CN115029991A - Artificial turf layer base, artificial turf layer, mixed turf and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Artificial turf layer base, artificial turf layer, mixed turf and manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115029991A CN115029991A CN202210795152.XA CN202210795152A CN115029991A CN 115029991 A CN115029991 A CN 115029991A CN 202210795152 A CN202210795152 A CN 202210795152A CN 115029991 A CN115029991 A CN 115029991A
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- artificial turf
- planting
- base
- sand
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000004746 geotextile Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 165
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
- E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G20/00—Cultivation of turf, lawn or the like; Apparatus or methods therefor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
- E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds
- E01C13/083—Construction of grass-grown sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating arrangements therefor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
- E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds
- E01C2013/086—Combination of synthetic and natural grass
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an artificial turf layer base, an artificial turf layer, a mixed turf and a manufacturing method thereof, wherein the artificial turf layer base is composed of a grid layer, the grid layer is made of degradable materials, a plurality of holes are formed in the grid layer, and the aperture range of the holes is 1-4 mm; the artificial turf layer comprises an artificial turf layer base and imitation grass uniformly woven on the top of the artificial turf layer base; the mixed turf comprises a planting nutrient sand layer, an artificial turf layer, a planting sand layer, geotextile and a drainage layer which are sequentially laid from top to bottom, wherein real grass seeds are uniformly laid on the top of the planting nutrient sand layer, and the planting nutrient sand layer comprises planting sand and a nutrient; the method of making the hybrid turf comprises steps 1-4. The degradable artificial turf layer base adopted by the invention can not pollute the environment, the aperture of the artificial turf layer base is suitable for the real grass to root downwards, the artificial grass can be fixed and the natural grass can grow, the manufacturing process is simple, and the manufacturing cost is low.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of artificial turf layers, in particular to an artificial turf layer base, an artificial turf layer, a mixed turf and a manufacturing method of the artificial turf layer base.
Background
The patent with application number 201710309501.1 discloses a novel mixed turf and a preparation method thereof, wherein the base of the artificial turf layer is provided with uniformly distributed through holes, but the materials used by the base, the aperture range of the through holes and the like are not mentioned, if the conventional artificial turf layer materials are adopted, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polyamide or nylon and the like can be used, certain pollution can be caused to the environment, and the environment is not met; the aperture of the through hole is also a big difficulty, and the too big aperture can cause the density of the artificial grass to be insufficient, thus the purpose of mixing is not achieved and the fixation is not facilitated; since the small pore diameter is not conducive to the growth of natural grass through the pores, there is a need in the art to develop a mixed turf that overcomes the above-mentioned drawbacks, meets the environmental requirements, and is also conducive to the mixed growth of natural grass and artificial grass.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an artificial turf layer base, which is mainly used for fixing artificial grass and does not need the artificial turf layer base to fix the artificial grass after the artificial turf layer is placed on the ground, so that the degradable artificial turf layer base does not pollute the environment and meets the requirement of environmental protection; a plurality of holes with the aperture range of 1-4 mm are uniformly distributed on the artificial turf layer base, the aperture is suitable for real grass to root downwards, the current requirements are met, the structure is simple, the use is convenient, and the defects caused by the prior art are overcome.
The invention also provides an artificial turf layer;
the invention also provides a hybrid turf;
the invention also provides a method for manufacturing the mixed turf.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, the artificial turf layer base is composed of a grid layer, the grid layer is made of degradable materials, a plurality of holes are formed in the grid layer, the aperture range of the holes is 1-4 mm, and the aperture of the holes is preferably 2-3 mm. The determination of the aperture is a big difficulty, the density of the artificial grass is insufficient due to the overlarge aperture, the purpose of mixing is not achieved, and the fixation is not facilitated; too small a pore size is not conducive to the growth of natural grass through the pore size.
The artificial turf layer base is composed of a single layer or multiple layers of the grid layers, the grid layers are made of the polypropylene materials, and the degradable polypropylene materials cannot pollute the environment and meet the requirement of environmental protection.
The artificial turf layer base is characterized in that the thickness of the grid layer is 0.5-3 mm, and the thickness of the grid layer is preferably 1.5-2 mm. The thickness of the grid layer is too thin, which affects the fixation of the artificial grass and the growth of the natural grass, and the thickness of the grid layer is too thick, which increases the manufacturing cost and the manufacturing process difficulty of the grid layer. When the mesh layer is manufactured, the mesh layer is usually manufactured into a specification of 25 meters in length and 2 meters in width or 25 meters in length and 4 meters in width for use.
The artificial turf layer base is characterized in that the warp and weft density of the grid layer is 5000-10000 clusters/square meter.
The artificial turf layer base is characterized in that the diameter of the warp threads of the grid layer is 0.716-3 mm, and the diameter of the weft threads of the grid layer is 0.716-3 mm.
