CN115210068A - 带有柔性加固结构的混凝土3d打印建筑 - Google Patents

带有柔性加固结构的混凝土3d打印建筑 Download PDF

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CN115210068A
CN115210068A CN202180018047.9A CN202180018047A CN115210068A CN 115210068 A CN115210068 A CN 115210068A CN 202180018047 A CN202180018047 A CN 202180018047A CN 115210068 A CN115210068 A CN 115210068A
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flexible
elements
steel
steel elements
layer
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M·古维
A·霍克斯特拉
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Bekaert NV SA
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    • E04G21/0418—Devices for both conveying and distributing with distribution hose
    • E04G21/0445—Devices for both conveying and distributing with distribution hose with booms
    • E04G21/0463—Devices for both conveying and distributing with distribution hose with booms with boom control mechanisms, e.g. to automate concrete distribution
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Abstract

一种通过混凝土3D打印制造的混凝土建筑，其包括：以层叠的方式挤出的两层或更多层(100，102)胶凝材料；加固所述两层或更多层(100，102)胶凝材料的加固结构(104)。加固结构(104)具有长度和高度。加固结构(104)包括纵向延伸的至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件(208，210，308，310)。加固结构(104)还包括一个或多个柔性横向钢元件(214，314)，所述柔性横向钢元件(214，314)与纵向形成角度并从而位于所述两层或更多层(100，102)胶凝材料中。加固结构(104)还包括用于定位所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件(208，210，308，310)和所述柔性横向钢元件(214，314)的定位元件、聚合物涂层或缝合纱线。聚合物涂层或缝合纱线应用在所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件(208，210，308，310)上、所述柔性横向钢元件(214，314)上和所述定位元件上，从而将所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件(208，210，308，310)、所述柔性横向钢元件(214，314)和所述定位元件连接起来。一种通过混凝土3D打印制造的混凝土建筑，包括：以层叠的方式挤出的两层或更多层(100，102)胶凝材料；加固所述两层或更多层(100，102)胶凝材料的加固带(104)。加固带(104)包括至少一根钢丝绳(106)。钢丝绳(106)的存在提高了加固带的柔性。

