CN115050999A - Fuel cell system and low temperature shutdown process thereof - Google Patents
Fuel cell system and low temperature shutdown process thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115050999A CN115050999A CN202210795958.9A CN202210795958A CN115050999A CN 115050999 A CN115050999 A CN 115050999A CN 202210795958 A CN202210795958 A CN 202210795958A CN 115050999 A CN115050999 A CN 115050999A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 147
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 206010037544 Purging Diseases 0.000 claims description 115
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04228—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04156—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04156—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal
- H01M8/04179—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal by purging or increasing flow or pressure of reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04253—Means for solving freezing problems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04303—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during shut-down
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04664—Failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04679—Failure or abnormal function of fuel cell stacks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a low-temperature shutdown process of a fuel cell system, which comprises the following steps: after receiving a shutdown instruction, the fuel cell system firstly judges whether the fuel cell system is in a low-temperature environment according to the indication of the environment temperature sensor, if not, the fuel cell system is shut down at normal temperature, and if so, the fuel cell system executes a low-temperature purging process; after the low-temperature purging process is executed, an air compressor, an air three-way valve and a back pressure valve in an air subsystem are closed; checking whether the air compressor, the air three-way valve and the back pressure valve are in a closed state, if not, stopping the machine, executing a fault processing process, and if so, continuing to execute a low-temperature stopping process; closing the shutoff valve, the hydrogen injection ejector, the exhaust valve and the drain valve; and closing the cooling water pump and the cooling three-way valve, and finishing the low-temperature shutdown process. The method optimizes and improves the drainage efficiency in the low-temperature shutdown process, and reduces the influence on the next starting due to the icing of the residual water in the fuel cell stack.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of low-temperature shutdown control of a vehicle fuel cell system, in particular to a fuel cell system and a low-temperature shutdown process thereof.
Background
The fuel cell system is a power system for a new energy automobile, and uses hydrogen as fuel and air as oxidant to generate power, and the exhaust is only water and heat. The fuel cell system comprises core components (a fuel cell stack), electric accessories (an air compressor, a humidifier, a sensor, a hydrogen circulating pump, an ejector, valve parts, a DCDC and the like), heat management system components (an anode heat exchanger, an intercooler, a thermostat and the like), connected pipeline joints, mechanical structures and the like.
The most central component of a fuel cell system, the fuel cell stack, is an electrochemical device that generates electrical energy by using the electrochemical reaction of fuel hydrogen and oxidant air, the anode of the fuel cell stack generates the oxidation reaction of hydrogen, and the cathode of the fuel cell stack generates the reduction reaction of air. The fuel cell stack is different from a traditional internal combustion engine, generates electric energy through electrochemical reaction, and has larger influence on the working durability by the operation working condition. Especially when operating in a low temperature environment, the durability of the fuel cell system is often greatly affected. For example, in the low-temperature shutdown process, if the free water in the fuel cell stack is not removed as much as possible, the part of the free water is frozen in the fuel cell stack, and the freezing reduces the effective reaction area of the membrane electrode in the fuel cell stack, thereby affecting the next low-temperature startup after the low-temperature shutdown. Repeated icing and thawing of the membrane electrode in the fuel cell stack can cause repeated changes in the mechanical stress of the membrane electrode and also can affect the service life of the fuel cell stack. Therefore, in the low-temperature shutdown process, the water in the fuel cell stack needs to be dried as much as possible, so that the icing in the fuel cell stack is reduced, and the influence on the next low-temperature startup is reduced.
The low-temperature shutdown process and the purging strategy and scheme of the conventional fuel cell system are as follows:
1. and (4) carrying out constant-flow and normal-pressure purging by monitoring ohmic resistance change in the purging process. Such as CN 112436164 a, fuel cell low temperature purge control, system and storage medium, and CN 112366336 a, a purge method for pem fuel cells. And in the purging process in the low-temperature shutdown process, the flow and the pressure of purging are determined through the temperature interval and the ohmic resistance value of the galvanic pile, and the purging process with constant flow and pressure is executed. And after purging, stopping the machine when a specific condition is reached. The method has the advantages that the purging process is simple, the purging mode of normal pressure and normal flow is adopted, the purging efficiency has a space of progress, and the temperature control is not carried out in the purging process. In addition, equipment for inheriting the ohmic resistance value test is required, increasing the complexity of the fuel cell system.
