CN115062778B - Corn sowing quantity decision method based on soil organic matter content - Google Patents
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- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 126
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000004016 soil organic matter Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 143
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 122
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000005904 alkaline hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000013178 mathematical model Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 45
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- 241001057636 Dracaena deremensis Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021049 nutrient content Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101001077374 Oryza sativa subsp. japonica UMP-CMP kinase 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical group [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical group [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013468 resource allocation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea group Chemical group NC(=O)N XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention discloses a corn sowing quantity decision method based on soil organic matter content; comprising the following steps: step 1, dividing a main test area and each sowing auxiliary area in the main test area, firstly fertilizing, then planting and obtaining data required by model establishment; step 2, processing the organic matter content of all the sowing auxiliary areas to obtain the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each main area using quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer; step 3, fitting to obtain a mathematical model between the soil organic matters in the field area and the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate through the organic matter content of the xth main area and the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x in each test main area; step 4, establishing a corn sowing quantity decision model SR=f (tau, Q, eta, Q) by using field area test data; and step 5, inputting various data of the to-be-sown area into a sowing quantity decision model to obtain the proper corn sowing quantity. The invention determines the proper corn sowing quantity in the to-be-sowed area by measuring the organic matter content and the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content of the soil in the to-be-sowed area.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of sowing, and particularly relates to a corn sowing quantity decision method based on soil organic matter content.
Background
Under the realistic condition of land resource shortage, how to alleviate contradiction among resources, environment and population, and further improve grain yield by utilizing limited resources, is an important problem for guaranteeing the grain safety of China. The corn variable sowing technology is a fine agricultural technology for adjusting the sowing quantity of corn according to the spatial heterogeneity of environmental factors such as soil, illumination, moisture and the like, so that the reasonable and accurate matching of the crop growth environment and the sowing quantity is realized. Compared with the current sowing mode of 'uniform sowing rate', the corn variable sowing technology utilizes the characteristic of uneven space-time distribution of crop growth environment, adjusts the sowing rate according to local conditions, fully digs the soil yield-increasing potential and further improves the corn yield per unit area. The decision of various seeding rates is a key link of variable seeding technology, and how to establish a mathematical model between soil properties and proper seeding rates and realize the adjustment of the seeding rates according to the soil properties is a key problem to be solved by various seeding rates. However, the current methods or technical means for adjusting the sowing quantity according to the soil property are still in a blank stage.
Therefore, the invention provides a corn sowing quantity decision method based on the soil organic matter content, and the method can determine the proper sowing quantity according to the soil organic matter content of the region to be sowed by measuring, so that the sowing quantity of corn is matched with the soil attribute.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the background technology, the invention provides a corn sowing quantity decision method based on soil organic matter content, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, designing field area experiments under different soil organic matters and sowing gradients, dividing an experiment main area and sowing auxiliary areas in the main area, firstly fertilizing, then planting, and acquiring at least three fertilizing gradients required by model establishment according to time, wherein the at least three fertilizing gradients comprise organic matters content SOM of all fertilizing main areas, nitrogen fertilizer effective supply quantity of all sowing auxiliary areas and single plant corn nitrogen absorption quantity q under conventional sowing quantity;
Step 2, processing the organic matter content of all the sowing auxiliary areas to obtain the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each main area using quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer;
Step 3, selecting R 2 as the highest mathematical expression, and fitting to obtain a mathematical model eta=f (SOM) between the soil organic matters and the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate in the field region through the organic matter contents SOM x and eta x of the xth main region in each test main region;
step4, establishing a corn sowing quantity decision model SR=f (tau, Q, eta, Q) by using field area test data;
wherein, the seeding quantity decision model sr=f (τ, Q, η, Q) is:
Wherein: SR is the proper sowing quantity, seeds/hm 2;
2.25 is a conversion coefficient, and the soil measured value is converted into the soil nutrient content of each hectare;
Tau is the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen detection value of the field area, mg/kg;
q is the application amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, kg/hm 2;
η is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate corresponding to the field area;
q is the nitrogen absorption amount of single plant corn under the conventional sowing amount, kg/seed;
And 5, measuring the soil organic matter content and alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content of the to-be-sowed area through a sensor or manual sampling, and inputting the soil organic matter content, the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen detection value and the nitrogen fertilizer application amount of the to-be-sowed area into a sowing amount decision model to obtain the suitable corn sowing amount.
