CN115250617A - 具有复合玻璃板和p偏振辐射的投影装置 - Google Patents
具有复合玻璃板和p偏振辐射的投影装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115250617A CN115250617A CN202280000715.XA CN202280000715A CN115250617A CN 115250617 A CN115250617 A CN 115250617A CN 202280000715 A CN202280000715 A CN 202280000715A CN 115250617 A CN115250617 A CN 115250617A
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Abstract
本发明涉及投影装置(100),其包括‑复合玻璃板(1),其包括透明外玻璃板(2)、热塑性中间层(4)、反射层(9)和透明内玻璃板(3),其中外玻璃板(2)具有背向热塑性中间层(4)的外侧(I)和面向热塑性中间层(4)的内侧(II),并且内玻璃板(3)具有面向热塑性中间层(4)的外侧(III)和背向热塑性中间层(4)的内侧(IV),其中反射层(9)布置在外玻璃板(2)和内玻璃板(3)之间并适用于反射p偏振光(10),其中反射层(9)本身是不透明的,或者在从内玻璃板(3)的内侧(IV)开始透过复合玻璃板(1)透视时在空间上布置在不透明背景的前方,‑图像显示装置(8),其指向反射层(9)并透过内玻璃板(3)用p偏振光(10)照射它,其中反射层(9)反射p偏振光(10)。
Description
本发明涉及投影装置、其制造方法及其用途。
如今,平视显示器通常用于运载工具和飞机。平视显示器的工作原理在此通过使用成像单元实现,该成像单元通过光学模块和投影面来投影被驾驶员感知为虚拟图像的图像。如果将该图像例如通过作为投影面的运载工具挡风玻璃板进行反射,则可以为用户显示重要信息,这明显改进交通安全性。
运载工具挡风玻璃板通常由通过至少一个热塑性膜相互层压的两个玻璃板构成。上述平视显示器中出现的问题在于,投影器图像在挡风玻璃板的两个表面上反射。因此,驾驶员不仅感知到所需的主图像,该主图像由挡风玻璃板的内部空间侧的表面上的反射引起(一次反射)。驾驶员还感知到轻微偏移的通常强度较弱的副图像,该副图像由挡风玻璃板的外侧表面上的反射引起(二次反射)。这个问题通常通过将反射表面彼此以有针对性选择的角度布置以使得主图像和副图像重叠来解决,从而使副图像不再显得具有干扰性。
由于与p偏振相比更好的挡风玻璃板反射特性,平视显示投影器的辐射通常基本上是s偏振的。但是,如果驾驶员佩戴仅透射p偏振光的偏振选择性太阳镜,则他可能几乎看不到或完全看不到 HUD图像。因此,需要与偏振选择性太阳镜相容的HUD投影装置。因此,在这种情况下问题的解决方式是采用使用p偏振光的投影装置。
DE 102014220189A1公开了平视显示器投影装置,其通过p偏振辐射运行以产生平视显示器图像。由于入射角通常接近布鲁斯特角并且p偏振辐射因此仅在小程度上被玻璃表面反射,挡风玻璃板具有可将p偏振辐射朝着驾驶员方向反射的反射结构。提出了将厚度为5 nm至9 nm 的单个金属层(其例如由银或铝制成)作为反射结构,其施加到内玻璃板的背向载人车辆内部空间的外侧上。
US 2004/0135742A1也公开了平视显示器投影装置,其通过p偏振辐射运行以产生平视显示器图像,并且具有可将p偏振辐射朝着驾驶员方向反射的反射结构。提出了在WO96/19347A3中公开的多层聚合物层作为反射结构。
在设计基于平视显示器技术的显示器时,还必须确保投影器具有相应大的功率,以使投影的图像尤其是当阳光入射时具有足够的亮度并且可被观察者良好识别。这需要一定尺寸的投影器并且伴随着相应的电流消耗。
未公开的欧洲申请EP20200006.3和EP20200009.7展示了在挡风玻璃板的边缘区域中使用掩蔽带,其具有在掩蔽带前方布置的透明元件,该透明元件将投影到该元件上的图像反射到运载工具内部空间中。由于不透光的背景,可以以更高的对比度感知该图像。
DE102009020824A1公开了具有虚拟图像系统的挡风玻璃板。在这种情况下,图像显示装置指向反射区域,该反射区域本身由不透光的反射层形成,或者布置在不透光的背景的前方。反射层布置在内玻璃板的面向运载工具内部空间的面上。由此可以以高对比度识别反射的图像。然而,反射层没有被保护免受外部有害影响。
根据所描述的问题,本发明的目的是提供改进的投影装置,利用该装置可以避免这些缺点。例如可能希望的是具有基于平视显示器技术的投影装置,其中不出现不希望的副图像并且其布置可以在以足够的亮度和对比度良好识别所示的图像信息的情况下相对容易地实现。此外,被设置用于光反射的元件应被保护尽可能免受外部影响,能耗应相对低,并且该投影装置也应可通过具有偏振镜片的太阳镜识别。此外,该投影装置应可容易且成本有利地制造。
本发明的这些和其它目的根据本发明通过根据独立权利要求1、14和15的投影装置来实现。优选实施方案从从属权利要求中得出。
根据本发明,描述了投影装置。该投影装置包括复合玻璃板和布置在复合玻璃板上的图像显示装置。该复合玻璃板包括透明外玻璃板、透明内玻璃板、热塑性中间层和反射层(反射镜层)。所述外玻璃板具有背向热塑性中间层的外侧和面向热塑性中间层的内侧,并且内玻璃板具有面向热塑性中间层的外侧和背向热塑性中间层的内侧。优选地,复合玻璃板用作运载工具挡风玻璃板。
