CN115044904A - Additive manufacturing method of high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel - Google Patents
Additive manufacturing method of high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel Download PDFInfo
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- CN115044904A CN115044904A CN202210790122.XA CN202210790122A CN115044904A CN 115044904 A CN115044904 A CN 115044904A CN 202210790122 A CN202210790122 A CN 202210790122A CN 115044904 A CN115044904 A CN 115044904A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
- C23C26/02—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00 applying molten material to the substrate
Abstract
The invention provides a preparation method for manufacturing a high-strength high-work-hardening 304 stainless steel material by TIG electric arc additive manufacturing, and belongs to the technical field of alloy coatings and preparation thereof. The specific preparation method of the invention comprises the following steps: the ER304 welding wire is put into a wire feeder of an argon arc welding machine to uniformly feed the wire, and the surface of a No. 45 steel base material is cladded, so that the mechanical property of the prepared stainless steel cladding layer is greatly improved compared with that of the traditional 304 stainless steel plate, the actual production requirement is met, the wide application of the stainless steel material in surface engineering is promoted, and the prepared 304 stainless steel material has the advantages of low cost, high working efficiency, solidification defect reduction and strong adaptability. The average thickness of the single-pass arc cladding on the plane is about 1mm, and no crack is found after cladding. The arc cladding workpiece prepared by the preparation method has the characteristics of high strength and high work hardening, the service performance is greatly improved, the material damage is reduced, and the service life is greatly prolonged.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of alloy coatings and preparation thereof, and particularly relates to a high-strength high-work hardening stainless steel additive manufacturing method.
Background
304 stainless steel is one of the most widely used chromium-nickel stainless steels because of its good corrosion resistance, heat resistance, low temperature strength, excellent weldability, and good formability. But the strength of the material is relatively low, so that the application of the material in some service environments with high strength requirements is limited, the strength of the material is improved, the application range of the material can be expanded, the damage failure and consumption of the material can be reduced to a great extent, and the material has important significance for the sustainable development of resources.
45 steel is used as high-quality carbon structural steel with good comprehensive performance, is widely applied to the field of machinery, and is easy to rust in a service environment, so that material loss or failure is caused. At present, corrosion-resistant coatings are mainly prepared on the surfaces of substrates by using a Cr electroplating technology in the industry, but the Cr electroplating technology has a relatively serious environmental pollution problem, most countries have limits on the Cr electroplating technology industry, and the application of the Cr electroplating technology industry in the aspect of surface modification is limited to a certain extent. The laser cladding technology has less environmental pollution and is popularized and applied to a certain extent in the industry, but the laser cladding technology has high dilution rate, large heat input and large removal amount of subsequent processing materials, thereby causing great material waste and limiting the large-scale popularization and application of the laser cladding technology. The recently-developed ultra-high speed laser cladding technology avoids the defects of the conventional laser cladding, but the processing cost is too high and the technology is not mature, so that the application universality is not high.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention aims to solve the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art and provide a method for manufacturing a high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel additive, which is intended to improve or solve the above-mentioned problems.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel additive manufacturing method comprises the following steps:
s1, pretreating the 45 steel base material;
s2, slowly and uniformly preheating a cladding part before cladding;
s3, fixing the pretreated 45 steel substrate in a coordinate system of equipment by adopting a three-jaw chuck;
s4, installing the welding wire in a wire feeder of the argon arc device;
s5, determining the optimal cladding process parameters;
s6, preparing a high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel material on the surface of the 45 steel base material by uniformly feeding wires according to the optimal process parameters by adopting an argon arc cladding method;
preferably, the preprocessing in S1 includes:
and sequentially grinding the 45 steel base material by using 400#, 800#, 1200#, 1500# and 2000# sandpaper, performing rust removal treatment, cleaning by using acetone and alcohol, and drying.
Preferably, the uniform preheating temperature in S2 is controlled to be 150 to 200 ℃.
Preferably, the welding wire is of the type ER304 stainless steel wire, with a diameter of Φ 1.2 mm.