In the step 1, the process of selecting a field area and dividing a main area and an auxiliary area of a test is as follows:
Firstly, selecting a land block which is relatively barren in soil fertility and relatively uniform in soil organic matter content distribution as a test land;
Dividing i cells distinguished by fertilizing amount as main areas, wherein i=1, 2,3 … … n;
then, in each main area, j areas with different seeding amounts are distributed as auxiliary areas, wherein j=1, 2 and 3 … … m;
Therefore, the nitrogen absorption amount of the group under different organic matter contents and sowing amounts is Q ij.
The number of the auxiliary areas in each main area is equal.
The fertilization process in the step 1 is specifically divided into:
The organic matter content of the soil and the corn sowing amount are used as test factors, the organic matter content of the soil is changed by applying organic fertilizers with different amounts, the organic fertilizer application amount is in a plurality of levels according to practical conditions, the fertilizer application amount is divided into at least three different fertilizer application gradients, the fertilizer application amount of the organic fertilizer in one fertilizer application gradient is 0kg/hm 2, and the fertilizer application amounts of the other two fertilizer application gradients are sequentially increased;
in each fertilization gradient, there is a zone to which organic fertilizer is applied but quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is not applied.
The operation process of acquiring the organic matter content of each fertilization main area required by the model establishment on time in the step 1 is as follows: and (3) after corn seedlings emerge, adopting an earth drill to drill soil in a soil layer of 0-20cm of each fertilization main area, and adopting a total organic carbon analyzer to detect soil organic matters after air drying, grinding and sieving.
The step 2 is divided into:
step 201, calculating the group nitrogen absorption amount of each main area:
In each main area, comparing all the auxiliary areas, selecting larger group nitrogen absorption amount as the group nitrogen absorption amount in the main area, and taking the largest group nitrogen absorption amount as the final group nitrogen absorption amount of the area to obtain group nitrogen absorption amounts Q i, i=1, 2,3, … … and n corresponding to each fertilization main area;
Step 202, calculating the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each main area using quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer by utilizing the relationship between the group nitrogen absorption amount and the nitrogen fertilizer applied to each main area:
Assigning a value to the Qf x pair according to the value corresponding to Q i when x=i in Qf x and Q i, wherein Qf x is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply amount under the condition of applying nitrogen fertilizer to the xth main area; according to the corresponding value of Q i when each y=i in Qb y and Q i, assigning a value to Qb y pair, wherein Qb y is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply amount under the condition of no nitrogen fertilizer application in the y-th main area;
the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each main area using quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is calculated:
Wherein: η x is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate at the xth organic matter content,%;
Qf x is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply amount under the condition of applying nitrogen fertilizer in the xth main area, kg/hm 2;
Qb y is the effective supply of nitrogen fertilizer in the y-th main zone without applying nitrogen fertilizer, kg/hm 2.
The detection method of the group nitrogen application amount Qb x of each sowing amount under the condition of only applying the organic fertilizer and the group nitrogen absorption amount Qf y of each sowing amount under the condition of applying the organic fertilizer and the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the step 201 comprises the following steps: in the mature period of corn, three corn plants with similar growth vigor are selected for each treatment, an oven is adopted to dry to constant weight at 85 ℃, a sample is crushed into powder after biomass is measured, a Kjeldahl nitrogen meter is adopted to measure nitrogen concentration, and the nitrogen absorption of a single plant is obtained according to the product of the biomass and the nitrogen concentration, and the nitrogen absorption of the single plant is multiplied by the actual planting density to obtain the nitrogen absorption of a group.