反射层布置在外玻璃板和内玻璃板之间,其中“之间”既可以表示在热塑性中间层内,也可以表示在外玻璃板的内侧上和内玻璃板的外侧上直接空间接触。反射层被设计成适合于反射p偏振光,优选可见光。反射层本身是不透明的,或者在从内玻璃板的内侧开始透过复合玻璃板透视时在空间上布置在不透明背景的前方。在这种情况下,不透明背景可以布置在外玻璃板的外侧或内侧上或热塑性中间层内。
当然,反射层也可以本身是不透明的,并且尽管如此在透过内玻璃板透视时在空间上布置在不透明背景的前方。在本发明的意义上,复合玻璃板的其中布置有反射层的区域是不透明的。如果反射层设置在不透明背景的前方,则其优选是透明的。
本发明基于这样的发现,即与所述至少一个不透明背景重叠的反射层能够以相对于不透明背景而言高的对比度实现良好图像显示,从而使其显得明亮并因此也具有极好的可识别性。这有利地能够降低图像显示装置的功率并因此降低能耗。这是本发明的一大优点。
表述“透过复合玻璃板透视”是指从内玻璃板的内侧开始透过复合玻璃板看。在本发明的意义上,“在空间上的前方”是指反射层在空间上布置为比至少所述不透明背景更远离外玻璃板的外侧。反射层可以在此直接施加在不透明背景上。但是,无论是否将反射层直接施加在不透明背景上,反射层在透过复合玻璃板透视时总是与不透明背景完全重叠。换句话说,在从内玻璃板的内侧开始透过复合玻璃板透视时,反射层因此与不透明背景重叠。
图像显示装置产生p偏振光,其在内玻璃板的内侧处进入复合玻璃板并至少部分透过内玻璃板透射。p偏振光有针对性地投影(即辐射)到反射层上。射到反射层上的p偏振光至少部分被反射并在内玻璃板的内侧处离开复合玻璃板。由图像显示装置产生的光优选为可见光,即波长范围为380 nm至780 nm的光。
图像显示装置的辐射优选以45°至75°,特别优选55°至65°,特别是57°的入射角射到复合玻璃板上的反射层区域中。入射角是图像显示装置的辐射的入射矢量与反射层的几何中心中的面法线之间的角度。因为对于HUD投影装置而言典型的约65°的入射角相对接近空气-玻璃-过渡的布鲁斯特角(56.5°,钠钙玻璃),从图像显示装置发出的p偏振辐射几乎没有被玻璃板表面反射。
术语p偏振光是指可见光谱范围的光,其主要由具有p偏振的光构成。p偏振光优选具有p偏振≥50%,优选≥70%,特别优选≥90%,特别是约100%的光比例。
偏振方向的说明在此基于辐射在复合玻璃板上的入射平面。p偏振辐射表示其电场在入射平面中振荡的辐射。s偏振辐射表示其电场垂直于入射平面振荡的辐射。入射平面由入射矢量和在受照射的区域的几何中心中的复合玻璃板面法线撑开。
换言之,偏振,即特别是p和s偏振辐射的比例是在被图像显示装置照射的区域的位点处测定的,优选在受照射的区域的几何中心中。由于复合玻璃板可能是弯曲的(例如当其被设计为挡风玻璃板时),这影响图像显示装置辐射的入射平面,所以在其它区域中可能出现略微与其不同的偏振比例,这由于物理原因是不可避免的。
不透明背景优选是不透明掩蔽带。掩蔽带优选是由一个或多个层制成的涂层。然而,替代地,它也可以是插入到复合玻璃板中的不透明元件,例如膜。
根据复合玻璃板的一个优选实施方式,掩蔽带由单个层构成。这具有的优点在于复合玻璃板特别简单且成本低廉地制造,因为对于掩蔽带而言只需要形成单个层。
除了在本发明的意义上描述的作用方式之外,可以用作安装状态下否则透过玻璃板可识别的结构的掩蔽物。特别是在挡风玻璃板的情况下,掩蔽带用于掩蔽将挡风玻璃板胶粘到运载工具车身中的胶粘剂条。这意味着它防止向外朝着通常不规则施加的胶粘剂条的视线,从而产生挡风玻璃板的和谐整体印象。另一方面,掩蔽带用作所用胶粘材料的UV防护物。被UV光持续照射损坏胶粘材料,并且随着时间的推移会松动玻璃板与运载工具车身之间的连接。在具有可电控功能层的玻璃板的情况下,掩蔽带也可以例如用于覆盖汇流排和/或连接元件。
掩蔽带优选地被印刷到外玻璃板上,特别是使用丝网印刷方法。在此,印刷油墨穿过细网眼织物印刷到玻璃板上。例如,在此使用橡胶刮刀将印刷油墨穿过织物压入。织物具有可渗透印刷油墨的区域以及不可渗透印刷油墨的区域,从而规定了印刷物的几何形状。因此,织物充当了印刷的模板。印刷油墨包含至少一种悬浮在液相(溶剂),例如水或有机溶剂如醇中的颜料和玻璃料。颜料通常是黑色颜料,例如颜料炭黑(炭黑)、苯胺黑、骨黑、氧化铁黑、尖晶石黑和/或石墨。
将印刷油墨印刷后,对玻璃板进行温度处理,其中液相通过蒸镀排出,玻璃料熔化并持久与玻璃表面连接。该温度处理通常在 450℃至 700℃的温度下进行。颜料保留在由熔化玻璃料形成的玻璃基质中作为掩蔽带。掩蔽带优选具有5μm至50μm,特别优选8μm至25μm的厚度。
替代地,掩蔽带是染色或着色的,优选黑色着色的热塑性复合膜,其优选基于聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET),优选PVB形成。复合膜的染色或着色在此可自由选择,但优选黑色。染色或着色的复合膜优选布置在外玻璃板和内玻璃板之间,但其不布置在内玻璃板的外侧上。染色或着色的热塑性复合膜优选具有0.25 mm至1 mm的厚度。染色或着色的复合膜优选在复合玻璃板面积的最大50%,特别优选最大30%上延伸。为了避免复合玻璃板中的厚度差异,优选在外玻璃板和内玻璃板之间布置另外的透明热塑性复合膜,其在复合玻璃板面积的至少50%,优选至少30%上延伸。染色或着色的复合膜在复合玻璃板的表面平面上与透明热塑性复合玻璃板错开布置,以使它们不重叠或重合。