2. And (4) carrying out normal-flow and normal-pressure purging by monitoring the hydrogen concentration and the ohmic resistance change in the purging process. For example, CN 113629274 a, a method and apparatus for controlling shutdown purge of fuel cell system. The purging mode proposed by this patent relies on detecting simultaneously whether the hydrogen concentration and the fuel cell stack impedance reach preset values, confirming the process of performing the purge. And after purging, judging that the shutdown purging is finished. The method of the patent, which relates to the hydrogen concentration test at the inlet of the fuel cell stack, needs to add a sensor for integrating the hydrogen concentration, and increases the complexity of the fuel cell system. At present, hydrogen concentration sensors are applied less and the scheme maturity is poorer.
3. And (4) carrying out constant-flow and normal-pressure purging by monitoring the temperature change of the thermal management system. For example, CN 113629277 a is a fuel cell system and its shutdown purging method, and CN 113299946 a is a thermal management method and device for shutdown condition of fuel cell. And controlling the temperature of the fuel cell stack in the purging process in a PTC (positive temperature coefficient) heating or heating membrane heating mode, so that the purging process is finished after the fuel cell system performs normal-pressure and normal-flow purging for a certain time. In the patent method, the provided low-temperature purging process mode usually takes the purging time as the judgment basis of the purging ending, and because no direct monitoring amount exists, the purging is more dependent on experience, and the difficulty of accurately controlling the purging is higher.
4. And (4) carrying out constant-flow and normal-pressure purging by monitoring the voltage change of the fuel cell stack. Such as CN 111952636 a, a low temperature purging process method for a vehicle fuel cell system, and CN 111403780a, a shutdown processing method and apparatus for a fuel cell system. And judging whether the purging is sufficient or not by comparing the voltage of the fuel cell stack with the reference voltage, and executing a multi-stage or one-stage purging process. The patent method proposed by CN 111403780a also relates to thermal management control of the fuel cell stack during shutdown. The purging method provided by the patent still adopts a purging mode with normal pressure and normal flow, and the purging efficiency has space for improvement.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a fuel cell system which can smoothly complete shutdown in a low-temperature environment.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide a low-temperature shutdown process of a fuel cell system, which optimizes the low-temperature shutdown process to perform a staged purging through the processes of load shedding, purging, discharging, shutdown, and the like, and a control strategy, so as to improve the purging efficiency, improve the efficiency of water drainage during the low-temperature shutdown process, and reduce the influence of freezing of residual water in a fuel cell stack on the next startup.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a fuel cell system, comprising a hydrogen subsystem and an air subsystem; the hydrogen subsystem comprises a hydrogen tank, a shut-off valve, a hydrogen injection ejector, a fuel cell stack, an exhaust valve and a drain valve; the hydrogen tank is used for storing hydrogen; the inlet of the shut-off valve is communicated with the hydrogen tank; the inlet of the hydrogen injection ejector is communicated with the outlet of the shutoff valve; the inlet of a cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack is communicated with the outlet of the hydrogen jet ejector, and the outlet of the cathode cavity is communicated with the circulating inlet of the hydrogen jet ejector; the inlets of the exhaust valve and the drain valve are simultaneously communicated with the outlet of the cathode cavity, and the outlets of the exhaust valve and the drain valve are simultaneously communicated with a tail discharge pipe of the fuel cell system; the air subsystem comprises an air compressor, an intercooler, an air three-way valve and a back pressure valve; the air compressor is used for providing high-pressure air; a gas inlet of the intercooler is communicated with an outlet of the air compressor; an inlet of the air three-way valve is communicated with a gas outlet of the intercooler, and a first outlet of the air three-way valve is communicated with an inlet of an anode cavity of the fuel cell stack; the inlet of the back pressure valve is communicated with the outlet of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack, and the outlet of the back pressure valve is communicated with the tail discharge pipe of the fuel cell system.
In a preferred embodiment, the fuel cell system further comprises a thermal management subsystem, wherein the thermal management subsystem comprises a cooling water pump and a cooling three-way valve; one path of a liquid outlet of the cooling water pump is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack, and the other path of the liquid outlet of the cooling water pump is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the intercooler; the liquid inlet of the cooling three-way valve is simultaneously communicated with the cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack and the cooling liquid outlet of the intercooler, and one path of liquid outlet of the cooling three-way valve is communicated with the liquid inlet of the cooling liquid pump.
