CN115178108A - 一种新型复合膜材料及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开一种新型复合膜材料及其制备方法与应用,其组成包括亲水性多孔基材、镧系氢氧化物、纤维素凝胶层,镧系氢氧化物均匀分布在纤维素凝胶层中,纤维素凝胶层与亲水多孔基材紧密附着,该新型复合膜材料可应用于选择性吸附分离同电荷混合染料;本发明通过改变反应条件可以调控复合膜的分离性能;本发明新型复合膜材料能高选择性分离相同负电荷的染料,克服了绝大多数分离膜只能通过静电相互作用分离两种带相反电荷染料的问题,本发明将为染料回收利用,特别是为高选择性分离同电荷混合染料提供新方法和新途径。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于膜材料领域,具体涉及一种新型复合膜材料及其制备方法与选择性吸附分离同种电荷混合染料的应用。
背景技术
印染行业作为水污染大户,每年排放20-23亿吨废水,其废水排放量占全国废水排放的11%左右,占纺织业废水七成以上,对人类赖以生存的水资源造成了严重污染。将染料废水中的染料选择性回收利用,不仅能减轻染料废水对环境的污染,回收的染料还能产生经济价值。沉淀絮凝法、高级氧化法和吸附法能有效去除染料,但难以将染料回收利用。近年来,研究人员开发出金属有机框架(MOFs)和共价有机框架(COFs),通过精确控制MOFs和COFs的孔径实现对带正电荷而分子尺寸不同的两种染料的分离。然而,MOFs的制备成本高、稳定性差,COFs的制备耗时长、成本高,极大的限制了他们的实际应用。值得一提的是,MOFs和COFs只能分离带正电荷的两种染料,鲜有报道其能分离带负电荷的两种染料。因此,通过简单、低成本的方式制备出能分离带相同负电荷的两种染料的分离膜仍是一项挑战。
发明内容
本发明提供一种新型复合膜材料及其制备方法和其选择性吸附分离同种电荷混合染料的应用,解决现有技术难以分离带相同负电荷的两种染料的问题,通过简单、低成本的方法制备出功能性膜材料,实现对带负电荷的两种染料的分离,提供一种染料回收利用的新途径。
本发明提供一种新型复合膜材料,其组成包括亲水性多孔基材、镧系氢氧化物、纤维素凝胶层,所述镧系氢氧化物均匀分布在纤维素凝胶层中,纤维素凝胶层与亲水多孔基材紧密附着,所述镧系氢氧化物呈纳米线状或颗粒状。
本发明还提供所述新型复合膜材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)纤维素溶液的配制:将氯化锂和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺分别干燥除水后,将氯化锂加入N,N-二甲基乙酰胺中搅拌至溶解,即得纤维素溶剂体系,随后加入活化后的纤维素,室温下搅拌至完全溶解,得到纤维素质量分数为0.01%~1%的纤维素溶液;
(2)原位生成镧系氢氧化物:在纤维素溶液中加入镧盐,待镧盐完全溶解后将多孔基材浸渍在含镧盐的纤维素溶液中0.1~8h,随后取出多孔基材放入到碱液中反应1~24h,之后水洗至中性;
(3)单向冷冻处理:将水洗后的膜置于模具中,膜底部紧密贴合导热板,导热板下方盛装液氮以持续提供冷源,促进冰晶定向生长,进行单向冷冻处理30~120min后,通过冷冻干燥机干燥12~48h后,即得一种新型复合膜材料。
进一步地,步骤(1)中氯化锂的干燥是在100~180℃下真空干燥1~8h,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的干燥是在100~150℃油浴中除水1~6h。
进一步地,步骤(1)中氯化锂与N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的质量比为(2~10):(90~98)。
进一步地,步骤(1)中的纤维素原料为棉纤维素或从生物质中分离出来的纤维素,纤维素的纯度应在80%以上。
进一步地,步骤(1)活化后的纤维素是将纤维素在水、甲醇、二甲基乙酰胺中依次浸泡1~12h得到。