掩蔽带也可以是局部着色或染色的热塑性复合膜。在这种情况下,反射层在空间上布置在热塑性复合膜的着色或染色区域的前方。复合膜的着色或染色优选在复合玻璃板面积的最大50%,特别优选最大30%上延伸。局部着色或染色的热塑性复合膜的剩余部分是透明的,即被设计为没有着色或染色。局部着色或染色的热塑性复合膜优选在复合玻璃板的整个面积上延伸。将掩蔽带制造为着色或染色的热塑性复合膜或局部着色或染色的热塑性复合膜简化了复合玻璃板的制造并提高了其稳定性。非常有利的是外玻璃板或内玻璃板不必预先涂覆以产生不透明背景,因为这会损害复合玻璃板的稳定性和工艺效率。
外玻璃板和内玻璃板包含或优选由玻璃组成,特别优选平板玻璃、浮法玻璃、石英玻璃、硼硅酸盐玻璃、钠钙玻璃、铝硅酸盐玻璃或清澈塑料,优选刚性清澈塑料,特别是聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚氯乙烯和/或它们的混合物。
外玻璃板和内玻璃板可具有本身已知的其它合适的涂层,例如抗反射涂层、防粘涂层、防刮涂层、光催化涂层或防晒涂层或低辐射涂层。
各个玻璃板(外玻璃板和内玻璃板)的厚度可以宽泛地变化,并且与具体情况的要求适配。优选使用具有0.5 mm至5 mm,优选1.0 mm至2.5 mm的标准厚度的玻璃板。玻璃板的尺寸可以宽泛地变化并取决于用途。
复合玻璃板可以具有任意三维形状。外玻璃板和内玻璃板优选地没有阴影区,从而例如可以将它们通过阴极溅射进行涂覆。外玻璃板和内玻璃板优选是平坦的或在空间的一个方向或多个方向上轻微或强烈弯曲。
在本发明的意义上,“透明”是指复合玻璃板的总透射率符合挡风玻璃板的法律规定(例如根据ECE-R43的欧盟方针),并且对于可见光而言具有优选大于50%,特别是大于60%,例如大于70%的透射率。因此,“透明内玻璃板”和“透明外玻璃板”是指内玻璃板和外玻璃板是透明的,以使得透过复合玻璃板的透视区域的透视满足挡风玻璃板的法律规定。相应地,“不透明”是指小于10%,优选小于5%,特别是0%的透光率。
在本发明的意义上,“透明外玻璃板”和“透明内玻璃板”是指可以透过内玻璃板和外玻璃板透视。透明外玻璃板和透明内玻璃板的透光率优选为至少55%,特别优选至少60%,尤其是至少70%。如果层基于材料形成,则该层主要由该材料构成,特别是除了可能的杂质或掺杂物之外基本由该材料构成。
热塑性中间层包含或由至少一种热塑性塑料组成,优选聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)和/或聚氨酯(PU)或其共聚物或衍生物,其任选与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)组合。然而,热塑性中间层也可以包含例如聚丙烯(PP)、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯(PE)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙酸酯树脂、浇注树脂、丙烯酸酯、氟化乙烯-丙烯、聚氟乙烯和/或乙烯-四氟乙烯,或它们的共聚物或混合物。
热塑性中间层优选被设计为至少一个热塑性复合膜并且包含或由聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB),特别优选聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)和本领域技术人员已知的添加剂,例如增塑剂构成。热塑性中间层优选包含至少一种增塑剂。
增塑剂是使塑料更软、更柔、更柔韧和/或更有弹性的化学化合物。它们将塑料的热弹性范围推移到较低的温度,从而使塑料在工作温度范围内具有所需的更有弹性的性能。优选的增塑剂是羧酸酯,尤其是难挥发性羧酸酯、脂肪、油、软树脂和樟脑。其它增塑剂优选为三乙二醇或四乙二醇的脂族二酯。特别优选使用3G7、3G8或4G7作为增塑剂,其中第一个数字表示乙二醇单元数目,最后一个数字表示化合物的羧酸部分中的碳原子数目。因此,3G8代表三乙二醇双-(2-乙基己酸酯),即代表式C4H9CH (CH2CH3) CO (OCH2CH2)3O2CCH (CH2CH3) C4H9的化合物。
基于PVB的热塑性中间层优选含有至少3重量%,优选至少5重量%,特别优选至少20重量%,甚至更优选至少30重量%,特别是至少35重量%的增塑剂。增塑剂包含或由例如三乙二醇双(2-乙基己酸酯)组成。
热塑性中间层可由单个膜或由多于一个膜形成。热塑性中间层可以由一个或多个彼此叠置的热塑性膜形成,其中热塑性中间层的厚度优选为0.25 mm至1 mm,典型地为0.38mm或0.76 mm。
热塑性中间层也可以是功能性热塑性中间层,特别是具有声阻尼性能的中间层、反射红外辐射的中间层、吸收红外辐射的中间层和/或吸收UV辐射的中间层。例如,热塑性中间层也可以是减弱可见光窄带的带通滤波膜。
反射层被设计成适用于反射来自图像显示装置的光,优选可见光。反射层以优选30%或更高,更优选50%或更高,更优选70%或更高,特别优选90%或更高的反射率反射从图像显示装置射到反射层上的p偏振光。反射率描述了全部入射的辐射中被反射的比例。它以%(基于100% 的入射辐射计)示出或作为0至1的无单位数(基于入射辐射标准化)示出。根据波长的绘制形成反射光谱。在本发明的上下文中,关于针对p偏振辐射的反射率的陈述涉及以相对于内部空间侧的面法线为65°的入射角测量的反射率。关于反射率或反射光谱的说明基于通过在所考虑的光谱范围内以标准化辐射强度100%均匀辐射的光源进行的反射测量。