Description

带有柔性加固结构的混凝土3D打印建筑
技术领域
本发明涉及一种通过混凝土3D打印制造的混凝土建筑。
背景技术
本发明所谓的“混凝土3D打印”指的是混凝土或胶凝材料的增材制造，这种技术在过去的几年里迅速发展。根据混凝土3D打印技术，泵通过软管将胶凝砂浆供给至打印喷嘴，打印喷嘴以层叠的方式挤出胶凝砂浆。龙门式机器人引导并移动这一整体，即软管和打印喷嘴。
通常而言，胶凝基体结构，尤其是混凝土结构是脆性的，对拉伸应力或弯曲应力的抵抗力很差。给这些结构增添加固件可以提高其延展性。
对于利用混凝土3D打印制造的结构而言，脆性也是问题。
可以在混凝土尚未固化时，在打印出来的混凝土层中插入传统的加固件，例如钢筋。但是，这种方案具有严重的缺点。该方案是劳动密集型的，容易出错，而且钢筋和混凝土之间的附着力不足。此外，这种方法与混凝土3D打印的最终目的(即尽量减少人工作业)相悖。
埃因霍温理工大学(The Technical University of Eindhoven)与贝卡尔特(Bekaert)合作提出的优秀的解决方案允许同时铺放混凝土和加固件。向打印头增添了加固件输送装置，加固件输送装置具有卷轴，卷轴带有柔性钢丝绳。该加固件输送装置与龙门式机器人一同移动，从卷轴上放出柔性钢丝绳并将该柔性钢丝绳引入到铺放好的混凝土层内。这样，就实现了同时铺放混凝土和加固件。
虽然这种加固技术在混凝土3D打印的过程中加入了连续的加固件，但其仍然是有缺点的，即：加固件局限于层内的加固件。换句话说，加固件是水平的，不是竖直的。加固件并不连接几个层。
Taylor Marchment和Jay Sanjayan的论文“Mesh reinforcing method for 3DConcrete Printing”,Automation in Construction,109(2020)102992公开了一种焊接网格，其高度大于混凝土3D打印的第一层的厚度。该焊接网格凸出到第一层混凝土的外面，不但加固了第一层混凝土，而且还加固了之后挤出的第二层混凝土。
但是，焊接网格的柔性和强度都是有限的。而且，焊接点会成为加固件中的薄弱点。
发明内容
本发明的总体目的是克服现有技术的缺点。
本发明的具体目的是提供一种不局限于3D打印的混凝土层的改进的加固件。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种柔性的、坚固的而且没有薄弱点的加固件。
根据本发明，提供了一种通过混凝土3D打印制造的混凝土建筑。该建筑包括逐层挤出的两层或更多层胶凝材料，和加固所述两层或更多层胶凝材料的加固结构。加固结构具有长度和高度。加固结构包括纵向延伸的至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件。加固结构还包括一个或多个柔性横向钢元件，柔性横向钢元件与纵向形成角度，从而位于所述两层多更多层胶凝材料中。加固结构还包括定位元件，定位元件用于定位所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件和所述柔性横向钢元件。加固架构还包括聚合物涂层或缝合纱线。聚合物涂层和/或缝合纱线应用在所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件上、所述柔性横向钢元件上和所述定位元件上，从而将所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件、所述柔性横向钢元件和所述定位元件连接起来。
所述柔性纵向细长钢元件和所述柔性横向钢元件需要具有足够的柔性，因为它们必须能够跟随3D打印头或3D打印喷嘴的路径，尤其是当胶凝基体层弯曲的时候。
定位元件和聚合物涂层或缝合纱线保持所述柔性。
所述柔性纵向细长钢元件在胶凝材料层内提供加固，所述柔性横向钢元件在两层胶凝材料之间提供横向加固，从而将两层胶凝材料连接起来。
主要通过使用较细的钢元件来实现这种柔性。具体地说，所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件优选为最大绳径为2.0毫米的钢丝绳，例如最大绳径为1.50毫米的钢丝绳。钢丝绳由绞合在一起的钢丝构成。钢丝的最大丝径为0.60毫米，例如0.45毫米，例如0.40毫米。
在本发明的第一实施例中，所述一个或多个柔性横向钢元件可以由以之字形或正弦曲线形在所述加固结构的长度上延伸的一根或多根钢丝绳构成，从而反复从第一层进入第二层和从第二层返回第一层。同样，钢丝绳的最大绳径是2.0毫米，钢丝的最大丝径是0.60毫米。
在本发明的第二实施例中，所述一个或多个柔性横向钢元件可以由分布在加固结构的长度上的离散的加固件构成。离散的加固件可以是多根钢线或多根钢丝绳。
在多根钢线的情况下，根据柔性要求，钢线的线径限制为1.50毫米，例如最大1.20毫米。多根钢线优选设有锚定装置。
所述锚定装置包括如下形式：加厚端部、弯曲部分、压平部分或起伏部分。
所述定位元件可以是作为载体的网眼基材或玻璃纤维无捻纱。定位元件不一定要对建筑有加固作用。
根据本发明的另一方面，提供了一种通过3D打印制造上述混凝土建筑的方法。其中，加固结构和胶凝材料一起通过同一个打印头或打印喷嘴同时给料。
附图说明
图1a和图1b示意性地示出了如何通过混凝土3D打印制造建筑；
图2示出了通过根据第一实施例的柔性带加固的建筑的两个层；
图3示出了通过根据第二实施例的柔性带加固的建筑的两个层。
具体实施方式
图1a示出了通过混凝土3D打印制造建筑的方法的侧视图，图1b示出了该方法的横向视图。在图1a和图1b所示的制造状态中，第一层100已经制造完成，第二层102正在被挤出到第一层100上。
第一层100包括具有钢丝绳106的第一柔性带104，和具有钢丝绳的第二柔性带108。第一柔性带104和第二柔性带108嵌入在第一层100中并从第一层100中竖直凸出。在第二层102被挤出后，第二层102完全覆盖第一柔性带104和第二柔性带108的凸出部分。因此，第一柔性带104和第二柔性带108最终会嵌入在第一层100和第二层102的胶凝材料中。第一柔性带104和第二柔性带108分别单独地为第一层100和第二层102提供加固。此外，因为第一柔性带104和第二柔性带108跨接第一层100和第二层102之间的界面，所以第一柔性带104和第二柔性带108还为第一层100和第二层102一起提供加固。因为钢丝绳106以正弦曲线的形式从第一层100进入第二层102和从第二层102进入第一层100，所以钢丝绳106在第一层100和第二层102之间反复形成桥梁。
在将第二层102挤出到第一层100之上期间，添加具有钢丝绳114的第三柔性带112和具有钢丝绳的第四柔性带116。第三柔性带112和第四柔性带116部分嵌入在第二层102中并从第二层102中凸出。第三柔性带112和第四柔性带116用于加固第二层102和第三层(未示出)。