The artificial turf layer base is characterized in that the grammes of the grid layer is 200-300 g/m.
In a second aspect, an artificial turf layer comprises the artificial turf layer base and artificial grass evenly woven on top of the artificial turf layer base.
The third aspect, a mix turf, wherein, from top to bottom lay in proper order plant the nutrition sand bed artificial turf layer, plant sand bed, geotechnological cloth and drainage blanket, true grass seed has evenly been laid at the top of planting the nutrition sand bed, it includes planting sand and nutrient to plant the nutrition sand bed.
In the mixed turf, the drainage layer is provided with a water supply pipe and a drainage pipe, and the water supply pipe is connected with a spray head.
The mixed turf comprises a planting nutrient sand layer, a planting sand layer and a drainage layer, wherein the planting nutrient sand layer is 2-4.8 cm, preferably 3 cm in thickness, the planting sand layer is 15-35 cm, preferably 22 cm in thickness, and the drainage layer is 5-15 cm, preferably 10 cm in thickness.
In a fourth aspect, a method of making a hybrid turf, comprising the steps of:
step 1: paving stones on the top and the bottom of the water supply pipe and the water drainage pipe to form a drainage layer, and paving geotextile on the top of the drainage layer;
step 2: laying planting sand on the top of the geotextile to form a planting sand layer;
and 3, step 3: laying an artificial turf layer on the planting sand layer;
and 4, step 4: planting sand is laid among the simulated grass in the artificial turf layer, a nutrient is added into the planting sand to form a planting nutrient sand layer, and true grass seeds are uniformly laid on the top of the planting nutrient sand layer.
The method for manufacturing the mixed turf comprises the following steps before the step 1: the field is leveled and compacted, and a spraying system comprising a water supply pipe and a water drainage pipe is installed.
According to the technical scheme provided by the artificial turf layer base, the artificial turf layer, the mixed turf and the manufacturing method thereof, the invention has the following technical effects:
the artificial turf layer base made of the degradable material has a degradable effect, is mainly used for fixing the imitation grass, and does not need the artificial turf layer base to fix the imitation grass after the artificial turf layer is placed on the land, so that the degradable artificial turf layer base does not pollute the environment and meets the requirement of environmental protection;
a plurality of holes with the aperture of 1-4 mm are uniformly distributed on the artificial turf layer base, the aperture is suitable for the real grass to root downwards, the current requirements are met, the structure is simple, the use is convenient, the artificial grass fixing and the natural grass growth are facilitated, the manufacturing process is simple, and the manufacturing cost is low.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a mesh cloth in an artificial turf layer base according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of the structure of a hybrid turf according to the present invention.
Wherein the reference numbers are as follows:
the artificial turf comprises a grid layer 101, apertures 102, an artificial turf layer 201, imitation grass 202, a planting sand layer 204, geotextile 205, a stone layer 206 and a planting nutrient sand layer 207.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical means, the inventive features, the objectives and the effects of the invention easily understood and appreciated, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the specific drawings, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are a part of the embodiments of the present invention, but not all of the embodiments.
All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
It should be understood that the structures, ratios, sizes, and the like shown in the drawings and described in the specification are only used for matching with the disclosure of the specification, so as to be understood and read by those skilled in the art, and are not used to limit the conditions under which the present invention can be implemented, so that the present invention has no technical significance, and any structural modification, ratio relationship change, or size adjustment should still fall within the scope of the present invention without affecting the efficacy and the achievable purpose of the present invention.
In addition, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "middle" and "one" used in the present specification are for clarity of description, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and the relative relationship between the terms and the terms is not to be construed as a scope of the present invention.
The invention provides an artificial turf layer base, an artificial turf layer, a mixed turf and a manufacturing method thereof, and aims to adopt degradable materials to manufacture the artificial turf layer base, so that the artificial turf layer base has a degradable effect, the artificial turf layer base is mainly used for fixing imitation grass, and the artificial turf layer is placed on the ground without the artificial turf layer base for fixing the imitation grass, so that the degradable artificial turf layer base does not pollute the environment, and the environment-friendly requirement is met; a plurality of holes with the aperture of 1-4 mm are uniformly distributed on the artificial turf layer base, the aperture is suitable for the real grass to root downwards, the current requirements are met, and the artificial turf layer base is simple in structure and convenient to use.
As shown in fig. 1, in a first aspect, in a first embodiment, an artificial turf layer base is provided, wherein the artificial turf layer base is composed of a mesh layer 101, the mesh layer 101 is made of a degradable material, a plurality of holes 102 are formed in the mesh layer 101, the holes 102 may take various shapes, such as a circle, a square or a rectangle, a diamond shape, or an irregular shape (illustrated as a square in fig. 1), and the hole diameter of the holes 102 is in a range of 1-4 mm, preferably 2-3 mm.