根据本发明的投影装置的一个优选实施方式,也可以称为显示器的图像显示装置可以被设计为液晶(LCD)显示器、薄膜晶体管(TFT)显示器、发光二极管(LED-)显示器、有机发光二极管(OLED)显示器、电致发光(EL)显示器、微型LED显示器等,优选LCD显示器。由于p偏振光的高反射率,不需要如通常用于平视显示器应用中的能量密集型投影器。提到的显示器变体和其它类似的节能图像显示装置就足够了。结果,可以降低功耗。
根据本发明的投影装置优选地在复合玻璃板的通常与玻璃板的玻璃板边缘邻接的区域中至少具有掩蔽带。这种布置的巨大优点来自于在运载工具中使用复合玻璃板作为挡风玻璃板,因为不透明边缘区域因此处于驾驶员的视野之外。
原则上,掩蔽带可以布置在外玻璃板的各个玻璃板侧上。在复合玻璃板的情况下,优选将其施加在外玻璃板的内侧上,在此保护它免受外部影响。
根据本发明的投影装置的一个优选实施方式,反射层布置在内玻璃板的外侧上,这实现简单的制造。可以发现在这种布置中被反射的光的比例特别高,因为避免了p偏振光透过热塑性中间层的透射。
根据本发明的投影装置的另一个优选实施方式,反射层布置在外玻璃板的内侧上且在(不透明)掩蔽层上。可以发现在这种布置中被反射的具有p偏振的光的比例特别高。在掩蔽层和反射层之间可以布置一个或多个另外的层。
根据本发明的投影装置的另一个优选实施方式,除了在外玻璃板的内侧上的第一掩蔽带之外,至少一个另外的掩蔽带布置在内玻璃板的外侧上和/或在内玻璃板的内侧上。所述另外的掩蔽带用于改进外玻璃板和内玻璃板的粘附并优选加入陶瓷颗粒,该陶瓷颗粒使掩蔽带具有粗糙和粘附性的表面,这在内玻璃板的内侧上例如辅助将复合玻璃板胶粘到运载工具车身中。在内玻璃板的外侧上,这辅助将复合玻璃板的两个单玻璃板层压。出于美学原因,也可以设置施加在内玻璃板的内侧上的另外的掩蔽带,以例如隐藏反射层的边缘或形成过渡到透明区域的边缘。
根据本发明的投影装置的另一优选实施方式,在反射层与外玻璃板的内侧上的掩蔽带重叠布置的区段中,掩蔽带优选地配备有加宽部。这意味着该掩蔽带的宽度(垂直于延伸方向的尺寸)比其它区段中更大。以这种方式,该掩蔽带可以合适地与反射层的尺寸适配。掩蔽带也被设计为环绕边缘区域。
所述反射层优选包含至少一种选自铝、锡、钛、锆、铪、钒、铌、钽、铬、锰、铁、钴、铑、铱、镍、钯、铂、铜、银、金或其混合合金的金属。所述反射层可以相对于其独立地或另外地包含氧化硅。
在本发明的一个特别实施方案中,反射层是包含薄层堆叠体的涂层,即薄的单层的层序列。该薄层堆叠体包含一个或多个基于银的导电层。基于银的导电层赋予反射涂层基本的反射性能以及IR反射作用和导电性。导电层基于银形成。导电层优选含有至少90重量%的银,特别优选至少99重量%的银,非常特别优选至少99.9重量%的银。银层可以具有掺杂物,例如钯、金、铜或铝。基于银的材料特别适用于反射p偏振光。在反射层中使用银已被证明在反射p偏振光时特别有利。涂层的厚度为5μm至50μm,优选8μm至25μm。
如果反射层被设计为涂层,则其优选通过物理气相沉积(PVD),特别优选通过阴极溅射(“溅射”),非常特别优选通过磁场辅助阴极溅射(“磁控溅射”)施加到内玻璃板或外玻璃板上。涂层优选施加到内玻璃板的外侧上,但也可以施加到外玻璃板的内侧上。然而,原则上,涂层也可以例如通过化学气相沉积(CVD),例如等离子体辅助气相沉积(PECVD)、通过蒸镀或通过原子层沉积(原子层沉积,ALD)来施加。涂层优选在层压之前施加到玻璃板上。
反射层也可以被设计为反射p偏振光的反射膜。反射层可以是具有反射涂层的载体膜或反射性聚合物膜。反射涂层优选包括至少一个基于金属的层和/或具有交替折射率的介电层序列。基于金属的层优选包含银和/或铝或由其构成。介电层可以例如基于氮化硅、氧化锌、氧化锡-锌、硅-金属-混合氮化物,例如氮化硅锆、氧化锆、氧化铌、氧化铪、氧化钽、氧化钨或碳化硅形成。所提及的氧化物和氮化物可以化学计量地、亚化学计量地或超化学计量地沉积。它们可以具有掺杂物,例如铝、锆、钛或硼。反射性聚合物膜优选包含介电聚合物层或由其构成。介电聚合物层优选包含PET。如果反射层被设计为反射膜,其厚度优选为30μm至300μm ,特别优选50μm至200μm ,特别优选100μm至150μm。
如果是经涂覆的反射膜,也可以使用CVD或PVD涂覆方法进行制造。
根据本发明的投影装置的另一优选实施方式,反射层被设计为反射膜并且布置在热塑性中间层内。这种布置的优点是反射层不必使用薄层技术(例如CVD和PVD)施加到外玻璃板或内玻璃板上。这导致使用具有进一步有利功能的反射层,例如在反射层上更均匀地反射p偏振光。此外,可以简化复合玻璃板的制造,因为反射层不必在层压之前通过额外方法布置在外玻璃板或内玻璃板上。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,反射层是反射膜,该反射膜不含金属并且反射具有p偏振的可见光束。该反射层是基于相互协同作用的棱镜和反射性偏振器工作的膜。用于反射层的这种膜是可商购的,例如来自3M公司。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方案中,反射层是全息光学元件(HOE)。 术语HOE是指基于全息作用原理的元件。通过通常作为折射率变化存储在全息图中的信息,HOE改变光束路径中的光。它们的功能基于不同平面或球面光波的叠加,其干涉图案产生所需的光学效果。HOE已用于交通运输领域,例如已用于平视显示器。与简单的反射层相比,使用HOE的优点在于,在眼睛位置和投影器位置的布置以及例如投影器和反射层的各自倾斜角方面更大的几何设计自由度。此外,在这种变体中特别大大减少或甚至防止重影。HOE适用于显示不同图像宽度的实像或虚像。此外,反射的几何角度可以通过HOE进行调节,以例如在运载工具中使用时可以从所需的视角很好地显示传输给驾驶员的信息。