In a preferred embodiment, the fuel cell system further comprises an air pressure sensor, a hydrogen pressure sensor, a first temperature sensor, a second temperature sensor, and an ambient temperature sensor; the air pressure sensor is arranged on a pipeline between a first outlet of the air three-way valve and an inlet of an anode cavity of the fuel cell stack; the hydrogen pressure sensor is arranged on a pipeline between the outlet of the hydrogen injection ejector and the inlet of the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack; the first temperature sensor is arranged at a liquid outlet of the cooling water pump; the second temperature sensor is arranged at a liquid inlet of the cooling three-way valve; an ambient temperature sensor is disposed in an environment of the fuel cell system; wherein the second outlet of the air three-way valve is communicated with the tail discharge pipe of the fuel cell system.
To achieve the above another object, the present invention also provides a low temperature shutdown process applied to the fuel cell system as described above, including: after receiving a shutdown instruction, the fuel cell system firstly judges whether the fuel cell system is in a low-temperature environment according to the indication number of the environment temperature sensor, if not, the fuel cell system is shut down at normal temperature, and if the fuel cell system is in the low-temperature environment, a low-temperature purging process is executed; after the low-temperature purging process is executed, an air compressor, an air three-way valve and a back pressure valve in an air subsystem are closed; checking whether the air compressor, the air three-way valve and the back pressure valve are in a closed state, if not, stopping the machine, executing a fault processing process, and if so, continuing to execute a low-temperature stopping process; closing the shutoff valve, the hydrogen injection ejector, the exhaust valve and the drain valve; and closing the cooling water pump and the cooling three-way valve, and finishing the low-temperature shutdown process.
In a preferred embodiment, the cryogenic purge process comprises a first purge phase comprising: firstly, checking whether a fuel cell system has a fault, if so, executing a fault processing flow, and if not, continuing to execute a low-temperature purging process; reducing the load current of the fuel cell system to a first set current value; the method comprises the following steps of purging a cathode cavity of a fuel cell stack at a set flow and a set pressure by adjusting the rotating speed of an air compressor and fully opening an air three-way valve and a back pressure valve; after the first set time, performing pressure pulse purging on the cathode cavity between the pressure and the flow which are higher than the set pressure and the set flow and the set pressure and the set flow by adjusting the rotating speed of the air compressor and the opening of the back pressure valve; after the second set time, the cathode cavity is recovered to be purged at the set pressure and the set flow; when the cathode cavity is purged, the cooling water pump drives cooling liquid at a set rotating speed to circulate at a set flow rate so as to lead out heat generated by the fuel cell stack in the first purging stage; the hydrogen jet ejector adjusts the pressure of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack to follow the pressure of the cathode cavity through feedback control; the exhaust valve and the drain valve are periodically opened and closed at a certain frequency according to a first preset pulse spectrum inquired by a first set current so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in the hydrogen circulation loop; wherein the hydrogen gas entering the hydrogen injection ejector and the exhaust gas discharged by the exhaust valve form the purging of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack.
In a preferred embodiment, the first purge phase further comprises: and when the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than the first set voltage value, the first purging stage is ended.
In a preferred embodiment, the cryogenic purge process further comprises a second purge stage, the second purge stage comprising: after the first purging stage is finished, continuously reducing the load current of the fuel cell system to a second set current value; the method comprises the steps that an air three-way valve and a back pressure valve are fully opened by adjusting the rotating speed of an air compressor, a cathode cavity is purged at a set flow and a set pressure, after a third set time, the opening of the back pressure valve is quickly reduced by 0.5s, and then the cathode cavity is returned to a fully open state, so that a blasting pulse purging mode is simulated, and the cathode cavity is further purged; after the simulated blasting pulse purging mode of the fourth set time, purging the cathode cavity by returning at the set flow and the set pressure; when the cathode cavity is purged, the rotating speed of the cooling water pump is adjusted through feedback control, so that the temperature difference between a cooling liquid inlet and a cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack is kept at a set temperature difference value, and meanwhile, the opening degree of the cooling three-way valve is adjusted through feedback control, so that the display temperature of the first temperature sensor is kept at a set temperature value; meanwhile, the switching frequency of the exhaust valve and the drain valve is accelerated, and the exhaust valve and the drain valve are periodically switched at a certain frequency according to a second preset pulse spectrum inquired by a second set current so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in the hydrogen circulation loop; meanwhile, the hydrogen gas entering the ejector and the waste gas discharged by the exhaust valve are sprayed by the hydrogen gas to purge the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack.