The artificial turf layer base is composed of a single-layer or multi-layer grid layer 101, the grid layer 101 is made of polypropylene materials, and the degradable polypropylene materials cannot pollute the environment and meet the requirement of environmental protection.
Wherein, the thickness of the mesh layer 101 is 0.5-3 mm, the thickness of the mesh layer 101 is preferably 1.5-2 mm, and when the mesh layer 101 is manufactured, the mesh layer 101 is usually manufactured to have a length of 25 m and a width of 2 m or to have a length of 25 m and a width of 4 m, so as to be used.
Wherein, the longitude and latitude density of the grid layer 101 is 5000-.
Wherein, the diameter of the longitude line of the grid layer 101 is 0.716-3 mm, and the diameter of the latitude line is 0.716-3 mm.
Wherein the gram weight of the mesh layer 101 is 200-300 g/m.
In a second aspect, a second embodiment, an artificial turf layer 201 comprises an artificial turf layer base and an artificial grass 202 uniformly woven on top of the artificial turf layer base.
In a third aspect, as shown in fig. 2, a mixed turf is provided, wherein a planting nutrient sand layer 207, an artificial turf layer 201, a planting sand layer 204, a geotextile 205 and a drainage layer 206 are sequentially laid from top to bottom, wherein the top of the planting nutrient sand layer 207 is uniformly laid with real grass seeds, and the planting nutrient sand layer 207 comprises planting sand and a nutrient.
Wherein, the drainage layer 206 is provided with a water supply pipe and a drainage pipe, and the water supply pipe is connected with a spray head.
Wherein, the thickness of the planting nutrient sand layer 207 is 2-4.8 cm, preferably 3 cm, the thickness of the planting sand layer 204 is 15-35 cm, preferably 22 cm, and the thickness of the drainage layer 206 is 5-15 cm, preferably 10 cm.
In a fourth aspect, a fourth embodiment, a method for making a hybrid turf, as shown in fig. 2, comprises the steps of:
step 1: paving stones on the top and the bottom of the water supply pipe and the water drainage pipe to form a drainage layer 206, and paving geotextile 205 on the top of the drainage layer 206;
step 2: laying planting sand on the top of the geotextile 205 to form a planting sand layer 204;
and step 3: laying an artificial turf layer 201 on a planting sand layer 204;
and 4, step 4: planting sand is laid among the simulated grass 202 in the artificial turf layer 201, nutrient is added into the planting sand to form a planting nutrient sand layer 207, and real grass seeds are uniformly laid on the top of the planting nutrient sand layer 207. Wherein, step 1 comprises the following steps: the field is leveled and compacted, and a spraying system comprising a water supply pipe and a water discharge pipe is installed.
In summary, according to the artificial turf layer base, the artificial turf layer, the mixed turf and the manufacturing method thereof, the artificial turf layer base is made of the degradable material, the artificial turf layer base has a degradable effect, the artificial turf layer base is mainly used for fixing the imitation grass, and the artificial turf layer base is not needed for fixing the imitation grass after being placed on the ground, so that the degradable artificial turf layer base does not pollute the environment, and the requirement of environmental protection is met; a plurality of holes with the aperture of 1-4 mm are uniformly distributed on the artificial turf layer base, the aperture is suitable for the real grass to root downwards, the current requirement is met, and the artificial turf layer base is simple in structure and convenient to use.
Specific embodiments of the invention have been described above. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described above, in that devices and structures not described in detail are understood to be implemented in a manner common in the art; various changes or modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the claims, and the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments described herein.
Claims (14)
1. The utility model provides an artificial turf layer base, its characterized in that, artificial turf layer base comprises the net layer, the net layer is made by degradable material, a plurality of holes have been seted up on the net layer, the aperture scope in hole is 1-4 millimeters.
2. The artificial turf layer base of claim 1 wherein the artificial turf layer base is comprised of a single layer or a plurality of layers of the mesh layer, the mesh layer being made of a polypropylene material.
3. The base of claim 2, wherein said holes have a diameter in the range of 2-3 mm.
4. An artificial turf layer base as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 in which the thickness of the mesh layer is in the range 0.5 to 3 mm.
5. An artificial turf layer base as claimed in claim 4 wherein the mesh layer has a thickness of 1.5 to 2 mm.
6. The artificial turf layer base of claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 5 wherein the lattice layer has a warp and weft density of 5000-10000 clusters/square meter.
7. The base of artificial turf layers of claim 6 wherein the diameter of the warp threads of said mesh layer is 0.716 to 3 mm and the diameter of the weft threads is 0.716 to 3 mm.
8. The artificial turf layer base of claim 7 wherein the mesh layer has a grammage of 200-300 grams per square meter.
9. An artificial turf layer comprising the artificial turf layer base and simulated grass uniformly woven on top of the artificial turf layer base.