有利地,与光在玻璃板上的单纯反射相比,通过反射层可以改进反射的p偏振光的性能。反射的p偏振光的比例相对高,其中光的反射率例如为约90%。
在本发明的一个特别实施方案中,将高折射率涂层施加到内玻璃板的内侧的全部或一个区域上。高折射率涂层优选地与内玻璃板的内侧直接空间接触。高折射率涂层在此至少布置在内玻璃板的内侧的一个区域中,其在透过复合玻璃板透视时与反射层完全重叠。这意味着从图像显示装置投影到反射层上的p偏振光在射到反射层上之前穿过高折射率涂层。元件A与元件B的“完全重叠”在本发明的意义上意味着元件A相对于元件B的平面而言的正交投影完全布置在元件B内。
高折射率涂层具有至少1.7,特别优选至少1.9,非常特别优选至少2.0的折射率。折射率的增加带来了高折射率效果。高折射率涂层导致p偏振光在内玻璃板的内部空间侧的表面上反射的减弱,以使得反射涂层的所需反射以更高的对比度出现。
根据发明人的解释,该效果归因于由于高折射率涂层而导致的内部空间侧的表面的折射率增加。由此增加了界面处的布鲁斯特角α布鲁斯特,因为这已知作为α布鲁斯特=确定,其中n1是空气的折射率,n2是辐射所射到的材料的折射率。具有高折射率的高折射率涂层导致玻璃表面的有效折射率增加,因此与未涂覆的玻璃表面相比导致布鲁斯特角向更大的值推移。由此,在基于HUD技术的投影装置的常见几何关系的情况下,入射角和布鲁斯特角之间的差异更小,从而抑制p偏振光在内玻璃板的内侧上的反射并且减弱由此产生的重影。
高折射率涂层优选由单个层形成并且在该层的上方或下方没有其它层。单个层就足以实现效果,并且在技术上比施加层堆叠体更简单。然而,原则上,高折射率涂层也可以包括多个单层,这在个别情况下可能是希望的,以便优化某些参数。
用于高折射率涂层的合适材料是氮化硅(Si3N4)、硅-金属-混合氮化物(例如氮化硅锆(SiZrN)、硅-铝-混合氮化物、硅-铪-混合氮化物或硅-钛-混合氮化物)、氮化铝、氧化锡、氧化锰、氧化钨、氧化铌、氧化铋、氧化钛、锡-锌-混合氧化物和氧化锆。此外,也可以使用过渡金属氧化物(例如氧化钪、氧化钇、氧化钽)或镧系元素氧化物(例如氧化镧或氧化铈)。高折射率涂层优选包含一种或多种这些材料或基于它们形成。
高折射率涂层可以通过物理或化学气相沉积来施加,即PVD或CVD涂覆(PVD:物理 气相沉积,CVD:化学气相沉积)。优选在其基础上形成涂层的合适材料特别是氮化硅、硅-金属-混合氮化物(例如氮化硅锆、硅-铝-混合氮化物、硅-铪-混合氮化物或硅-钛-混合氮化物)、氮化铝、氧化锡、氧化锰、氧化钨、氧化铌、氧化铋、氧化钛、氧化锆、氮化锆或锡-锌-混合氧化物。高折射率涂层优选是通过阴极溅射施加(“溅射”)的涂层,特别是借助磁场辅助阴极溅射施加(“磁控溅射”)的涂层。
替代地,高折射率涂层是溶胶-凝胶涂层。在溶胶-凝胶方法中,首先提供并熟化含有涂层前体的溶胶。熟化可包括前体的水解和/或前体之间的(部分)反应。前体通常存在于溶剂,优选水、醇(尤其是乙醇)或水-醇混合物中。溶胶在此优选包含溶剂中的氧化硅前体。前体优选是硅烷,特别是四乙氧基硅烷或甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTEOS)。然而替代地,硅酸盐也可用作前体,特别是钠、锂或钾的硅酸盐,例如原硅酸四甲酯、原硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)、原硅酸四异丙酯或通式R2nSi(OR1)4-n的有机硅烷。在此,R1优选为烷基,R2为烷基、环氧基、丙烯酸酯基、甲基丙烯酸酯基、胺基、苯基或乙烯基,且n为0至2的整数。也可使用硅的卤化物或醇盐。二氧化硅前体产生二氧化硅的溶胶-凝胶涂层。为了将涂层的折射率提高到该值,向溶胶中加入提高折射率的添加剂,优选氧化钛和/或氧化锆或它们的前体。在完成的涂层中,提高折射率的添加剂存在于氧化硅基质中。氧化硅与提高折射率的添加剂的摩尔比可以根据所需的折射率自由选择并例如为约1:1。
除非另有说明,在本发明的上下文中,折射率原则上基于550nm的波长示出。用于测定折射率的方法是本领域技术人员已知的。在本发明的上下文中示出的折射率可以例如通过椭偏测量法来测定,其中可以使用商购的椭偏测量仪。
在本发明的另一特别实施方案中,高折射率涂层全部或局部地施加到所述另外的掩蔽带上,其中所述另外的掩蔽带施加到内玻璃板的内侧上。在这一上下文中,词语“局部地”意味着高折射率涂层布置在所述另外的掩蔽带的部分或整面上,但也可以施加到内玻璃板的内侧上。这样做的优点是高折射率层可以施加到整个内玻璃板上,无论先前是否将掩蔽带施加到内玻璃板上。
本发明还延伸到用于制造根据本发明的投影装置的方法。该方法包括:
(a) 在第一方法步骤中,将热塑性中间层和反射层布置在透明外玻璃板和透明内玻璃板之间以形成层堆叠体。外玻璃板在此具有背向热塑性中间层的外侧和面向热塑性中间层的内侧,并且内玻璃板具有面向热塑性中间层的外侧和背向热塑性中间层的内侧。在此,反射层被设计成适用于反射p偏振光。此外,反射层本身是不透明的,或者其在从内玻璃板的内侧开始透过复合玻璃板透视时在空间上布置在不透明背景的前方;
(b) 在第二方法步骤中,将层堆叠体层压以形成复合玻璃板
(c) 在最后的方法步骤中,布置图像显示装置,其指向反射层并透过内玻璃板用p偏振光照射它。
反射层反射p偏振光。p偏振光在内玻璃板的内侧上离开复合玻璃板。
将层堆叠体在热、真空和/或压力的作用下层压,其中各个层通过至少一个热塑性中间层相互接合(层压)。可使用本身已知的制造复合玻璃板的方法。例如,所谓的高压釜法可以在约10巴至15巴的提高的压力和130℃至145℃的温度下进行约2小时。本身已知的真空袋或真空环法例如在约200毫巴和130℃至 145℃下工作。外玻璃板、内玻璃板和热塑性中间层也可以在压延机中在至少一个辊对之间压制以形成复合玻璃板。这种类型的设备已知用于制造复合玻璃板并且通常在压机前具有至少一个加热通道。压制操作过程中的温度例如为40℃至150℃。压延机和高压釜法的组合已被证明在实践中特别有用。替代地,可以使用真空层压机。它们由一个或多个可加热且可抽真空的腔室构成,在所述腔室中外玻璃板和内玻璃板可以在例如60分钟内在0.01毫巴至 800 毫巴的减压和 80℃至170℃的温度下层压。
此外,本发明延伸到根据本发明的复合玻璃板在水陆空交通运载工具中,特别在机动车中的用途,其中所述复合玻璃板例如可以用作挡风玻璃板、后玻璃板、侧玻璃板和/或玻璃顶,优选用作挡风玻璃板。优选使用复合玻璃板作为运载工具挡风玻璃板。替代地,该装配玻璃可以是例如建筑物外立面中的建筑装配玻璃或建筑物内部的分隔玻璃板,或是家具或器具中的构件。
本发明的各种实施方式可以单独或以任意组合的形式实现。特别地,上面提到的和下面要解释的特征不仅可以所示的组合使用,而且可以其它组合或单独使用,而不脱离本发明的范围。
下面使用实施例更详细地解释本发明,其中参考附图。它们以简化的不按照真实比例的图示形式显示了:
图1 根据本发明的投影装置的实施例的截面图,
图2 图1的复合玻璃板的俯视图,
图3-7 根据本发明的投影装置的各种实施方式的放大截面图,
图8 其中在两个不同复合玻璃板的情况下根据波长WL显示所测量的反射率R的图表,和
图9 说明根据本发明的方法的流程图。
图1以高度简化的示意图形式示出了根据本发明的投影装置100在运载工具中的实施例的截面图。图2中示出了投影装置100的复合玻璃板1的俯视图。图1的截面图对应于如图2所示的复合玻璃板1的切割线A-A。
复合玻璃板1被设计为复合玻璃板的形式(也参见图3至4)并且包括外玻璃板2和内玻璃板3以及布置在所述玻璃板之间的热塑性中间层4。复合玻璃板1例如安装在运载工具中,并且将车辆内部空间12与外部环境13隔开。例如,复合玻璃板1是机动车的挡风玻璃板。
外玻璃板2和内玻璃板3分别由玻璃,优选热预加应力钠钙玻璃构成,并且对可见光是透明的。热塑性中间层4由热塑性材料,优选聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)和/或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)构成。
外玻璃板2的外侧I背向热塑性中间层4,同时是复合玻璃板1的外表面。外玻璃板2的内侧II和内玻璃板3的外侧III分别面向中间层 4。内玻璃板3的内侧IV背向热塑性中间层4并且同时是复合玻璃板1的内侧。应理解的是,复合玻璃板1可以具有各种任意的合适的几何形状和/或曲度。作为复合玻璃板1,它通常具有凸曲度。
在复合玻璃板1的边缘区域11中,在外玻璃板2的内侧II上存在框架形环绕的第一掩蔽带5。第一掩蔽带5是不透明的,并且防止看到布置在复合玻璃板2的内侧上的结构,例如用于将复合玻璃板1胶粘到运载工具车身中的胶粘剂条的视线。第一掩蔽带5优选为黑色。第一掩蔽带5由通常用于掩蔽带的非导电材料,例如经烧制的黑色染色的丝网印刷油墨构成。
此外,复合玻璃板1在内玻璃板3的内侧IV上的边缘区域11中具有第二掩蔽带6。第二掩蔽带6被设计为框架形环绕的。如同第一掩蔽带5那样,第二掩蔽带6由通常用于掩蔽带的非导电材料,例如经烧制的黑色染色的丝网印刷油墨构成。
在第一掩蔽带5上存在使用PVD法蒸镀的反射层9。在透过复合玻璃板1透视时,反射层9与第二掩蔽带6不重合。反射层9例如是金属涂层,其包含至少一个具有至少一个银层和介电层的薄层堆叠体。替代地,反射层9也可以被设计为反射膜并布置在第一掩蔽带5上。反射膜可以包含金属涂层或由层序列形式的介电聚合物层构成。这些变体的组合也是可行的。
在透过复合玻璃板1透视时,反射层9布置成与第一掩蔽带5重叠,其中第一掩蔽带5完全覆盖反射层9,即反射层9没有不与第一掩蔽带5重叠的区段。反射层9在此例如仅布置在复合玻璃板1的边缘区域11的下部(发动机侧)区段11'中。然而,也可以将反射层9布置在边缘区域11的上部(顶部侧)区段11''或侧面区段中。此外,可以设置多个反射层9,它们例如布置在边缘区域11的下部(发动机侧)区段11'和上部(顶部侧)区段11''中。例如,反射层9可以布置成使得产生(部分)环绕的图像。
