CN115141804A - 一种基于脂肪外泌体的神经元转染方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种基于脂肪外泌体的神经元转染方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于生物技术和医学领域,具体地,涉及一种基于脂肪外泌体的神经元体内、体外转染方法,进一步地,涉及该方法的具体应用。本发明方法能够在体内和体外有效地实现神经元的转染,且细胞毒性低,免疫原性低,转染效率高。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物技术和医学领域,具体地,涉及一种基于脂肪外泌体的神经元体外转染方法,进一步地,涉及该方法的应用。
背景技术
转染是将遗传物质转到细胞中的过程,是有效改变细胞中基因表达的重要手段。其可沉默内源蛋白表达/驱动外源基因表达以及蛋白质修饰的特性,让转染成为研究调控神经元功能的关键分子的重要手段。然而,神经元是一种高度分化的细胞,不同于其他细胞,基于成熟神经元脆弱的特质,神经元的转染通常效率低且难以存活,使得对其转染具有很强的挑战性。
目前针对神经元转染的方法主要有:核转染、基因枪和病毒转染。但目前这三种方法都有较明显的缺陷:核转染细胞致死率高,对细胞的需求量大,且只能针对体外细胞进行操作;基因枪虽然对细胞损害低,但是其转染效率不高且也只能对体外细胞进行操作;病毒转染虽然转染效率较高,但是其准备程序复杂,构建病毒周期长,环节多,易出错且费用高。而应用最为广泛的脂质体介导方法对神经元的转染效率极低,且转染试剂的细胞毒性高。目前尚无能够同时在体内和体外实现神经元高效转染的方法。
外泌体(Exosome)是由不同细胞类型在体内分泌的质膜囊泡(Ibrahim and Marbán (2016) Annu Rev Physiol. 78:67-83);反映其来源细胞的内含物、其正常状态或病理生理状态。外泌体主要来源于细胞内溶酶体微粒内陷形成的多囊泡体,经外膜与细胞膜融合释放到胞外基质中;其被发现存在于众多生物液体中,例如血液、尿液、唾液、脑脊髓液、淋巴液、胆汁、肺泡灌洗液、精液、滑膜液、羊水、母乳等。其可传输多种信号转导分子,例如功能蛋白,核酸(例如DNA、mRNA、microRNA、siRNA),脂质,长非编码RNA(lncRNA)等等,并进入受体细胞并发挥生物学功能,从而参与细胞间的信息传递(Valadi et al. (2007) NatCell Biol., 9(6):654-9; Li et al. (2016) Nat Commun. 7:10872; Liu et al.(2015) Cell Metab. 22(4):606-18)。同时,外泌体能够穿过严格的生物屏障,如血脑屏障、胎盘屏障(AlvarezErviti et al. (2011) Nat Biotechnol. 29(4):341-5; Holderet al. (2016) Traffic 17(2): 168-78; Shi et al. (2017) Biochem. Biophys. ResCommun. 483(1):602-8);因此,其有希望成为物质递送的有效载体。
鉴于此,本发明期望提供一种基于脂肪外泌体的高效神经元转染方法,能够在体外有效地实现神经元的转染,同时细胞毒性低,免疫原性低,转染效率高。
发明内容
为解决神经元转染中存在的上述技术缺陷,本发明首先由此提供了一种基于脂肪外泌体的、高效转染神经元的方法,在体外可实现对神经元的高效转染,且安全性高,操作简单。
首先,在第一方面,本发明涉及一种神经元的体外转染方法,其中,所述方法基于脂肪外泌体实现,具体地,所述方法包括如下步骤:
1)脂肪细胞培养获得标准化脂肪外泌体;
2)将遗传物质包装至分离的脂肪外泌体中;
3)将包装遗传物质的脂肪外泌体与原代神经元共培养,实现神经元转染。