In a preferred embodiment, the second purge stage further comprises: when the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than a second set voltage, the cell voltage variance is smaller than the set variance, and the duration of the second purging stage is longer than a fifth set duration, the second purging stage is finished, and the low-temperature purging process is finished; and if one of the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack is less than the second set voltage, the cell voltage variance is less than the set variance, and the duration of the second purging stage is greater than the fifth set duration is not met, continuing to perform the second purging stage.
Compared with the prior art, the fuel cell system and the low-temperature shutdown process thereof have the following beneficial effects: the specific framework of the fuel cell system can perform the processes of load reduction, purging, discharging, shutdown and the like and control strategies in the low-temperature shutdown process, and performs the purging in stages by optimizing the low-temperature shutdown process, thereby optimizing and improving the purging efficiency and the water drainage efficiency in the low-temperature shutdown process, and simultaneously reducing the influence of icing of residual water in the fuel cell stack on the next starting.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the architecture of a fuel cell system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of a low temperature shutdown process according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic flow diagram of a cryogenic purge process according to an embodiment of the invention.
Description of the main reference numerals:
1-fuel cell stack, 2-air compressor, 3-air three-way valve, 4-back pressure valve, 5-hydrogen tank, 6-hydrogen injection ejector, 7-exhaust valve, 8-drain valve, 9-intercooler, 10-shutoff valve, 11-cooling three-way valve, 12-cooling water pump, 13-air pressure sensor, 14-hydrogen pressure sensor, 15-first temperature sensor, 16-second temperature sensor, 17-ambient temperature sensor.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the present invention is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments.
Throughout the specification and claims, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or component but not the exclusion of any other element or component.
As shown in fig. 1, a fuel cell system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention mainly includes a hydrogen subsystem, an air subsystem, and a thermal management subsystem. The hydrogen subsystem mainly comprises a hydrogen tank 5, a shut-off valve 10, a hydrogen injection ejector 6, a fuel cell stack 1, an exhaust valve 1, a drain valve 8, a hydrogen pressure sensor 14 and the like. The hydrogen tank 5 is a fuel storage tank of the fuel cell system, the hydrogen tank 5 is connected with an inlet of a shutoff valve 10 through a pipeline, an outlet of the shutoff valve 10 is connected with an inlet of a hydrogen injection ejector 6 through a pipeline, an outlet of the hydrogen injection ejector 6 is connected with an inlet of an anode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 through a pipeline, and a hydrogen pressure sensor 14 is positioned between the hydrogen injection ejector 6 and the fuel cell stack 1. The outlet of the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 is divided into three paths, one path is connected with the circulating inlet of the hydrogen injection ejector 6 through a pipeline to form a hydrogen circulating loop, the other path is connected with the inlet of the exhaust valve 1 through a pipeline, and the third path is connected with the inlet of the drain valve 8 through a pipeline. The outlet of the exhaust valve 1 and the outlet of the drain valve 8 are converged to a tail pipe through a pipeline, so as to discharge the tail gas out of the fuel cell system.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, the air subsystem mainly includes an air compressor 2, an intercooler 9, an air three-way valve 3, a fuel cell stack 1, a back pressure valve 4, an air pressure sensor 13, an ambient temperature sensor 17, and the like. Wherein, the air inlet of fuel cell system passes through pipe connection air compressor machine 2, and the export of air compressor machine 2 passes through pipe connection intercooler 9. The gas outlet of the intercooler 9 is connected with the air three-way valve 3 through a pipeline. The first outlet of the air three-way valve 3 is connected with the cathode cavity inlet of the fuel cell stack 1 through a pipeline, and the second outlet of the air three-way valve 3 is connected with the tail discharge pipe through a pipeline. An air pressure sensor 13 is located between the fuel cell stack 1 and the first outlet of the air three-way valve 3. The outlet of the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 is connected with the inlet of a back pressure valve 4 through a pipeline, the outlet of the back pressure valve 4 is connected with a tail exhaust pipe, and tail gas is exhausted out of the fuel cell system. The ambient temperature sensor 17 is disposed in the fuel cell system environment.