Preferably, the optimal cladding process parameters in S5 include:
the cladding current is 150A, the hot wire current is 55A, the cladding speed is 90 mm/min, the gas flow is 15L/min, the wire discharging speed is 0.3 m/min, and the lapping interval is-3.5 mm.
Preferably, the welding wire is preheated before cladding, and the current of the hot wire is 55A.
The invention adopts an electric arc cladding method to clad and prepare 304 stainless steel materials on 45 steel substrates, and prepares stainless steel cladding materials with excellent mechanical properties by adjusting the technological parameters of the cladding process. The invention has the advantages that:
(1) the invention provides feasibility for preparing a high-strength and high-work-hardening stainless steel material by an arc cladding method, and the maximum tensile strength of the stainless steel material prepared by the method is 1148Mpa, which is far more than that of 45 steel and 304 stainless steel plates; the work hardening index of the stainless steel is greatly improved and is close to 3 times of that of 45 steel and even exceeds 5 times of that of a 304 stainless steel plate;
(2) the 304 stainless steel material prepared by cladding on the 45 steel substrate by adopting the process method has high surface flatness, no defects of cracks, air holes, inclusions and the like, does not change the basic phase composition of the 304 stainless steel, has good metallurgical bonding with the substrate because crystal grains are small dendrites with uniform sizes, and has excellent comprehensive mechanical property, good corrosion resistance, short process period and less material waste.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a sectional microstructure and energy spectrum analysis of a 304 stainless steel cladding layer prepared by the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an XRD pattern of a 304 stainless steel cladding layer prepared by the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a room temperature tensile stress-strain curve of a cladding layer of 304 stainless steel and a plate material of 304 stainless steel prepared by the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined and defined in the appended claims, and all matters produced by the invention using the inventive concept are protected.
According to an embodiment of the application, the additive manufacturing method for the high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel comprises the following steps:
s1, pretreating the 45 steel substrate, and specifically comprises the following steps:
and sequentially grinding the 45 steel base material by using 400#, 800#, 1200#, 1500# and 2000# sandpaper, performing rust removal treatment, cleaning by using acetone and alcohol, and drying.
S2, slowly and uniformly preheating a cladding part before cladding;
s3, fixing the pretreated 45 steel substrate in a coordinate system of equipment by adopting a three-jaw chuck;
s4, installing the welding wire in a wire feeder of the argon arc device;
s5, determining the optimal cladding process parameters;
s6, preparing a high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel material on the surface of the 45 steel base material by uniformly feeding wires according to the optimal process parameters by adopting an argon arc cladding method;
preferably, the uniform preheating temperature in S2 is controlled to be 150 to 200 ℃.
Preferably, the welding wire is of the type ER304 stainless steel wire, with a diameter of Φ 1.2 mm.
Preferably, the optimal cladding technological parameters in S5 are cladding current 150A, hot wire current 55A, cladding speed 90 mm/min, gas flow 15L/min, wire outlet speed 0.3 m/min, and lap joint distance-3.5 mm.
Fig. 1 is a sectional microstructure and energy spectrum analysis of a 304 stainless steel cladding layer, and it can be known from the figure that there is no obvious crack, hole or inclusion at the interface between the cladding layer material and the base material, and the interface line is in metallurgical bonding, which proves that the 304 stainless steel cladding layer material is fully bonded with the base material and the interface strength is high. The structure on the top of the cladding layer is isometric crystal with similar crystal grain size, different growth directions and uniform structure. The middle part of the cladding layer is typically dendritic crystal, and the growth direction of the dendritic crystal is consistent with the stacking direction of the cladding layer. The bottom of the cladding layer is a cellular crystal with thicker and larger crystal grains, so that the cladding layer has more excellent mechanical property and high work hardening capacity. The energy spectrum graph shows that the cladding layer has more Cr and Ni content and less C content.
FIG. 2 is an XRD pattern of the cladding layer of 304 stainless steel, from which it can be seen that strong peaks of α' - (Fe, C) and γ - (Fe, C) were found in the XRD pattern, indicating that the arc fabrication process of the present invention did not change the phase composition of 304 stainless steel.