第一掩蔽带5在边缘区域11的下部(发动机侧)区段11'中加宽,即第一掩蔽带5在边缘区域11的下部(发动机侧)区段11'中具有比复合玻璃板1的边缘区域11的上部(顶部侧)区段11'' (以及图1中不可见的边缘区域11的侧面区段)更大的宽度。“宽度”被理解为第一掩蔽带5垂直于其延伸方向的尺寸。反射层9在此例如布置在第二掩蔽带6的上方(即不重叠)。
投影装置100还具有布置在仪表板7中作为图像生成器的图像显示装置8。图像显示装置8用于产生p偏振光10 (图像信息),该p偏振光指向反射层9上并且被反射层9作为反射光10'反射到运载工具内部空间12中,在那里可以被观察者,例如驾驶员看到。反射层9被设计为适合于反射图像显示装置8的p偏振光10,即图像显示装置8的图像。图像显示装置8的p偏振光10优选以50°至80°,特别是60°至70°,通常约65°(这如在HUD投影装置中常见)的入射角射到复合玻璃板1上。例如,如果反射层9对此以合适的方式定位,也可以将图像显示装置8布置在机动车的A柱中或顶部上(在每种情况下在运载工具内部空间侧)。如果设置多个反射层9,则可以为每个反射层9分配单独的图像显示装置8,即可以布置多个图像显示装置8。图像显示装置8例如是诸如LCD显示器、OLED显示器、EL显示器、μLED显示器之类的显示器。例如,复合玻璃板1也可以是顶玻璃板、侧玻璃板或后玻璃板。
在图2的俯视图中,反射层9被示为沿着复合玻璃板1的边缘区域11的下部区段11'延伸。
现在参考图3至7,其中显示了复合玻璃板1的各种实施方式的放大截面图。图3至7的截面图对应于如图2所示的复合玻璃板1的边缘区域11的下部区段11'中的切割线A-A。
在图3所示的复合玻璃板1的变体中,第一(不透明)掩蔽带5位于外玻璃板2的内侧II上。反射层9直接施加在第一掩蔽带5上。来自图像显示装置8的p偏振光10被反射层9作为反射光10'反射到运载工具内部空间12中。示意性地示出了光10、10'的p偏振。由于p偏振光10在复合玻璃板1上的入射角接近布鲁斯特角,几乎不阻止p偏振光10透过内玻璃板3的透射。该变体具有的优点在于,入射的p偏振光10的相对大部分被反射,并且然后由于入射角等于出射角(在图3和4中由α示出)的事实而基本上不受阻碍地透过内玻璃3透射到运载工具内部空间12中。此外,图像可在(不透明的)第一掩模层5的背景前方以高对比度良好识别。
图4中所示的复合玻璃板1的变体与图3中的变体的区别仅在于,反射层9被设计为将p偏振光10反射到运载工具内部空间12中的反射膜。该变体是图1和3中所示的反射层9的可行替代方案,其例如通过PVD技术蒸镀到掩蔽带5上。
作为与图3中的变体的进一步区别,图4中的反射层9层压到复合玻璃板1中的两个热塑性中间层4'、4''(例如PVB膜)之间。为了补偿由反射层9所致的与复合玻璃板1的其余部分相比的高度差(厚度突变),有利的是热塑性中间层4'、4''具有相比于没有设置反射层9的区域之外而言相对更小的厚度。由此可以在外玻璃板2和内玻璃板3之间实现均匀的距离(即恒定的总厚度),从而可靠且安全地避免层压过程中可能的玻璃破裂。当使用例如PVB膜时,它们在反射层9的区域中具有相比于没有设置反射层9的区域而言更小的厚度。此外,图像可以在不透明(第一)掩模层5的背景前方以高对比度良好识别。反射层9在复合玻璃板1内部受到良好保护以免受外部影响。
图5所示的复合玻璃板1的变体与图4的变体的区别仅在于,第一(不透明)掩蔽带5被设计为不透光热塑性中间层,其布置在外玻璃板2的内侧II上。第一掩蔽带5例如基于染色PVB、EVA或PET膜形成。在这种情况下,反射层9层压在热塑性中间层4和第一掩蔽带5之间。
图6所示的复合玻璃板1的变体与图4的变体的区别仅在于,在外玻璃板2的外侧或内侧I、II上没有布置(不透明)掩蔽带5并且反射层9本身是不透明的。反射层9例如是布置在热塑性中间层4'、4''内的不透光反射膜。由于反射层9的不透光性,p偏振光10的反射率超过90%。被反射的投影的图像因此对于观察者而言可良好识别。
图7中所示的复合玻璃板1的变体与图3中的变体的区别仅在于,在内玻璃板3的内侧IV上布置高折射率涂层14。高折射率涂层14例如通过溶胶-凝胶法施加并且由氧化钛涂层构成。由于高折射率涂层14的折射率(例如1.7)比内玻璃板3更高,可以增加通常处于约56.5°的布鲁斯特角(对于钠钙玻璃而言),这简化了应用并减少由于内玻璃板3的内侧IV上的反射所致的干扰性重影的影响。
在所有实施例中,反射层9布置在第一掩蔽带5的运载工具内部空间侧,即在看向复合玻璃板1的内侧的视线中,反射层9位于第一掩蔽带5的前方。
图8中借助图表显示了在p偏振光10在复合玻璃板1上的不同入射角下根据波长λ(nm)的所测量的反射率R(以入射的p偏振光10的%表示)。所述测量是在与法线成 50°(PL1)、55°(PL2) 和 65°(PL3) 的角度下进行的。所述曲线基于具有反射层9的复合玻璃板1,该反射层布置在掩蔽带5上。在这种情况下,掩蔽带5布置在外玻璃板2的内侧II上。
显而易见,对于> 395 nm的波长而言,在所有角度下的反射率为90%至100%。
图9通过流程图说明了根据本发明的方法。
A:将热塑性中间层4和反射层9布置在透明外玻璃板2和透明内玻璃板3之间以形成层堆叠体。反射层9在此本身是不透明的,或者在空间上布置得比不透明背景,例如掩蔽带5更远离外玻璃板2的外侧I,所述不透明背景布置在外玻璃板2的外侧I或内侧II上或在外玻璃板2和内玻璃板3之间。
B:将层堆叠体层压以形成复合玻璃板1。