10. A mixed turf, characterized by that, from top to bottom lay in proper order planting nutrient sand layer, the artificial turf layer of claim 9, planting sand layer, geotechnological cloth and drainage blanket, the top of planting nutrient sand layer is evenly laid with true grass seed, it includes planting sand and nutrient to plant nutrient sand layer.
11. A hybrid turf as claimed in claim 10 wherein said drainage layer has water supply and drainage pipes, said water supply pipe being connected to a spray head.
12. A hybrid turf according to claim 11 wherein said planting nutrient sand layer has a thickness of 2-4.8 cm, said planting sand layer has a thickness of 15-35 cm and said drainage layer has a thickness of 5-15 cm.
13. A method of making a hybrid turf comprising the steps of:
step 1: paving stones on the top and the bottom of the water supply pipe and the water discharge pipe to form a water discharge layer, and paving geotextile on the top of the water discharge layer;
step 2: laying planting sand on the top of the geotextile to form a planting sand layer;
and step 3: laying an artificial turf layer on the planting sand layer;
and 4, step 4: planting sand is laid among the simulated grass in the artificial turf layer, a nutrient is added into the planting sand to form a planting nutrient sand layer, and true grass seeds are uniformly laid on the top of the planting nutrient sand layer.
14. A method of manufacturing a hybrid turf according to claim 13, characterised in that step 1 is preceded by the steps of: the field is leveled and compacted, and a spraying system comprising a water supply pipe and a water drainage pipe is installed.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210795152.XA CN115029991A (en) | 2022-07-07 | 2022-07-07 | Artificial turf layer base, artificial turf layer, mixed turf and manufacturing method thereof |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210795152.XA CN115029991A (en) | 2022-07-07 | 2022-07-07 | Artificial turf layer base, artificial turf layer, mixed turf and manufacturing method thereof |
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| CN115029991A true CN115029991A (en) | 2022-09-09 |
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| CN202210795152.XA Pending CN115029991A (en) | 2022-07-07 | 2022-07-07 | Artificial turf layer base, artificial turf layer, mixed turf and manufacturing method thereof |
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Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU9730801A (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 2002-02-14 | Technology Licensing Corp. | Stabilized turf for athletic field |
| US6691455B1 (en) * | 1992-06-22 | 2004-02-17 | Turf Stabilization Technologies, Inc. | Sports playing surfaces with biodegradable backings |
| CN1644798A (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2005-07-27 | 高正东 | Making-up grass plot for sport |
| CN102199909A (en) * | 2010-03-22 | 2011-09-28 | 张豪翔 | Environment-friendly, greening and resolvable artificial turf |
| CN104264565A (en) * | 2014-10-21 | 2015-01-07 | 周晓新 | Artificial lawn and fabrication process thereof |
| CN105442413A (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2016-03-30 | 广州傲胜人造草有限公司 | Natural grass and artificial grass mixed lawn and preparation method thereof |
| CN205856736U (en) * | 2016-06-13 | 2017-01-04 | 广州傲胜人造草股份有限公司 | Exempt from gum chinampa |
| CN110318316A (en) * | 2019-08-05 | 2019-10-11 | 罗明 | A kind of lawn mixed planting system |
| CN113062009A (en) * | 2021-03-17 | 2021-07-02 | 江苏文明人造草坪有限公司 | Degradable base fabric for artificial turf and preparation process thereof |
-
2022
- 2022-07-07 CN CN202210795152.XA patent/CN115029991A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6691455B1 (en) * | 1992-06-22 | 2004-02-17 | Turf Stabilization Technologies, Inc. | Sports playing surfaces with biodegradable backings |
| AU9730801A (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 2002-02-14 | Technology Licensing Corp. | Stabilized turf for athletic field |
| CN1644798A (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2005-07-27 | 高正东 | Making-up grass plot for sport |
| CN102199909A (en) * | 2010-03-22 | 2011-09-28 | 张豪翔 | Environment-friendly, greening and resolvable artificial turf |
| CN104264565A (en) * | 2014-10-21 | 2015-01-07 | 周晓新 | Artificial lawn and fabrication process thereof |
| CN105442413A (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2016-03-30 | 广州傲胜人造草有限公司 | Natural grass and artificial grass mixed lawn and preparation method thereof |
| CN205856736U (en) * | 2016-06-13 | 2017-01-04 | 广州傲胜人造草股份有限公司 | Exempt from gum chinampa |
| CN110318316A (en) * | 2019-08-05 | 2019-10-11 | 罗明 | A kind of lawn mixed planting system |
| CN113062009A (en) * | 2021-03-17 | 2021-07-02 | 江苏文明人造草坪有限公司 | Degradable base fabric for artificial turf and preparation process thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 王迪，崔卉，鲁教银: "城市给排水工程规划与设计", 吉林科学技术出版社, pages: 230 * |
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