Fig. 3 is a room temperature tensile stress-strain curve of the 45 steel substrate, the 304 stainless steel cladding layer and the 304 stainless steel plate, and the result shows that the maximum tensile strength of the 304 stainless steel cladding layer exceeds 1000Mpa, is close to 1200 Mpa, is about 300Mpa higher than that of the 304 stainless steel plate, and is close to 2 times of that of the 45 steel substrate, so that the cladding layer has higher tensile strength and excellent mechanical properties. Although the strain of the cladding layer is lower than that of the 304 stainless steel plate, the strain of the cladding layer exceeds 50 percent, the practical working requirement can be met, and a good strong plasticity matching effect is achieved. It can also be seen from the slope of the curve before the material breaks in the figure that the 304 stainless steel cladding layer has a significantly higher work hardening capacity than the 45 steel substrate and the 304 stainless steel plate. The advantages provide a theoretical basis for wider application in industrial production.
Comparative example
In order to further illustrate the excellent mechanical properties of the stainless steel cladding layer material of the example 304, the invention is highlighted, and the following comparative examples are particularly shown for comparison.
Comparative example 1:
preparation of a CMT arc fuse additive manufactured 304 stainless steel comprising the steps of:
1, selecting a Q235 steel plate with the size of 300 mm multiplied by 100mm multiplied by 6mm as a base material, polishing the Q235 steel plate by 400# abrasive paper to remove rust, cleaning the steel plate by acetone and alcohol, drying, and slowly and uniformly preheating a cladding part before cladding by 100-200 ℃;
2, fixing the pretreated Q235 steel plate in a coordinate system of equipment by adopting a three-jaw chuck;
3, installing an ER304 stainless steel welding wire with the diameter of 1.2 mm in a wire feeder of an electric arc device;
4, preparing a 304 stainless steel cladding layer by adopting a CMT arc cladding method, wherein the preparation process and parameters comprise welding speed of 5 mm/s, wire feeding speed of 6.0 m/min and shielding gas of 97.5% Ar + 2.5% CO 2 Mixing gas, and protecting the gas flow by 20L/min;
5, the resulting 304 stainless steel cladding layer was cut to prepare a tensile test specimen.
The room temperature tensile test is carried out on the prepared 304 stainless steel sample, and the test result shows that the tensile strength is about 550-580MPa and the elongation is about 50%. The tensile strength of the steel is only half of that of the 304 stainless steel prepared in the embodiment, and the elongation is slightly reduced, so that the superiority of the mechanical properties of the 304 stainless steel material prepared in the invention is more prominent.
Comparative example 2:
preparation of a laser additive manufactured 304 stainless steel, comprising the steps of:
1. selecting a traditional 304 stainless steel plate with a base material of 100mm multiplied by 60mm multiplied by 10mm, wherein the cladding deposition material is 304 stainless steel powder prepared by an aerosol method, and the average grain diameter is 55 mu m;
2. before laser additive manufacturing, polishing a conventionally manufactured 304 stainless steel substrate by using sand paper to remove a surface oxidation film, then cleaning by using alcohol and acetone to remove surface oil stains, baking the cladding powder in a vacuum drying oven at 110 ℃ for 2h, and removing water in the cladding powder;
3. the preparation process and parameters for preparing the 304 stainless steel cladding layer by adopting a laser cladding method comprise that the laser power is 2.5 kW, the laser scanning speed is 380mm/min, the powder feeding rate is 12g/min, the spot diameter is 3mm, the height of a single-layer cladding layer is 0.6mm, the ArF is adopted for protection, and the flow of protective gas is 4L/min;
4. the base material was cut out by wire cutting, and a dog-bone-shaped tensile specimen of 304 stainless steel cladding was cut out.
