、碳氮双键、碳碳三键和硝基中的至少一种。
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