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, the thermal management subsystem mainly includes a fuel cell stack 1, an intercooler 9, a cooling three-way valve 11, a cooling water pump 12, a first temperature sensor 15, a second temperature sensor 16, and the like. The inlet cooling liquid of the fuel cell system is mixed with the cooling liquid of one path of liquid outlet of the cooling three-way valve 11 and then enters the cooling water pump 12 through pipeline connection, the liquid outlet of the cooling water pump 12 is divided into two paths, one path is connected with the cooling liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack 1 through a pipeline, and the other path is connected with the cooling liquid inlet of the intercooler 9 through a pipeline. The cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 is also divided into two paths, wherein one path is connected with the liquid inlet of the cooling three-way valve 11 through a pipeline, and the other path is connected with the cooling liquid outlet of the intercooler 9 through a pipeline. One path of liquid outlet of the cooling three-way valve 11 is connected with a mixed flow position of a liquid inlet of the cooling water pump 12 through a pipeline, the other path of liquid outlet of the cooling three-way valve 11 is a cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell system, and cooling liquid flows into the whole vehicle through the cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell system to exchange heat. The first temperature sensor 15 is located after the cooling water pump 12, and the second temperature sensor 16 is located at the inlet of the cooling three-way valve 11.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, after the hydrogen in the hydrogen tank 5 of the hydrogen subsystem is depressurized in multiple stages, the depressurized hydrogen enters the fuel cell system at a suitable pressure and flows through the hydrogen injection ejector 6 into the hydrogen circulation loop. The hydrogen circulation loop is driven by the hydrogen injection ejector 6 to circulate the gas in the circulation loop while adjusting the pressure of the gas in the circulation loop. The pressure of the circulation loop is monitored by a hydrogen pressure sensor 14. The hydrogen in the circulation loop flows into the anode chamber of the fuel cell stack 1 as an anode reaction gas. The tail gas after reaction flows back to the hydrogen circulation loop through the outlet of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1. The reacted gas in the hydrogen circulation loop is discharged out of the fuel cell system through the exhaust valve 1, and the accumulated water in the circulation loop is discharged out of the fuel cell system through the drain valve 8.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, after entering the fuel cell system through an air inlet, air from the air subsystem is pressurized by the air compressor 2, cooled by the intercooler 9, and flows into the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 through a first outlet of the air three-way valve 3 as a cathode reactant gas. And tail gas after reaction flows into a back pressure valve 4 through the outlet of the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1, and the pressure of gas in the air subsystem is adjusted through the opening adjustment of the back pressure valve 4. The inlet pressure of the fuel cell stack 1 of the air subsystem is monitored by an air pressure sensor 13. The tail gas flows out of the fuel cell system through the outlet of the backpressure valve 4. The second outlet of the air three-way valve 3 plays a role of gas bypass, so that air which does not need to pass through the fuel cell stack 1 is bypassed to tail gas and is directly reserved in a fuel cell system. The ambient temperature sensor 17 is used to monitor the ambient temperature.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, the coolant of the thermal management subsystem enters the fuel cell system through a coolant inlet. After the lift is lifted by the cooling water pump 12, the cooling liquid flows into the cooling liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack 1, and heat exchange is carried out in the cooling cavity to lead out heat generated in the electrochemical reaction process of the fuel cell stack 1. The cooling liquid flows through the second outlet of the cooling three-way valve 11 through the cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1, flows out of the fuel cell system, and flows into the whole fuel cell for heat dissipation. The first outlet of the cooling three-way valve 11 functions as a coolant bypass, and the coolant which does not need to flow into the whole vehicle for heat dissipation is bypassed to the coolant inlet of the fuel cell system and mixed with the inlet coolant. The thermal management subsystem of the fuel cell system has a cooling branch of an intercooler 9. And (3) flowing the cooling liquid with lower outlet temperature of the cooling water pump 12 into the intercooler 9, cooling the hot air in the intercooler 9, and returning the cooling liquid after heat exchange to the cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 for mixing. The temperatures before and after the fuel cell stack 1 in the thermal management subsystem of the fuel cell system are monitored by a first temperature sensor 15 and a second temperature sensor 16, respectively.