The prepared 304 stainless steel sample is subjected to a room temperature tensile test, and the test result shows that the tensile strength is about 720MPa and the elongation is about 58%. The tensile strength of the stainless steel is reduced by nearly 400 MPa compared with the 304 stainless steel prepared by the embodiment, and the elongation rate of the stainless steel is approximately equivalent to that of the 304 stainless steel prepared by the embodiment, so that the superiority of the comprehensive mechanical property of the 304 stainless steel prepared by the invention is highlighted, and the persuasion of the invention is greatly increased.
Comparative example 3:
a preparation method of a welding wire-free preheating arc cladding stainless steel material comprises the following steps:
s1, pretreating the 45 steel substrate, and specifically comprises the following steps:
sequentially grinding 45 steel substrates by 400#, 800#, 1200#, 1500# and 2000# sand papers, carrying out rust removal treatment, cleaning by acetone and alcohol, and drying;
s2, slowly and uniformly preheating a cladding part before cladding;
s3, fixing the pretreated 45 steel substrate in a coordinate system of equipment by adopting a three-jaw chuck;
s4, installing the welding wire in a wire feeder of the argon arc device;
s5, determining the optimal cladding process parameters;
s6, preparing the high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel material on the surface of the 45 steel base material by uniformly feeding wires according to the optimal process parameters by adopting an argon arc cladding method.
Preferably, the uniform preheating temperature in S2 is controlled to be 150 to 200 ℃.
Preferably, the welding wire is of the type ER304 stainless steel wire, with a diameter of Φ 1.2 mm.
Preferably, the optimal cladding technological parameters in S5 are cladding current 150A, cladding speed 90 mm/min, gas flow 15L/min, wire outlet speed 0.3 m/min, and lapping distance-3.5 mm.
The tensile strength and the elongation of the 304 stainless steel cladding layer prepared by the non-welding wire preheating process are reduced (about 300 MPa) compared with the 304 stainless steel cladding layer prepared by the welding wire preheating process in the embodiment, so that the comprehensive mechanical property of the stainless steel cladding layer can be obviously improved by the welding wire preheating process, the innovativeness and the effectiveness of the welding wire preheating process are fully embodied, and the method is expected to be widely applied in related fields.
Claims (7)
1. A high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel additive manufacturing method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, pretreating the 45 steel substrate;
s2, slowly and uniformly preheating a cladding part before cladding;
s3, fixing the pretreated 45 steel substrate in a coordinate system of equipment by adopting a three-jaw chuck;
s4, installing the welding wire in a wire feeder of the argon arc device;
s5, determining the optimal cladding process parameters;
s6, preparing the high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel material on the surface of the 45 steel base material by uniformly feeding wires according to the optimal process parameters by adopting an argon arc cladding method.
2. The additive manufacturing method of high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the pretreatment in S1 is:
and sequentially grinding the 45 steel base material by using 400#, 800#, 1200#, 1500# and 2000# sandpaper, performing rust removal treatment, cleaning by using acetone and alcohol, and drying.
3. The additive manufacturing method for high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the uniform preheating in S2 is performed at a temperature controlled between 150 ℃ and 200 ℃.
4. The additive manufacturing method of high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the welding wire is an ER304 stainless steel welding wire with a diameter of 1.2 mm.
5. The high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein the optimal cladding process parameters in S5 are that the specific preparation process and parameters are that the cladding current is 95-155A, the hot wire current is 50-60A, the cladding speed is 90-170 mm/min, the gas flow is 15-20L/min, the wire discharging speed is 0.3-0.6 m/min, and the lap joint distance is-5 to-4 mm.
6. The additive manufacturing method of high-strength high-work-hardening stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein in the manufacturing process for preparing the stainless steel cladding layer by argon arc cladding, the welding wire is subjected to preheating treatment before cladding, and the current of the heating wire is 30-80A.
7. The additive manufacturing method of the high-strength and high-work-hardening stainless steel is characterized in that a 304 stainless steel cladding layer and a 45 steel base material are metallurgically bonded, the ultimate tensile strength is about 1100 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength is far higher than the strength of the 304 stainless steel plate, and the additive manufacturing method has high work-hardening characteristics.
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