在一个实施方案中,所述标准化脂肪外泌体是将腺相关病毒通过脂肪原位注射,进行脂肪培养后获得;在优选的实施方案中,所述腺相关病毒为rAAV-siDicer。
在一个实施方案中,其中所述转染在体外进行。
优选地,其中所述遗传物质选自DNA、mRNA、dsRNA、siRNA、shRNA、miRNA或质粒中的一种或多种;更优选地,为siRNA或质粒;进一步优选地,为siBACE1或mCherry质粒。
在一个实施方案中,其中所述脂肪原位注射是指,将rAAV-siDicer病毒原位注射感染小鼠的内脏脂肪组织;可选地,所述注射感染2周后,取小鼠内脏脂肪进行培养并分离外泌体。
在一个实施方案中,其中外泌体提取方法为:将感染小鼠的脂肪组织剪碎为小块的脂肪组织,置于DMEM完全培养基中培养后收集上清;离心提取脂肪组织外泌体;
优选地,所述将脂肪组织剪碎为1mm3的脂肪小块;所述DMEM完全培养基含有:1%的100μg/mL青霉素,100μg/mL链霉素,以及2%去外泌体的胎牛血清。在优选的实施方案中,采用超速离心提取脂肪组织外泌体。
在一个实施方案中,其中在步骤1)后还包括:
1a)标准化脂肪外泌体的鉴定;其中所述鉴定过程包括电镜、粒径分子、RNA含量检测方法中的一种或多种。
在一个实施方案中,所述遗传物质通过其中化学转染、电穿孔、热冲击、病毒感染或微注射包装到分离的脂肪外泌体中;在优选的实施方案中,所述方式为电穿孔。
在一个实施方案中,其中所述方法的步骤3)中,将脂肪外泌体与神经元共培养24-48h以进行转染。在优选的实施方案中,所述神经元共培养约48h。
在具体的实施方案中,所述神经元转染方法包括:
1、制备标准化脂肪外泌体:制备rAAV-SiDicer腺相关病毒:rAAV-U6-shRNA(Dicer)-CMV-mCherry-SV40 pA。
2、将构建的rAAV-siDicer病毒原位注射感染小鼠的内脏脂肪组织。2周后取小鼠内脏脂肪,将rAAV-siDicer感染小鼠的脂肪组织剪碎为小块的脂肪组织,置于DMEM完全培养基中培养24h~48h后收集上清。超速离心法提取脂肪组织外泌体。
3、鉴定标准化脂肪外泌体:采用电镜、粒径分析和/或RNA含量检测,鉴定外泌体的形态,分析外泌体的粒径、提取外泌体总RNA并检测RNA浓度变化。
4、包裹siRNA和/或质粒等目标遗传物质:通过电穿孔方法将目标遗传物质包装到标准化脂肪外泌体中,qRT-PCR法检测包装的效率。
5、神经元转染:将装载目标遗传物质的标准化脂肪外泌体与原代神经元共培养24-48h,进行神经元转染。
所述电穿孔的步骤包括:溶液A:200μl电转溶液加入2μg标准化脂肪外泌体;溶液B:200μl电转溶液加入5μg表达mCherry的质粒或siBACE1-cy3;将溶液A和溶液B混合后进行电转(400V,125μF)后,收集装载表达mCherry的质粒或siBACE1-cy3的标准化外泌体;
所述电转溶液为1.15 mM K3PO4+25 mM KCl+21% OptiPrep;
体外共培养转染的步骤包括:将包装遗传物质的脂肪外泌体(5μg)加入5ml神经元完全培养基中,将混合培养基加入到原代神经元共培养;
所述包装遗传物质的脂肪外泌体优选为装载表达mCherry质粒或siBACE1-cy3的标准化外泌体;
所述完全培养基为Neurobasal+ B27 (50x)+ GlutaMax (100x)+ pen/strep(100x)。
在本发明的另一方面,本发明还涉及,脂肪外泌体在神经元转染中的用途,其中所述标准化脂肪外泌体是将腺相关病毒通过脂肪原位注射,进行脂肪培养后获得。在优选的实施方案中,所述腺相关病毒为rAAV-siDicer。
以下定义和说明是对本发明中使用的术语的解释;当描述本发明时,除非另有说明,否则本文所用的技术和科学术语应具有与本发明所属技术领域的技术人员通常所了解的含义相同,本文所提及的公开和文献均通过引用并入本文。
如本文所用,术语“包括”或“包含”是指,所述方法、结构或组成中包含任何所体积的示例的步骤/操作、部件、组成部分等,但并不排除任何其他的步骤/操作、部件、组成部分。