C:将图像显示装置8布置在复合玻璃板1上,其中图像显示装置8的发射元件被分配给反射层9,并且透过内玻璃板3用p偏振光10照射该反射层,其中反射层9反射p偏振光10。
从以上陈述可以看出,本发明提供了改进的投影装置,其能够以高对比度实现良好的图像显示。可以避免不希望的副图像。根据本发明的投影装置可以通过使用已知的制造方法简单且成本有利地制造。
1 复合玻璃板
2 外玻璃板
3 内玻璃板
4、4'、4'' 热塑性中间层
5 第一条掩蔽带
6 第二掩蔽带
7 仪表板
8 图像显示装置
9 反射层
10、10' p偏振光
11、11'、11'' 边缘区域
12 运载工具内部空间
13 外部环境
14 高折射率涂层
100 投影装置
I 外玻璃板2的外侧
II 外玻璃板2的内侧
III 内玻璃板3的外侧
IV 内玻璃板3的内侧
A-A' 切割线。
Claims (15)
1.投影装置(100),其包括
- 复合玻璃板(1),其包括透明外玻璃板(2)、热塑性中间层(4)、反射层(9)和透明内玻璃板(3),
其中外玻璃板(2)具有背向热塑性中间层(4)的外侧(I)和面向热塑性中间层(4)的内侧(II),并且内玻璃板(3)具有面向热塑性中间层(4)的外侧(III)和背向热塑性中间层(4)的内侧(IV),
其中反射层(9)布置在外玻璃板(2)和内玻璃板(3)之间并适用于反射p偏振光(10),
其中反射层(9)本身是不透明的,或者在从内玻璃板(3)的内侧(IV)开始透过复合玻璃板(1)透视时在空间上布置在不透明背景的前方,
- 图像显示装置(8),其指向反射层(9)并透过内玻璃板(3)用p偏振光(10)照射它,
其中反射层(9)反射p偏振光(10)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的投影装置(100),其中所述反射层(9)反射射到所述反射层上的p偏振光(10)的30%或更多,优选50%或更多,特别是70%或更多。
3.根据权利要求1或2中任一项所述的投影装置(100),其中所述图像显示装置(8)是显示器,例如LCD显示器、LED显示器、OLED显示器、电致发光显示器,优选是LCD显示器。
4.根据权利要求1至3所述的投影装置(100),其中所述不透明背景被形成为至少一个掩蔽带(5)并且布置在所述外玻璃板(2)的边缘区域中。
5.根据权利要求4所述的投影装置(100),其中所述至少一个掩蔽带(5)布置在所述外玻璃板(2)的内侧(II)上。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的投影装置(100),其中所述反射层(9)布置在内玻璃板(3)的外侧(III)上。
7.根据权利要求5所述的投影装置(100),其中反射层(9)布置在所述外玻璃板(2)的内侧(II)上且在所述掩蔽带(5)上。
8.根据权利要求4至7中任一项所述的投影装置(100),其中所述至少一个掩蔽带(5)环绕地形成在所述复合玻璃板(1)的边缘区域中,并且特别是在与反射层(9)重叠的区段(11')中具有比与其不同的区段(11'')中更大的宽度。
9.根据权利要求1至5所述的投影装置(100),其中所述反射层(9)是经涂覆或未涂覆的膜,并且布置在所述热塑性中间层(4)内。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的投影装置(100),其中所述反射层(9)包含至少一种金属,优选银。
11.根据权利要求1至8所述的投影装置(100),其中所述反射层(9)由不含金属的反射膜构成。
12.根据权利要求10所述的投影装置(100),其中反射层(9)通过蒸镀法,优选CVD或PVD法,施加到外玻璃板(2)、不透明背景、内玻璃板(3)和/或膜上。
13.根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的投影装置(100),其中具有至少1.7的折射率的高折射率涂层(14)至少布置在所述内玻璃板(3)的内侧(IV)的与反射层(9)完全重叠的区域中。
14.用于制造根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的投影装置(100)的方法,其包括:
(a) 布置透明外玻璃板(2)、热塑性中间层(4)、反射层(9)和透明内玻璃板(3)以形成层堆叠体,
其中外玻璃板(2)具有背向热塑性中间层(4)的外侧(I)和面向热塑性中间层(4)的内侧(II),并且内玻璃板(3)具有面向热塑性中间层(4)的外侧(III)和背向热塑性中间层(4)的内侧(IV),
其中反射层(9)布置在外玻璃板(2)和内玻璃板(3)之间并适用于反射p偏振光(10),
其中反射层(9)本身是不透明的,或者在从内玻璃板(3)的内侧(IV)开始透过所述层堆叠体透视时在空间上布置在不透明背景的前方,
(b) 将层堆叠体层压以形成复合玻璃板(1),
(c) 布置图像显示装置(8),其指向反射层(9)并透过内玻璃板(3)用p偏振光(10)照射它,
其中反射层(9)反射p偏振光(10)。
15.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的投影装置(100)在水陆空交通运载工具中的用途,其中所述复合玻璃板(1)优选是挡风玻璃板。
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