In the step 3, fitting is carried out on the organic matter content SOM x of the xth main area in each test main area and the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer main area to obtain a mathematical model eta=f (SOM) between the soil organic matters in the field area and the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate;
Finally, the method comprises the following steps:
η＝k·SOM+b (3)
Wherein: η is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate of the field area,%;
k is the slope of the function, which is obtained by the least square method;
b is the intercept of the function, which is obtained by a least square method;
SOM is the organic matter content of soil in a certain field area, g/kg.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. The corn sowing quantity suitable for the to-be-sowed area is determined by measuring the organic matter content and the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content of the soil in the to-be-sowed area, so that the waste is reduced, the yield-increasing potential of the soil is further excavated, and the resource allocation is optimized.
2. When the distribution difference of the organic matter content in the soil is large, the sowing of the suitable sowing quantity obtained by the invention can obviously increase the yield of corn per unit area and improve the income.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a corn sowing quantity decision making method based on soil organic matter content;
FIG. 2 is a distribution diagram of a main field test fertilization area in an embodiment of the present invention; in fig. 1, a represents fertilization levels, four fertilization levels are total, namely A1, A2, A3, A4, and 1-16 are numbers of 16 main fertilization areas, and a sign I, II, III, IV from top to bottom on the right represents a first land, a second land, a third land and a fourth land, respectively, wherein quick-acting fertilizers are not applied to the fourth land.
FIG. 3 is a distribution diagram of a sowing auxiliary area in an embodiment of the present invention; the numbers 1-5 in fig. 2 represent 5 different seed amounts, respectively, with the seed amounts increasing in sequence as the numbers increase.
FIG. 4 shows the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply for each zone in the examples of the present invention; qf x in fig. 3 is the effective supply of nitrogen fertilizer under the condition of applying nitrogen fertilizer in the x-th main zone; qb y is the effective supply of nitrogen fertilizer under the condition of no nitrogen fertilizer application in the y-th main zone.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing organic matter content distribution of three soils used in the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the comparison of the seeding rate of quantitative seeding in three field areas with the obtained suitable seeding rate in the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The embodiment of the invention shown in fig. 1 comprises:
Step 1, designing field area experiments under different soil organic matter and sowing rate gradients, dividing an experiment main area and each auxiliary area in the main area, firstly fertilizing, then planting, and acquiring at least three fertilizing gradients required by model establishment according to time, wherein the at least three fertilizing gradients comprise organic matter content SOM of all fertilizing main areas, nitrogen fertilizer effective supply rate of all sowing auxiliary areas and single plant corn nitrogen absorption rate q under conventional sowing rate;
Step 2, processing the organic matter content of all the sowing auxiliary areas to obtain the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply quantity Qf x under the condition of applying nitrogen fertilizer in the x-th main area in each test main area and the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer main area;
Step 3, selecting R 2 as the highest mathematical expression, and fitting to obtain a mathematical model eta=f (SOM) between the soil organic matters and the nitrogen fertilizer effective supply rate in the field region through the organic matter content SOM x and the nitrogen fertilizer effective supply rate eta x of the xth main region in each test main region;
step4, establishing a corn sowing quantity decision model SR=f (tau, Q, eta, Q) by using field area test data;
wherein, the seeding quantity decision model sr=f (τ, Q, η, Q) is:
Wherein: SR is the proper sowing quantity, seeds/hm 2;
2.25 is a conversion coefficient, and the soil measured value is converted into the soil nutrient content of each hectare;
Tau is the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen detection value of the field area, mg/kg;
q is the application amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, kg/hm 2;
η is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate corresponding to the field area;
q is the nitrogen absorption amount of single plant corn under the conventional sowing amount, kg/seed;
And 5, measuring the soil organic matter content and alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content of the to-be-sowed area through a sensor or manual sampling, and inputting the soil organic matter content, the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen detection value and the nitrogen fertilizer application amount of the to-be-sowed area into a sowing amount decision model to obtain the suitable corn sowing amount.