本发明上下文中,涉及数值范围时,应理解为该范围的上限和下限,以及之间的每个中间值,以及该范围内的任何其他指定值或中间值都包含在本发明内。可独立地包括在该范围内的这些较小范围的上限和下限也包含在本发明内,其受指定范围内任何明确排除的限制。当指定范围包括极限值之一或者两者时,除去包括极限值的两者中任一的范围同样在本发明内。
本发明所涉及的生长细胞,分离细胞和相关的克隆,DNA分离、扩增和纯化,涉及DNA连接酶、DNA聚合酶、限制性内切酶等的酶反应标准技术,以及多种分离技术是本领域技术人员熟知且经常使用的。
术语“神经元”包含神经元及其一个或多个组成部分(例如神经元细胞体、轴突或树突)。“神经元”表示神经系统细胞,其包含中央细胞体和两种类型的延伸或突出:树突,大部分神经元信号通过树突传输到细胞体;以及轴突,通常大部分神经元信号通过轴突从细胞体传输到效应细胞,例如靶神经元或肌肉。
如本文所用,术语“转染”是指,外源性核酸被转移或引入宿主细胞。“转染的细胞”是已经用外源性核酸转染的细胞,包括原代对象细胞和其子代;优选地,如本文所用,所述细胞为神经元细胞。
术语“外泌体(Exosome)”是指由生物液体中的细胞分泌的纳米囊泡组分,是一种膜状脂质囊泡,结构上具有脂质双分子层,表面包括蛋白质和糖类;根据外泌体的不同粒度,其通常直径为30-200nm,特别地为40-150nm,更特别地50nm-120nm,甚至更特别地50-100nm。优选地,所述外泌体为脂肪外泌体。
如本文所用,术语“细胞外囊泡”或“外泌体”可互换使用,且应理解为涉及任何类型的囊泡,可以任何形式从细胞中获得,例如微囊泡(如从细胞血浆膜中脱落的任何囊泡)、外泌体(如源自溶酶体内路径的任何囊泡)、凋亡小体(如从凋亡细胞中获得)、微粒(如可源自血小板)、核外颗粒体(如可源自血清中的中性粒细胞或单核细胞)、前列腺体(如可从前列腺癌细胞获得)或者心脏体(如可源自心脏细胞)等。此外,术语“外泌体”和/或“微囊泡”也应理解为涉及细胞外囊泡模拟,通过如膜挤出、超声或其它技术获得的基于细胞膜的囊泡。
术语“遗传物质”是指,基因、核酸、DNA和/或RNA;核酸分子的另一些实例包括但不限于寡核苷酸,例如干扰核糖核酸(iRNA),包括但不限于小干扰RNA(siRNA)、microRNA(miRNA)、短发夹RNA(shRNA)。术语“siRNA”,是指约十个核苷酸至几十个核苷酸组成的、诱导RNA干扰(RNAi)的短双链RNA或RNA类似物。“shRNA”指能够进行RNAi且具有随从链、环和引导链的单分子RNA,其中随从链和引导链可基本上彼此互补。miRNA一般为平均约20个核酸的单链分子。
本发明的有益效果:本发明的方法,转染效率高可达80%以上,细胞毒性低,且可实现体外神经元的转染,且具有低免疫原性和高安全性的特点;本发明方法灵活可变,可实现miRNA、siRNA、mRNA以及质粒等多种物质的传递,操作简便。
为清楚地阐述本发明实施例的技术方案,下面将对实施例所涉及步骤以及相应的附图进行介绍说明。显而易见地,下文描述的附图或实施例仅仅是本发明的一部分举例说明。
附图说明
图1为脂肪外泌体的表征图,其中A是外泌体电镜照片;B是脂肪外泌体RNA含量比较图;
图2为脂肪外泌体包装siBACE1-cy3的表征图,其中A是脂肪外泌体包装siBACE1-cy3后的siBACE1相对浓度图;B是外泌体包装荧光标签的siBACE1-cy3后荧光显微照片;C是装载siBACE1-cy3的标准化脂肪外泌体与原代神经元共培养后Western-blot结果图;
图3为外泌体转染原代神经元后BACE1的表征图,其中A是外泌体转染原代神经元后BACE1的相对蛋白水平图;B是原代神经元被包装siBACE1-cy3的外泌体转染的百分比图;
图4为标准化脂肪外泌体进行原代神经元的质粒转染的表征图,其中A是包装质粒的外泌体转染原代神经元后荧光显微照片;B是原代神经元被包装质粒的外泌体转染的百分比图;
图5为包装mCherry质粒的外泌体转染原代神经元后,神经元细胞活性图。
具体实施方式