打印头或打印喷嘴120引导胶凝砂浆122并使其形成所需尺寸，以形成第二层102。为了允许第一柔性带104、第二柔性带106、第三柔性带112和第四柔性带116的凸出部分通过，打印头120设有竖直凹槽124和126。打印头120向箭头128所指的方向移动。
图2示出了建筑200，其第一层202和第二层204都由根据第一实施例的柔性带206加固。柔性带206既嵌入在第一层202中又嵌入在第二层204中，因为柔性带206跨接第一层202和第二层204，所以柔性带206不仅为每个层单独提供加固，而且为两个层一起提供加固。
柔性带206具有三根纵向的钢丝绳：钢丝绳208形成下边缘并完全嵌入在第一层202中，钢丝绳210形成上边缘并完全嵌入在第二层204中，钢丝绳212在柔性带206的中间。根据其具体位置，钢丝绳212可以嵌入在第一层202中或第二层204中。第四钢丝绳214沿着柔性带206的长度以正弦曲线的形式延伸。第四钢丝绳214在第一层202和第二层204之间形成加固桥梁。
四根钢丝绳208、212、212和214可以形成连贯的柔性带。这些钢丝绳可以通过胶(例如热熔胶)、相互缝合或缝合至基材上等方式结合在一起。
图3示出了建筑300，其第一层302和第二层304都由根据第二实施例的柔性带306加固。柔性带306既嵌入在第一层302中又嵌入在第二层304中，因为柔性带306跨接第一层302和第二层304，所以柔性带306不仅为每个层单独提供加固，而且为两个层一起提供加固。
柔性带306也具有三根纵向的钢丝绳：钢丝绳308形成下边缘并完全嵌入在第一层302中，钢丝绳310形成上边缘并完全嵌入在第二层304中，钢丝绳312在柔性带306的中间。根据其具体位置，钢丝绳312可以嵌入在第一层302中或第二层304中。
三根钢丝绳308、310和312和多根钢线314形成柔性带。这些钢丝绳和钢线可以通过胶粘或编织来连接在一起，或者缝合到网眼基材(未示出)上。
一般情况下，加固带包括至少一个提供横向加固作用的加固件。这意味着该加固件至少部分地沿着偏离纵向的方向延伸，从而嵌入在至少两个挤出的层中。类似于图3中的多根钢线314，与纵向成90度角度的横向加固件能够提供最有效的加固效果。与图2所示的正弦曲线形的钢丝绳214类似的加固件虽然没有与纵向形成90度的角度，但其优点是这种加固件是连续的加固件。与纵向成30度至150度角度的横向加固件能够为相邻的两层提供所需的加固。
另外，一般情况下，柔性加固带可以有多种形式。
加固带可以是链节网的形式，其具有有限的宽度或高度，由交织在一起的钢丝绳构成。
加固带还可以是如EP-B1-2 981 659和EP-B1-3 201 381所公开的柔性条的形式，其中加入了横向加固件。
钢成分
前面提到的钢丝绳和钢线可具有如下钢成分：
普通碳钢成分如下(所有百分比均为重量百分比)：
碳含量(％C)为0.40％至1.20％，例如0.80％至1.1％；
锰含量(％Mn)为0.10％至1.0％，例如0.20％至0.80％；
硅含量(％Si)为0.10％至1.50％，例如0.15％至0.70％；
硫含量(％S)低于0.03％，例如低于0.01％；
磷含量(％P)低于0.03％，例如低于0.01％。
作为另外一种选择，可以向成分中添加以下元素：
铬(％Cr)：含量为0.10％至1.0％，例如0.10至0.50％；
镍(％Ni)：含量为0.05％至2.0％，例如0.10％至0.60％；
钴(％Co)：含量为0.05％至3.0％；例如0.10％至0.60％；
钒(％V)：含量为0.05％至1.0％，例如0.05％至0.30％；
钼(％Mo)：含量为0.05％至0.60％，例如0.10％至0.30％；
铜(％Cu)：含量为0.10％至0.40％，例如0.15％至0.30％；
硼(％B)：含量为0.001％至0.010％，例如0.002％至0.006％；
铌(％Nb)：含量为0.001％至0.50％，例如0.02％至0.05％；
钛(％Ti)：含量为0.001％至0.50％，例如0.001％至0.010％；
锑(％Sb)：含量为0.0005％至0.08％，例如0.0005％至0.05％；
钙(％Ca)：含量为0.001％至0.05％，例如0.0001％至0.01％；
钨(％W)：例如含量为约0.20％；
锆(％Zr):例如含量为0.01％至0.10％；
铝(％Al):含量优选低于0.035％，例如低于0.015％，例如低于0.005％；
氮(％N):含量低于0.005％；
稀土金属(％REM)：含量为0.010％至0.050％。
钢丝绳
如前所述，本发明的一般方面是一根或多根钢丝绳为加固带提供柔性。在这方面，钢丝绳可以包括2至19根钢丝，优选2至12根钢丝。钢丝的丝径可以为0.20毫米至0.80毫米，例如0.30毫米至0.60毫米。
金属涂层
可以为钢丝绳的钢丝和钢线设置金属涂层以提高其耐腐蚀性。
金属涂层优选为锌涂层或锌合金涂层。
锌合金涂层可以是锌铝合金涂层，其铝含量按重量计为2％至12％，例如3％至11％。
优选的成分在共析位置附近：铝含量约为5％。锌合金涂层还可以具有例如镧和铈等润湿剂，其含量小于锌合金的0.1％。涂层的其余部分是锌和无法避免的杂质。
另一种优选的成分包括约10％的铝。与铝含量约5％的共析成分相比，铝含量的增加提供了更好的耐腐蚀性。
可以向锌铝合金中添加其他元素，例如硅(Si)和镁(Mg)。为了获得最佳的耐腐蚀性，一种特别优良的合金包括2％至10％的铝和0.2％至3.0％的镁，其余部分为锌。
一种实施例是：5％的铝，0.5％的镁，其余部分为锌。
锌涂层或锌合金涂层优选通过热浸操作施加到钢线上。金属涂层的平均厚度优选限制在4微米，例如限制在3微米。
为了防止由带锌涂层的金属元件加固的混凝土在硬化期间析出氢气，可以用苯并咪唑处理钢丝绳。
作为另一种选择，金属涂层还可以是铜合金涂层，例如黄铜涂层。带黄铜涂层的钢线比带锌涂层的钢线更易于拉制。在混凝土这样的胶凝和碱性环境中，黄铜足以提供所需的防腐蚀性。
附图标记列表：
100 第一层
102 第二层
104 第一柔性带
106 第一柔性带的钢丝绳
108 第二柔性带
112 第三柔性带
114 第三柔性带的钢丝绳
116 第四柔性带
120 打印头
122 胶凝砂浆
124 竖直凹槽
126 竖直凹槽
128 移动方向
200 建筑
202 第一层
204 第二层
206 根据第一实施例的柔性带
208 形成下边缘的钢丝绳
210 形成上边缘的钢丝绳
212 中间的钢丝绳
214 正弦曲线形状的钢丝绳
300 建筑
302 第一层
304 第二层
306 根据第二实施例的柔性带
308 形成下边缘的钢丝绳
310 形成上边缘的钢丝绳
312 中间的钢丝绳
314 多根钢线