进一步地,步骤(2)镧盐与纤维素的质量比为0.05~5:1。
进一步地,步骤(2)多孔基材为定性滤纸、定量滤纸、混合纤维素滤膜、聚醚砜膜、聚偏氟乙烯膜中的一种,所述多孔基材呈亲水性但不局限于上述几种。
进一步地,步骤(2)所述镧盐为氯化镧、硫酸镧、硝酸镧中的一种,所述镧盐能溶于氯化锂/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺溶剂体系但不局限于上述几种。
进一步地,步骤(2)所述碱液的浓度为0.01~1mol/L,溶质为氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氨水中的一种,所述碱液不局限于以上几种,能提供氢氧根离子都可以作为碱液的溶质;所述碱液的溶剂为水、乙醇、甲醇、辛烷中的一种或多种,所述碱液溶剂能使纤维素溶液凝胶化且能使得溶质解离都可以作为碱液溶剂。
进一步地,步骤(3)所述模具不局限于聚四氟乙烯模具,具有隔热效果的材料均可以作为模具。
进一步地,步骤(3)所述导热板不局限于不锈钢板和铜板,导热系数高于15Wm-1K-1的板均能作为导热板。
本发明还提供所述新型复合膜材料的应用,更具体的是选择性吸附分离同电荷混合染料的应用,所述染料包括但不限于亚甲基蓝、罗丹明B、甲基橙、刚果红。
本发明的制备原理:纤维素溶液遇水、乙醇、辛烷等溶剂后会发生凝胶化,形成致密的凝胶层,可用于调控基材的孔径,多孔基材能给纤维素凝胶层提供力学支撑,保证复合膜具有较高的力学强度。需要指出,纤维素表面存在大量羟基,呈亲水性,其纤维素溶液易于附着在亲水性多孔基材表面,进而形成紧密贴合的纤维素凝胶层;在纤维素溶液凝胶化过程中,溶液中的镧盐将与碱液发生反应原位生成镧系氢氧化物,被稳定包嵌在纤维素凝胶层中;通过在垂直方向形成温度梯度诱导冰晶生长,冷干处理使得冰晶升华变为孔道,提高膜的水通量;借助镧系氢氧化物中镧4f空轨道赋予的缺电子特性,对富电子染料形成强亲和力,进而实现选择性吸附分离染料。
本发明通过调控纤维素溶液的浓度可以调控纤维素凝胶层的厚度,进而调节膜材料分离染料的水通量和分离效率,此外,通过调控镧盐的浓度可以调控镧系氢氧化物的形态和含量,进而调节膜材料分离染料的水通量、分离效率以及选择性。
本发明中纤维素溶液亲水性强且具有一定黏度,能在多种亲水性基材表面紧密附着。
本发明所述方法只需要简单的浸渍,无需昂贵的仪器以及加热、加压等装置,能耗低。
本发明通过原位生成镧系氢氧化物,包嵌在纤维素凝胶层中,防止了镧系氢氧化物的泄露,即防止了镧系氢氧化物可能产生的二次污染。
本发明通过将膜进行单向冷冻能提高水通量,为水通量的提高提供了一种有效方法;本发明分离过程仅靠染料溶液的重力便能进行,无需额外的装置。
本发明所述复合膜材料不仅能实现对相反电荷混合染料的选择性分离,还能实现对相同电荷混合染料的高选择性分离,为负电荷混合染料分离提供了新方法和新途径。
附图说明
图1为实施例2制备得到的0.5(1)复合膜和滤纸的XRD谱图;
图2为实施例1和实施例2制备得到复合膜的SEM图(左图为0.5(1/6)膜的SEM图,右图为0.5(1)膜的SEM图);
图3为实施例1和实施例2制备得到复合膜的EDS图(左图为0.5(1/6)膜的EDS图,右图为0.5(1)膜的EDS图);
图4为0.5(1/6)单向处理复合膜(实施例1)和非单向处理复合膜(对比例1)对刚果红和甲基橙的分离通量及效率;
图5不同氢氧化镧含量复合膜对刚果红和甲基橙的分离通量及效率;
图6不同纤维素凝胶厚度的复合膜对刚果红和甲基橙的分离通量及效率。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明作进一步说明。有必要指出,以下实施例只用于对本发明进一步说明,不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,所属领域技术人员根据上述发明内容,对本发明做出一些非本质的改进和调整进行具体实施,仍属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例中使用的纤维素为棉纤维素或从生物质中分离出来的纤维素,纤维素的纯度在80%以上。