As shown in fig. 2, a low temperature shutdown process of a fuel cell system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of: after receiving the instruction, the fuel cell system determines whether the fuel cell system is in a low-temperature environment based on the indication of the ambient temperature sensor 17. If the environment is not a low-temperature environment, executing normal-temperature shutdown. And if the environment is in a low-temperature environment, executing a low-temperature purging process. And after the low-temperature purging process is finished, closing the air compressor 2, the air three-way valve 3 and the back pressure valve 4 in the air subsystem. And judging whether an air compressor 2, an air three-way valve 3 and a back pressure valve 4 of an air subsystem of the fuel cell system are in a closed state, if not, stopping the machine and causing a fault, and executing a relevant fault processing process. If the state is in the closed state, the shutdown process is continuously executed. And closing a shutoff valve 10, a hydrogen injection ejector 6, an exhaust valve 1 and a drain valve 8 in the hydrogen subsystem, and closing a cooling water pump 12 and a cooling three-way valve 11 in the thermal management subsystem. The low temperature shutdown process then ends.
Referring to fig. 3 and also to fig. 2, in some embodiments, the low-temperature purging process mainly includes the following steps: whether a fuel cell system has a fault is checked, and if the fuel cell system has the fault, a relevant fault processing flow is executed. If no fault exists, the low-temperature purging process is continuously executed. The load current of the fuel cell system is reduced to a first set current value. And executing the purging process of the first purging stage after the current reaches the first set current value. The first purge phase uses whether the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack 1 is less than the first set voltage value as an end determination condition. If the voltage value is larger than the first set voltage value, the purging process of the first purging stage is continued. If the voltage value is less than the first set voltage value, indicating that the liquid water in the fuel cell stack 1 is mostly purged, the purging process of the second purging stage is started. In the second purging stage, whether the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack 1 is smaller than a second set voltage value, whether the purging duration of the second purging stage is larger than a fifth set duration, and whether the cell voltage variance of the fuel cell stack 1 is smaller than a set variance are used as the basis for judging the purging completion. If the three conditions are not simultaneously met, continuing the purging process of the second purging stage, and if the three conditions are simultaneously met, ending the purging process.
Referring to fig. 2 to 3, in some embodiments, the first purging phase mainly includes: the air subsystem purges the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 at a set flow rate and a set pressure by adjusting the rotating speed of the air compressor 2 and fully opening the air three-way valve 3 and the backpressure valve 4. After the first set time, the pressure and the flow of the air subsystem are increased by adjusting the rotating speed of the air compressor 2 and the opening of the backpressure valve 4, and the pressure pulse type purging is alternately performed on the cathode cavity at the pressure and the flow which are higher than the set flow and the set pressure and the set flow and the set pressure, so that the purging efficiency is improved. And after the pressure pulse type purging is carried out for the second set time, the cathode cavity is purged again at the set flow and the set pressure. In the first purging stage, the cooling water pump 12 in the thermal management subsystem drives the cooling liquid to circulate at a set flow rate at a set rotation speed, and the heat generated by the fuel cell stack 1 in the first purging stage is conducted out through heat exchange. In the first purging phase, the hydrogen injection ejector 6 in the hydrogen subsystem adjusts the pressure of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 to follow the pressure of the cathode cavity through feedback control. And the exhaust valve 1 and the drain valve 8 are periodically opened and closed at a certain frequency according to a first preset pulse spectrum inquired by the first set current so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in the hydrogen circulation loop. Meanwhile, the hydrogen entering the hydrogen injection ejector 6 and the waste gas discharged by the exhaust valve 1 of the circulation loop can purge the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1.
Referring to fig. 2 to 3, in some embodiments, the purge process of the second purge stage mainly includes the following steps: the air subsystem purges the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 at the previous set flow and set pressure by adjusting the rotating speed of the air compressor 2 and fully opening the air three-way valve 3 and the back pressure valve 4. After the third set time, the opening degree of the back pressure valve 4 is quickly adjusted, the fully-opened state is returned after the opening degree of the back pressure valve 4 is reduced by 0.5s, and blasting pulse mode purging is simulated to further improve the purging efficiency. After the purging in the simulated blasting pulse mode at the fourth set time, the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack 1 is returned to be purged at the previous set flow and the previous set pressure. In the second purging stage, the cooling water pump 12 in the thermal management subsystem adjusts the temperature difference (the difference value obtained by subtracting the reading value of the first temperature sensor 15 from the reading value of the second temperature sensor 16) between the front and the back of the fuel cell stack 1 to be a set temperature difference value through feedback control; the cooling three-way valve 11 adjusts the temperature of the first temperature sensor 15 before the fuel cell stack 1 to a set temperature value through feedback control. In the second purging stage, the switching frequency of the exhaust valve 1 and the drain valve 8 is accelerated, and periodic switching with a certain frequency is performed according to a second preset pulse spectrum inquired by a second set current so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in the hydrogen circulation loop. Meanwhile, the hydrogen entering the hydrogen injection ejector 6 and the waste gas discharged by the exhaust valve 1 of the circulation loop can purge the anode of the fuel cell stack 1.