Specifically, in the step1, the process of dividing the field area into the main area and the auxiliary area is as follows:
Firstly, selecting a land block which is relatively barren in soil fertility and relatively uniform in soil organic matter content distribution as a test land;
Dividing i cells distinguished by fertilizing amount as main areas, wherein i=1, 2,3 … … n; in each main area, reassigning j cells with different seeding amounts as auxiliary areas, wherein j=1, 2,3 … … m;
In this embodiment, n=16, and the number of sub-regions in each main region is equal, m=5; therefore, the nitrogen absorption amount of the group under different organic matter contents and sowing amounts obtained in operation is Q ij (i=1, 2,3, … …,16; j=1, 2,3,4, 5), i represents the serial number of the fertilizing main area, and j represents the serial number of the sowing auxiliary area;
The fertilization process in the step 1 is specifically divided into:
The soil organic matter content and the corn sowing amount are taken as test factors, the soil organic matter content is changed by applying organic fertilizers with different amounts, the organic fertilizer application amount is in a plurality of levels according to practical conditions, n=16, the size of each fertilization main area is 6m by 30m, and the area is 180m 2; as shown in FIG. 2, the fertilizing amount is divided into four different fertilizing gradients A1-A4, and the fertilizing amount of organic fertilizer in the fertilizing gradient A1 is 0kg/hm 2, including main areas 1, 5, 9 and 13; a2, the fertilizing amount of the fertilizing gradient is 12000kg/hm 2, and the fertilizing gradient comprises main areas 2, 6, 10 and 14; a3, the fertilizing amount of the fertilizing gradient is 18000kg/hm 2, and the fertilizing gradient comprises main areas 3, 7, 11 and 15; a4, the fertilizing amount of the fertilizing gradient is 24000kg/hm 2, and the fertilizing gradient comprises main areas 4, 8, 12 and 16;
the test sets a CK1 area which is used for applying the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer but not applying the organic fertilizer and a CK3 area which is used for applying the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer but not applying the organic fertilizer in the A1 fertilization gradient, sets a CK2 area which is used for applying the organic fertilizer but not applying the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the A2 fertilization gradient, the A3 fertilization gradient and the A4 fertilization gradient, and sets the rest areas as areas which are used for applying the organic fertilizer and the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer; the application amount of the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is Q; adopting a split area test method, taking areas divided by fertilizing amount as main areas, and taking areas divided by seeding amount as auxiliary areas in each main area;
Each treatment except for the CK2 region and the CK3 region was repeated three times; treating the CK2 region and the CK3 region 1 time;
When in fertilization, a main fertilization area is divided according to the test design, organic fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer are uniformly spread in the corresponding main fertilization area, a rotary cultivator and a power harrow are adopted for soil preparation, and the fertilizer and soil are fully and uniformly mixed; after mixing, sampling and measuring the organic matter content SOM i of each fertilization main area, wherein the specific operation process is as follows: soil in a soil layer of 0-20cm of each fertilization main area is drilled by an earth auger, and soil organic matters are detected by a total organic carbon analyzer after air drying, grinding and sieving;
in this embodiment, CK1 regions are 1, 5, and 9 in fig. 2; CK2 region is 14, 15 and 16 in fig. 2, and CK3 region is 13 in fig. 2; the application amount of the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is Q;
The content of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer used in the test is specifically as follows: 150kg/hm 2 of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, 90kg/hm 2 of phosphate fertilizer and 120kg/hm 2 of potash fertilizer are applied, wherein 1/3 of the nitrogen fertilizer is applied as a base fertilizer, 2/3 of the nitrogen fertilizer is applied as an additional fertilizer in a jointing period, and both the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are applied as the base fertilizer; the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is diammonium phosphate, the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate, and the organic fertilizer is low-nitrogen organic fertilizer.
The planting process in the step 1 is specifically divided into:
And setting sowing quantities with different gradients according to the number (m) of j by taking Zhengdan 958 as a test variety, and planting protection rows at two ends of a test site. Specifically, as shown in fig. 3, since m=5, the size of each sowing auxiliary area is 6m by 6m, and the area is 36m 2, five gradients of 52500, 67500, 82500, 97500, 112500seeds/hm 2 are set for the sowing amount; specifically, in the sub-region of j=1: 52500seeds/hm 2; within the sub-region of j=2: 67500seeds/hm 2; within the sub-region of j=3: 82500seeds/hm 2; within the sub-region of j=4: 97500seeds/hm 2; within the sub-region of j=5: 112500seeds/hm 2. In specific sowing, dividing a sowing auxiliary area in each fertilizing main area according to a test design, and manually sowing in each sowing auxiliary area according to the sowing amount required by the test by utilizing tools such as a dibbler, a density rod and the like; other field management measures are consistent with the local planting habit, so that the diseases, the weeds and the pests are effectively controlled.