参考以下实施例将更好地理解本发明。这些实施例旨在代表本发明的具体实施方案,而不旨在限制本发明的范围。
实施例1:标准化脂肪外泌体的制备
(1)制备rAAV-siDicer腺相关病毒及对照病毒,rAAV-siDicer腺相关病毒:rAAV-U6-shRNA(Dicer)-CMV-mCherry-SV40 pA,对照病毒:rAAV-U6-shRNA(scramble)-CMV-mCherry-SV40 pA,由武汉枢密脑科学技术有限公司构建。
(2)将构建的rAAV-siDicer病毒以及对照病毒分别原位注射感染小鼠的内脏脂肪组织。2周后,取小鼠(8E+12 vg/ml,2μL)内脏脂肪进行培养,分离提取外泌体,方法如下:将病毒感染小鼠的脂肪组织剪碎为1mm3小块的脂肪组织后,置于DMEM完全培养基(含有1%的100μg/mL青霉素+100μg/mL链霉素+2%去外泌体的胎牛血清),培养24h后收集上清。超速离心法提取脂肪组织外泌体。
实施例2:标准化脂肪外泌体的鉴定
对标准化脂肪外泌体进行鉴定,包括:电镜、粒径分析、RNA含量检测,具体步骤如下:
(1)电镜检测外泌体的形态(如图1中的A图),Nanosight分析外泌体的粒径(如图1中的B图)。
(2)提取外泌体总RNA并检测RNA浓度变化:用TRIzol试剂将样品匀浆后,加入氯仿,使匀浆离心后取上层的水层,加入异丙醇将RNA从水层析出。沉淀的RNA用75%乙醇清洗以去除杂质,然后再用RNase-free ddH2O重悬。分光光度计测定RNA浓度,比较发现,相比对照病毒处理的脂肪组织,rAAV-siDicer脂肪组织提取的外泌体RNA含量显著降低。
实施例3:标准化脂肪外泌体包裹siBACE1,进入原代神经元并降低BACE1表达
(1)通过电穿孔方法(400V,125μF)(比例:5nmol siRNA:5μg标准化外泌体),将带有荧光标签的siBACE1-cy3包装到标准化脂肪外泌体中,具体操作如下:溶液A:200μl电转溶液(1.15 mM K3PO4+25 mM KCl+21% OptiPrep)加入5μg标准化脂肪外泌体;溶液B:200μl电转溶液加入siBACE1-cy3(5nmol);将溶液A和溶液B混合后进行电转(400V,125μF)后,收集装载siBACE1-cy3的标准化外泌体。qRT-PCR检测包装的效率(如图2中的A图),结果显示siBACE1-cy3已有效包装至脂肪外泌体中,相对浓度为81.65%;
(2)将装载siBACE1-cy3的标准化外泌体(5μg)加入5ml神经元完全培养基(Neurobasal+ B27 (50x)+ GlutaMax (100x)+ pen/strep (100x))中,将混合培养基加入到原代神经元共培养,6h后荧光显微镜观察原代神经元中的siBACE-cy3信号,结果显示,原代神经元中出现大量cy3信号(如图2中的B图);
(3)将装载siBACE1-cy3的标准化外泌体(5μg)加入5ml神经元完全培养基(Neurobasal+ B27 (50x)+ GlutaMax (100x)+ pen/strep (100x))中,将混合培养基加入到原代神经元共培养48h,Western-blot检测原代神经元BACE1蛋白表达水平,结果显示BACE1表达水平显著降低(如图2中的C图,图3中的A图,图3中的B图),提示包装siBACE1-cy3的标准化脂肪外泌体已成功转染至原代神经元中,且降低了BACE1的表达,且神经元转染百分比达93.85%。
实施例4:标准化脂肪外泌体进行原代神经元的质粒转染
(1)将表达mCherry的质粒包装到标准化脂肪外泌体中。溶液A:200μl电转溶液(1.15 mM K3PO4+25 mM KCl+21% OptiPrep)加入2μg标准化脂肪外泌体;溶液B:200μl电转溶液加入5μg表达mCherry的质粒;将溶液A和溶液B混合后进行电转(400V,125μF)后,收集装载表达mCherry的质粒的标准化外泌体。