The fuel cell system and the low-temperature shutdown process thereof have the following advantages: by introducing two purging stages during the low temperature shutdown, purging efficiency is improved. And in the first purging stage, introducing a purging mode of constant flow and variable pressure to accelerate the purging of the cathode of the fuel cell stack, and judging whether the first purging stage is finished according to whether the single voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than a first set voltage value. And in the second purging stage, introducing a rapid switch of a back pressure valve to further improve the purging efficiency of the cathode of the fuel cell stack, and taking whether the monomer voltage of the fuel cell stack is less than the set voltage, whether the monomer voltage variance is less than the set variance and whether the duration of the second purging stage is greater than the fifth set duration as the end condition of the second purging stage. Meanwhile, the specific framework of the fuel cell system can perform the processes of load reduction, purging, discharging, shutdown and the like and control strategies in the low-temperature shutdown process, and performs the purging in stages by optimizing the low-temperature shutdown process, thereby optimizing and improving the purging efficiency and the water drainage efficiency in the low-temperature shutdown process, and simultaneously reducing the influence of the icing of residual water in the fuel cell stack on the next starting.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (8)
1. A fuel cell system, characterized by comprising:
a hydrogen subsystem, comprising:
a hydrogen tank for storing hydrogen gas;
a shutoff valve, the inlet of which is communicated with the hydrogen tank;
the inlet of the hydrogen injection ejector is communicated with the outlet of the shutoff valve;
the inlet of a cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack is communicated with the outlet of the hydrogen injection ejector, and the outlet of the cathode cavity is communicated with the circulating inlet of the hydrogen injection ejector; and
the inlet of the exhaust valve and the outlet of the drain valve are simultaneously communicated with the outlet of the cathode cavity, and the outlets of the exhaust valve and the drain valve are simultaneously communicated with a tail discharge pipe of the fuel cell system; and
an air subsystem, comprising:
an air compressor for providing high-pressure air;
an intercooler, the gas inlet of which is communicated with the outlet of the air compressor;
an inlet of the air three-way valve is communicated with a gas outlet of the intercooler, and a first outlet of the air three-way valve is communicated with an anode cavity inlet of the fuel cell stack; and
and the inlet of the back pressure valve is communicated with the outlet of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack, and the outlet of the back pressure valve is communicated with a tail discharge pipe of the fuel cell system.
2. The fuel cell system of claim 1, further comprising a thermal management subsystem comprising:
one path of a liquid outlet of the cooling water pump is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack, and the other path of the liquid outlet of the cooling water pump is communicated with a cooling liquid inlet of the intercooler; and
and a liquid inlet of the cooling three-way valve is simultaneously communicated with a cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack and a cooling liquid outlet of the intercooler, and one path of liquid outlet of the cooling three-way valve is communicated with a liquid inlet of the cooling liquid pump.
3. The fuel cell system according to claim 2, further comprising:
an air pressure sensor provided on a pipe between a first outlet of the air three-way valve and an inlet of an anode chamber of the fuel cell stack;
the hydrogen pressure sensor is arranged on a pipeline between the outlet of the hydrogen injection ejector and the inlet of the cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack;
the first temperature sensor is arranged at a liquid outlet of the cooling water pump;
the second temperature sensor is arranged at a liquid inlet of the cooling three-way valve; and
an ambient temperature sensor disposed in an environment of the fuel cell system;
wherein the second outlet of the air three-way valve is communicated with the tail pipe of the fuel cell system.