实施例1
以定量滤纸为基体制备镧系氢氧化物含量的选择性吸附分离同电荷混合染料的复合膜材料,具体步骤如下:
(1)纤维素溶液的配制:将氯化锂在110℃下真空干燥2h,同时将N,N二甲基乙酰胺在110℃油浴中除水2h,随后将氯化锂加入N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(氯化锂/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺质量比为8:92)中搅拌至溶解,之后加入活化后的棉纤维素(活化过程为将棉纤维素在水、甲醇、二甲基乙酰胺中依次浸泡2h),室温下搅拌至纤维素溶解,得到纤维素质量浓度为0.5wt%的纤维素溶液;
(2)原位生成镧系氢氧化物:在纤维素溶液中加入纤维素质量1/6的氯化镧,搅拌至溶解,即得含镧的纤维素溶液,将定量滤纸浸入含镧的纤维素溶液中2h,取出后浸入到0.1M的NaOH水溶液中反应10h,随后水洗至中性;
(3)单向冷冻处理:将上述水洗后的膜置于聚四氟乙烯模具中,膜紧密贴合不锈钢导热板,导热板下方盛装液氮,进行单向定向冷冻处理30min后,冷冻干燥24h得到新型复合膜材料,标记为0.5(1/6),称为单向处理复合膜,其中0.5表示纤维素溶液浓度,1/6表示镧盐占纤维素质量的倍数。
实施例2
以定量滤纸为基体制备镧系氢氧化物含量的选择性吸附分离同电荷混合染料的复合膜材料,调整氯化镧的加入量为纤维素质量的一倍,其他条件与实施例1一致,制备得到新型复合膜材料,记为0.5(1)。
对比例1
按照实施例1的方法,其他条件一致,将步骤(3)调整为:
(3)将上述水洗后的膜冷冻干燥24h得到新型膜材料,称为非单向处理复合膜,作为空白对照。
使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)验证氢氧化镧的生成,见图1,0.5(1)为上面的曲线,原滤纸为下面的曲线,通过图1可以看出,0.5(1)膜的XRD谱图在27.1°和48.2°出现了新特征峰,对应氢氧化镧的(101)和(211)晶面,证明生成了氢氧化镧。
通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征不同氢氧化镧含量的复合膜的表面形貌,见图2,左图为0.5(1/6)膜的SEM图,右图为0.5(1)膜的SEM图,由图2可以看出,当氯化镧的质量为纤维素质量的1/6时,生成的氢氧化镧呈颗粒状,当氯化镧的质量为纤维素质量的1倍时,生成了纳米线状的氢氧化镧。
采用能谱仪(EDS)检测复合膜中镧的含量,结果见图3,通过图3可以看出,0.5(1/6)膜中镧的质量分数为0.14wt%,0.5(1)膜中镧的质量分数为3.5wt%,表明可以通过镧盐的添加量调控氢氧化镧的负载量。
将实施例1和对比例1制备的复合膜进行吸附分离染料测试,测试所用染料为刚果红和甲基橙,测试方法如下:将膜固定在砂芯过滤装置中,在膜上方倒入10mg/L的刚果红染料,记录5mL刚果红溶液滤出时间,通过紫外可见光光度计检测滤液的吸光度,水通量通过滤液体积/(膜面积*用时)计算,去除效率通过(原液浓度-滤液浓度)/原液浓度计算,吸附分离甲基橙的测试按相同的方法进行,单向处理和非单向处理复合膜对刚果红和亚甲基橙的分离通量和分离效率见图4,由图4可知,相比非单向处理的膜,单向处理后0.5(1/6)膜的水通量和分离效率明显提高,证明采用单向冷冻处理提高膜水通量是有效的。
考察不同氢氧化镧含量复合膜对刚果红和甲基橙的分离通量和分离效率,方法如前所述,结果见图5,由图5可知,随着氢氧化镧含量的增加,复合膜的水通量提高,对刚果红的去除效率增大,而对甲基橙的去除效率降低,表明复合膜对带相同电荷的刚果红和甲基橙的选择性增高;0.5(1)膜对刚果红的去除效率达94.2%,而对甲基橙的去除效率仅2%,显示出极高的选择性分离能力,这是因为交织的氢氧化镧纳米线避免了氢氧化镧纳米颗粒间的团聚,暴露出更多的活性位点,增大了对染料的有效吸附面积,进而快速吸附富电子的刚果红而对富电子能力较弱的甲基橙亲和力较弱,因而具有极高的选择性。