The operation process of the soil organic matter content measuring tool of each test cell required by the establishment of the on-time acquisition model in the step 1 is as follows: dividing a sowing auxiliary area in each fertilizing main area according to a test design, and manually sowing in each sowing auxiliary area according to the sowing amount required by the test by utilizing tools such as a dibbler, a density rod and the like; after corn seedlings emerge, soil in a soil layer of 0-20cm of each fertilization main area is drilled by an earth auger, and soil organic matters are detected by a total organic carbon analyzer after air drying, grinding and sieving; obtaining the group nitrogen absorption quantity Q ij corresponding to all the sowing auxiliary areas;
in the step 2, a least square method is adopted to obtain the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta corresponding to the organic matter content of the field area where the test is located, and the linear regression determination coefficient is R2, and is specifically divided into:
Step 201, calculating the group nitrogen absorption amount in each main area:
In each main area, comparing all the auxiliary areas, and selecting larger group nitrogen absorption amount as the main area; for example, for the main fertilizer application area 1, the sizes of Q 11、Q12、Q13、Q14、Q15 are compared, and the maximum group nitrogen absorption amount is taken as the final group nitrogen absorption amount of the area. The comparison is carried out to finally obtain the group nitrogen absorption quantity Q i (i=1, 2,3, … …, 16) corresponding to each fertilization main area;
Step 202, calculating the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each main area using quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer by utilizing the relationship between the group nitrogen absorption amount and the nitrogen fertilizer applied to each main area:
As shown in fig. 4, the pair Qf x is assigned according to the value corresponding to Q i when x=i in Qf x and Q i; assigning a value to the pair Qb y according to the value corresponding to Q i when each y=i in Qb y and Q i;
Qf x is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply under the condition of applying nitrogen fertilizer in the xth main area, X is E X, and the unit is kg/hm 2; x is a main area set for applying both organic fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, and specifically is an area except CK1, CK2 and CK 3;
Qb y is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply amount of the Y-th main area under the condition of no nitrogen fertilizer application, and Y is E Y, and the unit is kg/hm 2; y is a main area set for applying organic fertilizer but not applying quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, in particular to an area of CK 2;
Then according to the fertilization gradients, qb y corresponding to the same fertilization amount (same fertilization gradient) is subtracted from Qf x in each test main area to obtain the effective supply amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer in each main area using the quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, and the ratio of the effective supply amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer in each main area using the quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer to the quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer application amount Q is the effective supply rate eta x of the nitrogenous fertilizer in each main area using the quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer;
specific:
Wherein: η x is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate at the xth organic matter content,%;
Qf x is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply amount under the condition of applying nitrogen fertilizer in the xth main area, kg/hm 2;
Qb y is the effective supply of nitrogen fertilizer under the condition of no nitrogen fertilizer application in the y-th main area, kg/hm 2;
in this example, Q i is divided into Qb y (applying organic fertilizer alone without applying quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, y=14, 15, 16) and Qf x (applying both organic and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, x= 2,3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12) according to whether quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is applied. Qb y is subtracted from Qf x at the same fertilization amount (same fertilization gradient) to obtain an effective supply amount Qe x of nitrogen fertilizer, for example Qf2-Qb14＝Qe2,Qf3-Qb15＝Qe3,Qf4-Qb16＝Qe4.
According to the formula (2), the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta i (i= 2,3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12) under each fertilization amount, namely each organic matter gradient can be obtained.