4. A low-temperature shutdown process applied to the fuel cell system according to claims 1 to 3, comprising:
after receiving a shutdown instruction, the fuel cell system firstly judges whether the fuel cell system is in a low-temperature environment according to the indication of the environment temperature sensor, if not, the fuel cell system is shut down at normal temperature, and if so, a low-temperature purging process is executed;
after the low-temperature purging process is executed, closing the air compressor, the air three-way valve and the backpressure valve in the air subsystem;
checking whether the air compressor, the air three-way valve and the back pressure valve are in a closed state, if not, stopping the machine, executing a fault processing process, and if so, continuing to execute a low-temperature stopping process;
closing the shutoff valve, the hydrogen injection ejector, the exhaust valve and the drain valve; and
and closing the cooling water pump and the cooling three-way valve, and finishing the low-temperature shutdown process.
5. The process of low-temperature shutdown of the fuel cell system according to claim 4, wherein the low-temperature purge process includes a first purge stage including:
firstly, checking whether the fuel cell system has faults or not, if so, executing a fault processing flow, and if not, continuing to execute the low-temperature purging process;
reducing a load current of the fuel cell system to a first set current value;
fully opening the air three-way valve and the backpressure valve by adjusting the rotating speed of the air compressor, and purging a cathode cavity of the fuel cell stack at a set flow rate and a set pressure; after the first set time, performing pressure pulse purging on the cathode cavity between the pressure and the flow which are higher than the set pressure and the set flow and the set pressure and the set flow by adjusting the rotating speed of the air compressor and the opening of the back pressure valve; after a second set time, the cathode cavity is restored to be purged at the set pressure and the set flow rate; and
while the cathode cavity is purged, the inter-cooling water pump drives cooling liquid to circulate at a set flow rate at a set rotating speed so as to lead out heat generated by the fuel cell stack in the first purging stage; the hydrogen jet ejector adjusts the pressure of an anode cavity of the fuel cell stack to follow the pressure of the cathode cavity through feedback control; the exhaust valve and the drain valve are periodically opened and closed at a certain frequency according to a first preset pulse spectrum inquired by a first set current so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in the hydrogen circulation loop;
wherein the hydrogen gas entering the hydrogen injection eductor and the exhaust gas exiting the exhaust valve form a purge of the anode cavity of the fuel cell stack.
6. The process of low-temperature shutdown of the fuel cell system according to claim 5, wherein the first purge phase further includes: and when the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack is greater than a first set voltage value, continuing to execute the first purging stage, and when the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack is less than the first set voltage value, ending the first purging stage.
7. The process for low temperature shutdown of a fuel cell system of claim 5, wherein the low temperature purge process further comprises a second purge stage comprising the steps of:
when the first purging stage is finished, continuously reducing the load current of the fuel cell system to a second set current value;
fully opening the air three-way valve and the back pressure valve by adjusting the rotating speed of the air compressor, purging the cathode cavity at the set flow rate and the set pressure, quickly reducing the opening of the back pressure valve by 0.5s after a third set time, and then returning to a fully open state to further purge the cathode cavity in a simulated blasting pulse purging mode; after the simulated blasting pulse purging mode of the fourth set time, purging the cathode cavity by returning at the set flow and the set pressure; and
when the cathode cavity is purged, the rotating speed of the cooling water pump is adjusted through feedback control, so that the temperature difference between a cooling liquid inlet and a cooling liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack is kept at a set temperature difference value, and meanwhile, the opening degree of the cooling three-way valve is adjusted through feedback control, so that the display temperature of the first temperature sensor is kept at a set temperature value; simultaneously accelerating the switching frequency of the exhaust valve and the drain valve, and periodically switching the exhaust valve and the drain valve at a certain frequency according to a second preset pulse spectrum inquired by the second set current so as to discharge waste gas and accumulated water in the hydrogen circulation loop; and simultaneously, the hydrogen entering the hydrogen jet ejector and the waste gas discharged by the exhaust valve form purging of an anode cavity of the fuel cell stack.
8. The process of low temperature shutdown of a fuel cell system of claim 7, wherein the second purge phase further comprises:
when the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack is smaller than a second set voltage, the cell voltage variance is smaller than a set variance, and the duration of the second purging stage is longer than a fifth set duration, the second purging stage is ended, and the low-temperature purging process is ended;
wherein if one of the cell voltage of the fuel cell stack being less than a second set voltage, the cell voltage variance being less than a set variance, and the duration of the second purge phase being greater than a fifth set duration is not met, then the second purge phase is continued.
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