CN114944827A - Folding coil and distributed amplifier - Google Patents
Folding coil and distributed amplifier Download PDFInfo
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- CN114944827A CN114944827A CN202210647537.1A CN202210647537A CN114944827A CN 114944827 A CN114944827 A CN 114944827A CN 202210647537 A CN202210647537 A CN 202210647537A CN 114944827 A CN114944827 A CN 114944827A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/60—Amplifiers in which coupling networks have distributed constants, e.g. with waveguide resonators
- H03F3/605—Distributed amplifiers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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Abstract
The invention provides a folding coil and a distributed amplifier, wherein the folding coil comprises a folding coil formed by a first mutual coupling coil and a second mutual coupling coil, the first mutual coupling coil is formed by mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L1 and L2, and the second mutual coupling coil is formed by mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L3 and L4; the second mutual coupling coil is arranged around the first mutual coupling coil, and the first mutual coupling coil and the second mutual coupling coil are bilaterally symmetrical along the central line of the folding coil; the distributed amplifier at least comprises two folding coils which are sequentially connected in series, a transistor is arranged in each folding coil, the grid electrode of the transistor is connected with a port P2, the drain electrode of the transistor is connected with a port P5, and the source electrode of the transistor is grounded. The invention can effectively reduce the number of passive devices in the distributed amplifier, thereby reducing the occupied layout area and reducing the chip cost; in addition, the working bandwidth of the amplifier can be further widened while the smaller chip size is obtained.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to microwave rf integrated circuits, and more particularly, to a folded coil and a distributed amplifier.
Background
The wide-band amplifier has wide application in the fields of high-speed communication, high-resolution imaging systems, photoelectric systems, instruments and the like, and in the systems, the bandwidth of the amplifier is used as an important index to directly determine the data rate of the system, the shortest pulse width capable of being processed and the capability of processing wide-band signals. The design of broadband amplifiers has been a considerable challenge, and with the further demands for data rates and low power consumption of next generation communications, the design requirements for broadband amplifiers have become more demanding.
The distributed amplifier (also called travelling wave amplifier) is used as a circuit topology which is most widely applied in the design of a broadband amplifier, well solves the problem of amplifying signals in an ultra-wide frequency band, and is characterized in that the gain is very flat in the whole working frequency band, and the input and output standing wave characteristics are good. But the disadvantages are also obvious, such as poor noise coefficient of low frequency band, low efficiency, large layout area and consumption of large chip area, which leads to increase of chip cost. The large layout size is mainly caused by the fact that a plurality of sections of independent transmission lines are adopted between the grid electrode and the drain electrode of each stage of transistor of the traditional distributed amplifier, for example, 2n independent transmission lines are needed for one n-stage distributed amplifier. In order to make the layout more compact, there is also a scheme of using inductors instead of transmission lines, but 2n inductors also consume a larger layout area. In addition, in the actual layout, the signal is gradually reduced due to the loss of a transmission line or an inductor in the process of transmitting the signal from the grid electrode of the first-stage transistor to the grid electrode of the nth-stage transistor, and the parasitic capacitance C of the transistor gd Will eventually reduce the operating bandwidth of the distributed amplifier.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the problems in the prior art, a more compact implementation of the distributed amplifier is provided, while further broadening the operating bandwidth of the distributed amplifier.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a folding coil comprises a folding coil consisting of a first mutual coupling coil and a second mutual coupling coil, wherein the first mutual coupling coil consists of mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L1 and L2, and the second mutual coupling coil consists of mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L3 and L4; the second mutual coupling coil is arranged around the first mutual coupling coil, and the first mutual coupling coil and the second mutual coupling coil are bilaterally symmetrical along the center line of the folding coil; the first mutual coupling coil center tap forms a port P2, and the second mutual coupling coil center tap forms a port P5; a tap at one end of the inductor L1, which is far away from the inductor L2, forms a port P1, a tap at one end of the inductor L2, which is far away from the inductor L1, forms a port P3, and a dotted end formed by connecting the inductor L1 with the inductor L2 is connected with the port P2; the end of the inductor L3 far away from the inductor L4 is tapped to form a port P4, the end of the inductor L4 far away from the inductor L3 is tapped to form a port P6, and the end of the inductor L3 connected with the inductor L4 and the end of the inductor L3 with the same name as the port P5 are connected.
Further, the inductor L1 and the inductor L2, and the inductor L3 and the inductor L4 are coupled to each other, respectively, and the coupling coefficients are negative.
Further, the first mutual coupling coil is folded and placed inside the second mutual coupling coil, the folded outer diameter of the first mutual coupling coil is smaller than that of the second mutual coupling coil, the port P1 and the port P4 are located on the left side of the center line of the folded coil, the port P3 and the port P6 are located on the right side of the center line of the folded coil, and the port P5 and the port P2 are located on the upper side and the lower side of the center of the folded coil respectively.
Furthermore, one end of the inductor L1 close to the port P2 and one end of the inductor L3 close to the port P5 form a homonymous end of the inductor L1 and a homonymous end of the inductor L3, one end of the inductor L2 close to the port P2 and one end of the inductor L4 close to the port P5 form a homonymous end of the inductor L2 and a homonymous end of the inductor L4, so that mutual coupling effects exist between the inductor L1 and the inductor L3, between the inductor L2 and the inductor L4, and mutual coupling coefficients are positive.
Furthermore, the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is greater than that of the second mutual coupling coil, and the sum of the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil and the number of turns of the second mutual coupling coil is an odd number, wherein the number of turns is a positive integer.