Claims (10)

1.一种通过混凝土3D打印制造的混凝土建筑，所述混凝土建筑包括：
以层叠的方式挤出的两层或更多层胶凝材料；和
加固所述两层或更多层胶凝材料的加固结构，
所述加固结构具有长度和高度，
所述加固结构包括纵向延伸的至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件，
所述加固结构还包括一个或多个柔性横向钢元件，所述柔性横向钢元件与所述纵向形成角度，从而位于所述两层或更多层胶凝材料中，
所述加固结构还包括用于定位所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件和所述柔性横向钢元件的定位元件、聚合物涂层或缝合纱线，
所述聚合物涂层或所述缝合纱线应用在所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件上、所述柔性横向钢元件上和所述定位元件上，从而将所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件、所述柔性横向钢元件和所述定位元件连接起来。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混凝土建筑，其中，
所述聚合物涂层和所述缝合纱线应用在所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件上、所述柔性横向钢元件上和所述定位元件上，从而将所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件、所述柔性横向钢元件和所述定位元件连接起来。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的混凝土建筑，其中，
所述至少两个柔性纵向细长钢元件是钢丝绳，所述钢丝绳的绳径最大为2.0毫米，并且由丝径最大为0.60毫米的钢丝构成。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混凝土建筑，其中，
所述一个或多个柔性横向钢元件是以之字形或正弦曲线形在所述长度上延伸的钢丝绳，从而反复从第一层进入第二层和从所述第二层返回所述第一层。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的混凝土建筑，其中，
所述一个或多个柔性横向钢元件是分布在所述加固结构的长度上的离散的加固元件。
6.根据权利要求5所述的混凝土建筑，其中，
所述离散的加固元件是多根钢线或多根钢丝绳。
7.根据权利要求6所述的混凝土建筑，其中，
所述多根钢线设有锚定装置。
8.根据权利要求7所述的混凝土建筑，其中，
所述锚定装置包括如下形式：加厚端部、弯曲部分、压平部分或起伏部分。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混凝土建筑，其中，
所述定位元件是作为载体的网眼基材或玻璃纤维无捻纱。
10.一种通过3D打印制造根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混凝土建筑的方法，其中，
所述加固件是和所述胶凝材料一起通过同一打印头或打印喷嘴同时供给的。
CN202180018047.9A 2020-03-04 2021-02-16 带有柔性加固结构的混凝土3d打印建筑 Pending CN115210068A (zh)

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