实施例3
以定量滤纸为基体制备选择性吸附分离同电荷混合染料的复合膜材料,具体步骤如下:
(1)纤维素溶液的配制:将氯化锂在110℃下真空干燥2h,同时将N,N二甲基乙酰胺在110℃油浴中除水2h,随后将氯化锂加入N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(氯化锂/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺质量比为8:92)中搅拌至溶解,之后加入活化后的纤维素(活化过程为将棉纤维素在水、甲醇、二甲基乙酰胺中依次浸泡2h),室温下搅拌至纤维素溶解,得到质量浓度为0.25wt%;
(2)原位生成镧系氢氧化物:在纤维素溶液中加入纤维素质量1/6倍的氯化镧,搅拌至溶解,即得含镧的纤维素溶液,将定量滤纸浸入含镧的纤维素溶液中2h,取出后浸入到0.1M的NaOH水溶液中反应10h,随后水洗至中性;
(3)单向冷冻处理:将上述水洗后的膜置于聚四氟乙烯模具中,膜紧密贴合不锈钢导热板,导热板下方盛装液氮,进行单向定向冷冻处理30min后,冷冻干燥24h得到新型复合膜材料,标记为0.25(1/6),其中0.25表示纤维素溶液浓度,1/6表示镧盐占纤维素质量的倍数。
将实施例1和实施例3制备的复合膜进行吸附分离染料测试,测试所用染料为刚果红和甲基橙,测试方法与上述方法一致,考察不同凝胶层厚度复合膜对刚果红和亚甲基橙的分离通量和分离效率见图6,由图6可知,随着纤维素凝胶层厚度的增大,复合膜对刚果红和甲基橙的水通量降低而分离效率提高,这是因为凝胶层厚度增加了水通过的路径长度,对水的阻力增加进而降低水通量,而对染料的阻隔时间延长进而提高了分离效率。
实施例4
以混合纤维素膜为基体制备选择性吸附分离同电荷混合染料的复合膜材料,具体步骤如下:
(1)纤维素溶液的配制:将氯化锂在180℃下真空1h,同时将N,N二甲基乙酰胺在100℃油浴中除水6h,随后将氯化锂加入N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(氯化锂/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺质量比为5:95)中搅拌至溶解,之后加入活化后的棉纤维素(活化过程为将棉纤维素在水、甲醇、二甲基乙酰胺中依次浸泡1h),室温下搅拌至纤维素溶解,得到质量浓度为0.01wt%的纤维素溶液;
(2)原位生成镧系氢氧化物:在纤维素溶液中加入纤维素质量0.05的硫酸镧,搅拌至溶解,即得含镧的纤维素溶液,将混合纤维素膜浸入含镧的纤维素溶液中8h,取出后浸入到0.01M氨水中反应24h,随后水洗至中性后;
(3)单向冷冻处理:将上述水洗后的膜置于聚四氟乙烯模具中,膜紧密贴合不锈钢导热板,导热板下方盛装液氮,进行单向定向冷冻处理45min后,冷冻干燥12h得到新型复合膜材料。
实施例5
以聚偏氟乙烯膜为基体制备选择性吸附分离同电荷混合染料的复合膜材料,具体步骤如下:
(1)纤维素溶液的配制:将氯化锂在100℃下真空干燥8h,同时将N,N二甲基乙酰胺在150℃油浴中除水1h,随后将氯化锂加入N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(氯化锂/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺质量比为10:90)中搅拌至溶解,之后加入活化后的纤维素(活化过程为将纤维素在水、甲醇、二甲基乙酰胺中依次浸泡12h),室温下搅拌至纤维素溶解,得到质量浓度为1wt%的纤维素溶液;
(2)原位生成镧系氢氧化物:在纤维素溶液中接着加入纤维素质量5倍的硝酸镧,搅拌至溶解,即得含镧纤维素溶液,将聚偏氟乙烯膜浸入含镧纤维素溶液中0.1h,取出后浸入到1M氢氧化钾的水/乙醇(体积比1:1)溶液中反应1h,随后水洗至中性;