The detection method of the group nitrogen application amount Qb x of each sowing amount under the condition of only applying the organic fertilizer and the group nitrogen absorption amount Qf y of each sowing amount under the condition of applying the organic fertilizer and the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the step 201 is as follows: in the mature period of corn, three corn plants with similar growth vigor are selected for each treatment, an oven is adopted to dry to constant weight at 85 ℃, a sample is crushed into powder after biomass is measured, a Kjeldahl nitrogen meter is adopted to measure nitrogen concentration, and the nitrogen absorption of a single plant is obtained according to the product of the biomass and the nitrogen concentration, and the nitrogen absorption of the single plant is multiplied by the actual planting density to obtain the nitrogen absorption of a group.
In the step 3, a least square method is adopted to fit the soil organic matter content Qf x of each test cell and the corresponding effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each field area so as to obtain a mathematical model eta=f (SOM) between the soil organic matter and the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate of the field area;
Finally, the method comprises the following steps:
η＝k·SOM+b (3)
Wherein: η is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate of the field area,%;
k is the slope of the function, which is obtained by the least square method;
b is the intercept of the function, which is obtained by a least square method;
SOM is the organic matter content of soil in a certain field area, g/kg;
specifically, the mathematical model between the obtained field area soil organic matter and the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate is as follows:
according to formula (4), in this example, when the organic matter content of the soil is less than 10g/kg, k=0, the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate is maintained at intercept b, with α=0.45; when the organic matter content is more than 10g/kg and less than 30g/kg, the effective supply rate of the nitrogen fertilizer and the organic matter content of the soil are in a linear relation k.SOM+b; when the organic matter content continues to increase and exceeds 30g/kg, k=0, and the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate is maintained at intercept b, specifically β=0.65; the SOM is less than or equal to 10 and the SOM is more than or equal to 30, which are the constants obtained through empirical simulation in the step 3, and the organic matter content of the two parts can not be obtained in the normal test and the land;
In step 5 of this embodiment, the soil organic matter content distribution condition of the known waiting area (test field a) is shown in fig. 5, the test field is divided into three field areas a, b and c, and the area of each area is 1 hectare; thus, the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen detection value tau of the test field A is known to be 53mg/kg, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount Q is 240kg/hm 2, the single plant nitrogen absorption amount Q of Zhengdan 958 corn under the conventional sowing amount is 0.003kg/seed, the single plant yield is 210g, the single plant yield is reduced along with the increase of the sowing amount, and the single plant yield under the conventional sowing amount reaches the maximum value.
In the embodiment, three field areas a, b and c are paired according to the finally obtained proper sowing quantity SR; sowing is carried out under a variable sowing mode, and a region a with the organic matter content of 12g/kg is obtained according to a known condition and a formula 3 and a formula 4, wherein the proper sowing amount is 56282.5seeds/hm 2, and the sowing is round and is 56300seeds/hm 2 for convenience; the area b with the organic matter content of 15g/kg is suitable for seeding with the amount of 59875seeds/hm 2, and is convenient for seeding and rounding to 59880seeds/hm 2; the region c with the organic matter content of 18g/kg is suitable for seeding with the amount of 63467.5seeds/hm 2, and is round and convenient for seeding with the amount of 63470seeds/hm 2, as shown in figure 6.
If the sowing is carried out according to the conventional sowing quantity of 59880seeds/hm 2 in the quantitative sowing mode, sowing all areas;
For the comparison of the quantitative sowing mode and the yield of the two sowing modes in the embodiment of the invention, for variable sowing, the proper sowing quantity obtained by the sowing quantity decision method based on the soil organic matter content can ensure that the nitrogen absorption quantity of the single corn under different organic matter conditions is the same as that of the conventional sowing quantity, namely 0.003kg/seed, so that the single corn yield of each area in the variable sowing mode is 210g, and the theoretical single yield of the test field in the variable sowing mode is 12577.6kg/hm 2; for quantitative sowing, the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply amount of the area a is smaller than that of the area b, so that the nitrogen absorption amount of the corn of the single plant of the area a is smaller than 0.003kg/seed, the single plant yield is smaller than 210g, but the quantity of the area a is better than that of the area b, so that the yield of the area a is equal to 11823kg in the variable sowing mode, the yield of the area b is 12574.8kg, the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply amount of the area c is larger than that of the area b, the sowing amount of the area c in the quantitative sowing mode is smaller than that of the variable sowing, so that the nitrogen absorption amount of the corn of the single plant of the area c can reach 0.003kg/seed, the single plant yield is 210g, and the yield of the area c is 12574.8kg, so that the theoretical single yield of the test field in the quantitative sowing mode is 12324.2kg/hm 2, and waste is greatly reduced.