(2)将装载表达mCherry质粒的标准化外泌体(5μg)加入5ml神经元完全培养基(Neurobasal+ B27 (50x)+ GlutaMax (100x)+ pen/strep (100x))中,将混合培养基加入到原代神经元共培养48h,荧光检测转染效率;荧光检测转染效率,结果显示,质粒已成功转染至神经元中(如图4中的A图),转染效率约为80%(如图4中的B图)。即标准化脂肪外泌体可实现原代神经元的质粒转染,且显著高于传统的转染方法。
实施例5:标准化脂肪外泌体转染的神经毒性检测
按照实施例4步骤(2),将装载mCherry质粒的标准化脂肪外泌体与原代神经元共培养48h,并检测神经元的细胞活性。
结果显示,标准化脂肪外泌体转染后的神经元细胞活性与对照相比无明显改变,即脂肪外泌体的转染未降低原代神经元的细胞活性(如图5)。
以上实施例3-5结果表明,标准化的脂肪外泌体可实现神经元的siRNA/质粒的有效转染,且无明显神经毒性。
综上所述,通过本发明,基于标准化脂肪外泌体可实现神经元的高效转染,包括对siRNA/质粒等的转染。
上文所述仅为本发明举例的实施方式,并非用于限定本发明的保护范围。凡在本发明的精神和原则内所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均包含在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (9)
1.一种神经元转染方法,其中,包括如下步骤:
1)脂肪细胞培养获得标准化脂肪外泌体;
2)将遗传物质包装至分离的脂肪外泌体中;
3)将包装遗传物质的脂肪外泌体与原代神经元共培养转染;
其中,所述标准化脂肪外泌体是将腺相关病毒通过脂肪原位注射,进行脂肪培养后获得;所述腺相关病毒为rAAV-siDicer;
所述转染在体外进行;
所述遗传物质选自DNA、mRNA、dsRNA、siRNA、shRNA、miRNA或质粒;
所述遗传物质包装到分离的脂肪外泌体中的方式选自化学转染、电穿孔、热冲击、病毒感染或微注射。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述转染在体外进行;体外的共培养转染的步骤包括:将包装遗传物质的脂肪外泌体5μg加入5ml神经元完全培养基中,将混合培养基加入到原代神经元共培养;将脂肪外泌体与神经元共培养24-48h以进行转染。
3.根据权利要求1-2任一项所述的方法,其中所述遗传物质选自siBACE1或mCherry质粒。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述脂肪原位注射是,将rAAV-siDicer病毒原位注射感染小鼠的内脏脂肪组织;所述注射感染2周后,取小鼠内脏脂肪进行培养并分离外泌体。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中外泌体提取方法为:将感染小鼠的脂肪组织剪碎为小块的脂肪组织,置于DMEM完全培养基中培养后收集上清;离心提取脂肪组织外泌体。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中在步骤1)后还包括:
1a)标准化脂肪外泌体的鉴定;其中所述鉴定过程包括电镜、粒径分子、RNA含量检测方法中的一种或多种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述遗传物质包装到分离的脂肪外泌体中的方式为电穿孔。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述步骤3)中,将脂肪外泌体与神经元共培养48h以进行转染。
9.根据权利要求1所述的标准化脂肪外泌体在神经元转染中的用途,其中所述标准化脂肪外泌体是将腺相关病毒通过脂肪原位注射,进行脂肪培养后获得;所述腺相关病毒为rAAV-siDicer。
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