(3)单向冷冻处理:将上述水洗后的膜置于聚四氟乙烯模具中,膜紧密贴合不锈钢导热板,导热板下方盛装液氮,进行单向定向冷冻处理120min后,冷冻干燥48h得到新型复合膜材料。
Claims (10)
1.一种新型复合膜材料,其特征在于,包括亲水性多孔基材、镧系氢氧化物、纤维素凝胶层,所述镧系氢氧化物均匀分布在纤维素凝胶层中,纤维素凝胶层与亲水多孔基材紧密附着,所述镧系氢氧化物呈纳米线状或颗粒状。
2.权利要求1所述新型复合膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)氯化锂和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺分别干燥后,将氯化锂加入N,N-二甲基乙酰胺中搅拌至溶解,随后加入活化后的纤维素,室温下搅拌至完全溶解,得到纤维素质量分数为0.01%~1%的纤维素溶液;
(2)在纤维素溶液中加入镧盐,待镧盐完全溶解后将多孔基材浸渍在含镧盐的纤维素溶液中0.1~8h,随后取出多孔基材放入到碱液中反应1~24h,之后水洗至中性;
(3)将水洗后的膜置于模具中,膜紧密贴合导热板,导热板下方盛装液氮,单向冷冻处理30~120min后,冷冻干燥12~48h得到新型复合膜材料。
3.根据权利要求2所述新型复合膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)氯化锂的干燥是在100~180℃真空干燥1~8h;N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的干燥是在100~150℃油浴中除水1~6h。
4.根据权利要求2所述新型复合膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)氯化锂与N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的质量比为(2~10):(90~98)。
5.根据权利要求2所述新型复合膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)纤维素为棉纤维素或从生物质中分离出来的纤维素,纤维素的纯度在80%以上。
6.根据权利要求2所述新型复合膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)活化后的纤维素是将纤维素在水、甲醇、二甲基乙酰胺中依次浸泡1~12h得到。
7.根据权利要求2所述新型膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)多孔基材为定性滤纸、定量滤纸、混合纤维素滤膜、聚醚砜膜、聚偏氟乙烯膜中的一种。
8.根据权利要求2所述新型复合膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)镧盐为氯化镧、硫酸镧、硝酸镧中的一种;镧盐与纤维素的质量比为0.05~5:1。
9.根据权利要求2所述新型复合膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)碱液的浓度为0.01~1mol/L,溶质为氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氨水中的一种,溶剂为水、乙醇、甲醇、辛烷中的一种或多种。
10.权利要求1或2所述新型复合膜材料选择性吸附分离同电荷混合染料的应用。
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CN116854966B (zh) * | 2023-07-28 | 2024-01-19 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种聚集诱导发光分子/纤维素凝胶膜的制备方法 |
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