The conversion into economic benefit is more visual; the main difference between the two modes of sowing is the seed cost and grain yield, which is about 33g per kg of 100 seeds according to the current 1kg Zhengdan 958 seeds, so the seed cost in the variable sowing mode is about 1067 yuan, and the seed cost in the quantitative sowing mode is about 1067 yuan. For grain yield, according to the current market price of 3 yuan/kg, the unit yield of the test field in the variable sowing mode is 12577.6kg/hm 2, the economic benefit is 37732.8 yuan/hm 2, the unit yield of the test field in the quantitative sowing mode is 12324.2kg/hm 2, and the economic benefit is 36972.6 yuan/hm 2.
On the whole, under the condition of the same sowing area, the variable sowing can be carried out according to the decision method provided by the invention, under the premise of not increasing the cost, the yield per hectare is increased by 253.4kg, and the income per hectare is increased by 760.2 yuan, so that the variable sowing can be carried out according to the sowing quantity decision method based on the soil organic matter content provided by the invention, and the yield and economic benefit can be obviously improved.
Claims (8)
1. A corn sowing quantity decision making method based on soil organic matter content is characterized by comprising the following steps:
Step 1, designing field area experiments under different soil organic matters and sowing gradients, dividing an experiment main area and each sowing auxiliary area in the main area, firstly fertilizing, then planting, and acquiring at least three fertilizing gradients required by model establishment according to time, wherein the at least three fertilizing gradients comprise the organic matters of all the fertilizing main areas, the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply quantity of all the sowing auxiliary areas and the nitrogen absorption quantity q of single plant corn under the conventional sowing quantity;
Step 2, processing the organic matter content of all the sowing auxiliary areas to obtain the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each main area using quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer;
Step 3, selecting R 2 as the highest mathematical expression, and fitting to obtain a mathematical model eta=f (SOM) between the soil organic matters and the nitrogen fertilizer effective supply rate in the field region through the SOM x of the organic matters content and the nitrogen fertilizer effective supply rate eta x of the xth main region in each test main region;
step4, establishing a corn sowing quantity decision model SR=f (tau, Q, eta, Q) by using field area test data;
wherein, the seeding quantity decision model sr=f (τ, Q, η, Q) is:
Wherein: SR is the proper sowing quantity, seeds/hm 2;
2.25 is a conversion coefficient, and the soil measured value is converted into the soil nutrient content of each hectare;
Tau is the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen detection value of the field area, mg/kg;
q is the application amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, kg/hm 2;
η is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate corresponding to the field area;
q is the nitrogen absorption amount of single plant corn under the conventional sowing amount, kg/seed;
And 5, measuring the soil organic matter content and alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content of the to-be-sowed area through a sensor or manual sampling, and inputting the soil organic matter content, the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen detection value and the nitrogen fertilizer application amount of the to-be-sowed area into a sowing amount decision model to obtain the suitable corn sowing amount.
2. The corn sowing quantity decision-making method based on the organic matter content of the soil according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1, the process of selecting a field area and dividing a main area and a secondary area of a test is as follows:
Firstly, selecting a land block which is relatively barren in soil fertility and relatively uniform in soil organic matter content distribution as a test land;
Dividing i cells distinguished by fertilizing amount as main areas, wherein i=1, 2,3 … … n;
then, in each main area, j areas with different seeding amounts are distributed as auxiliary areas, wherein j=1, 2 and 3 … … m;
Therefore, the nitrogen absorption amount of the group under different organic matter contents and sowing amounts is Q ij.
3. The corn sowing quantity decision making method based on the soil organic matter content according to claim 2, wherein the number of the auxiliary areas in each main area is equal.
4. The corn sowing quantity decision making method based on the soil organic matter content according to claim 1, wherein,
The fertilization process in the step 1 is specifically divided into:
The organic matter content of the soil and the corn sowing amount are used as test factors, the organic matter content of the soil is changed by applying organic fertilizers with different amounts, the organic fertilizer application amount is in a plurality of levels according to practical conditions, the fertilizer application amount is divided into at least three different fertilizer application gradients, the fertilizer application amount of the organic fertilizer in one fertilizer application gradient is 0kg/hm 2, and the fertilizer application amounts of the other two fertilizer application gradients are sequentially increased;
in each fertilization gradient, there is a zone to which organic fertilizer is applied but quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is not applied.
5. The corn sowing quantity decision making method based on the organic matter content of the soil according to claim 1, wherein the operation process of obtaining the organic matter content of each fertilization main area on time required by model establishment in the step 1 is as follows: and (3) after corn seedlings emerge, adopting an earth drill to drill soil in a soil layer of 0-20cm of each fertilization main area, and adopting a total organic carbon analyzer to detect soil organic matters after air drying, grinding and sieving.
6. The corn sowing quantity decision making method based on the organic matter content of the soil according to claim 1, wherein the step 2 is further divided into:
step 201, calculating the group nitrogen absorption amount of each main area:
In each main area, comparing all the auxiliary areas, selecting larger group nitrogen absorption amount as the group nitrogen absorption amount in the main area, and taking the largest group nitrogen absorption amount as the final group nitrogen absorption amount of the main area to obtain group nitrogen absorption amounts Q i, i=1, 2,3, … … and n corresponding to each fertilization main area;
Step 202, calculating the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each main area using quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer by utilizing the relationship between the group nitrogen absorption amount and the nitrogen fertilizer applied to each main area:
Assigning a value to the Qf x pair according to the value corresponding to Q i when x=i in Qf x and Q i, wherein Qf x is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply amount under the condition of applying nitrogen fertilizer to the xth main area; according to the corresponding value of Q i when each y=i in Qb y and Q i, assigning a value to Qb y pair, wherein Qb y is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply amount under the condition of no nitrogen fertilizer application in the y-th main area;
the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate eta x of each main area using quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is calculated:
Wherein: η x is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate at the xth organic matter content,%;
Qf x is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply under the condition of applying nitrogen fertilizer in the xth main area, kg/hm 2;
Qb y is the effective supply of nitrogen fertilizer in the y-th main zone without applying nitrogen fertilizer, kg/hm 2.
7. The method for deciding corn sowing quantity based on soil organic matter content according to claim 6, wherein the method for detecting the group nitrogen applying quantity Qb x of each sowing quantity under the condition of applying only the organic fertilizer and the group nitrogen absorbing quantity Qf y of each sowing quantity under the condition of applying both the organic fertilizer and the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in step 201 comprises the following steps: in the mature period of corn, three corn plants with similar growth vigor are selected for each treatment, an oven is adopted to dry to constant weight at 85 ℃, a sample is crushed into powder after biomass is measured, a Kjeldahl nitrogen meter is adopted to measure nitrogen concentration, and the nitrogen absorption of a single plant is obtained according to the product of the biomass and the nitrogen concentration, and the nitrogen absorption of the single plant is multiplied by the actual planting density to obtain the nitrogen absorption of a group.
8. The method for deciding corn sowing amount based on soil organic matter content according to claim 1, wherein in the step 3, the organic matter content SOM x of the x-th main area in each main area tested and the nitrogen fertilizer effective supply rate η x of each main area using quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer are fitted to obtain a mathematical model η=f (SOM) between soil organic matter and nitrogen fertilizer effective supply rate in the field area;
Finally, the method comprises the following steps:
η＝k·SOM+b (3)
Wherein: η is the effective nitrogen fertilizer supply rate of the field area,%;
k is the slope of the function, which is obtained by the least square method;
b is the intercept of the function, which is obtained by a least square method;
SOM is the organic matter content of soil in a certain field area, g/kg.
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