The invention also provides a distributed amplifier based on the folding coil, which at least comprises two folding coils, wherein the folding coils are sequentially connected in series, a transistor is arranged in each folding coil, the grid electrode of the transistor is connected with a port P2, the drain electrode of the transistor is connected with a port P5, and the source electrode of the transistor is grounded; a port P1 of the first-stage folding coil is used as an input end of the distributed amplifier, a port P4 of the first-stage folding coil is connected with one end of a drain matched load, the other end of the first-stage folding coil is connected with power voltage, a port P3 of the last-stage folding coil is connected with one end of a grid matched load, the other end of the last-stage folding coil is connected with grid bias voltage, and a port P5 of the last-stage folding coil is used as an output end of the distributed amplifier; the port P3 of the previous stage of folding coil is connected with the port P1 of the next stage of folding coil through a transmission line, and the port P6 of the previous stage of folding coil is connected with the port P4 of the next stage of folding coil through a transmission line.
Further, the coupling coefficients between the inductor L1 and the inductor L3, and between the inductor L2 and the inductor L4 in the folded coil satisfy the following formula:
wherein, C g And C d Is the transistor gate and drain capacitance, C gd Is the parasitic capacitance of the transistor gate-drain.
Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the technical scheme are as follows: the invention can effectively reduce the number of passive devices in the distributed amplifier, thereby reducing the occupied layout area and reducing the chip cost; in addition, the working bandwidth of the amplifier can be further widened while the smaller chip size is obtained.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art transmission line based distributed amplifier circuit;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a prior art lumped element based artificial transmission line distributed amplifier circuit;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a folded coil according to the present invention;
fig. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the folding coil proposed by the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a folded coil based distributed amplifier according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present application, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar modules or modules having the same or similar functionality throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are exemplary only for the purpose of explaining the present application and are not to be construed as limiting the present application. On the contrary, the embodiments of the application include all changes, modifications and equivalents coming within the spirit and terms of the claims appended hereto.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a conventional transmission line based distributed amplifier, with crystalsThe gate and drain are connected in turn to equal length transmission lines, where the transmission line characteristic impedance of the gate connection is Z 0g The length of the transmission line between two adjacent transistors is l g The characteristic impedance of the drain-connected transmission line is Z 0d The length of the transmission line between two adjacent transistors is l d . When the equation is satisfied
β g l g ＝β d l d (1)
Wherein beta is g And beta d The propagation constants on the grid electrode transmission line and the drain electrode transmission line are respectively, so that drain electrode current waves are relatively superposed on output impedance to realize signal amplification.
Another conventional distributed amplifier is implemented using lumped parameter elements due to the large layout area occupied by the transmission lines, as shown in fig. 2, when equation (1) is changed to
L g C g ＝L d C d (2)
Wherein, C g And C d Is the transistor gate and drain capacitance, L g And L d The inductance connected on the grid electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor.
For the two kinds of distributed amplifiers, it is easy to find that if an n-level circuit topology (generally, n is greater than or equal to 2) is adopted, 2n independent transmission lines or inductors are needed, and a large layout area is consumed.
In addition, the cut-off frequency of the distributed amplifier is limited by the values of the gate and drain elements, and can be expressed as
Finally, due to the loss of the input signal on the transmission path, the parasitic capacitance C of the gate-drain of the transistor from the first stage to the last stage gd Causing a non-uniform miller effect, which also reduces the characteristic impedance on the gate and drain transmission lines and reduces the bandwidth.
In order to solve the problem of the existing amplifier, a folded coil and a distributed amplifier based on the folded coil are provided, the size of a layout can be reduced, the two bandwidth limitation problems are simultaneously relieved, and the bandwidth of the amplifier is further expanded.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 3 and 4, the present embodiment proposes a folding coil, which includes a folding coil formed by a first mutual coupling coil and a second mutual coupling coil, wherein the first mutual coupling coil is formed by mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L1 and L2, and the second mutual coupling coil is formed by mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L3 and L4; the second mutual coupling coil is arranged around the first mutual coupling coil, and the first mutual coupling coil and the second mutual coupling coil are bilaterally symmetrical along the center line of the folding coil; the first mutual coupling coil center tap forms a port P2, and the second mutual coupling coil center tap forms a port P5; a tap at one end of the inductor L1, which is far away from the inductor L2, forms a port P1, a tap at one end of the inductor L2, which is far away from the inductor L1, forms a port P3, and a dotted end formed by connecting the inductor L1 with the inductor L2 is connected with the port P2; the end of the inductor L3 far away from the inductor L4 is tapped to form a port P4, the end of the inductor L4 far away from the inductor L3 is tapped to form a port P6, and the end of the inductor L3 connected with the inductor L4 and the end of the inductor L3 with the same name as the port P5 are connected. The series sequence of the first coupling coil is P1-L1-P2-L2-P3, the series sequence of the second coupling coil is P4-L3-P5-L4-P6,
in the present embodiment, the inductor L1 and the inductor L2 are coupled to each other, and the inductor L3 and the inductor L4 are coupled to each other, respectively, with coupling coefficients k1 and k2, and k1 and k2 are both negative.
The folded first mutual coupling coil is placed in the second mutual coupling coil, the outer diameter of the folded first mutual coupling coil is smaller than that of the folded second mutual coupling coil, the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is larger than that of the turns of the second mutual coupling coil, and the sum of the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil and the number of turns of the second mutual coupling coil is an odd number, namely, if the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is an odd number, the number of turns of the second mutual coupling coil is an even number, and conversely, if the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is an even number, the number of turns of the second mutual coupling coil is an odd number, so that the P2 and the P5 are ensured to be positioned at the upper side and the lower side of the folded coil; and because the first mutual coupling coil is positioned in the second coil, the circumference of each coil is smaller, and therefore the number of coils is often larger than that of the second mutual coupling coil. In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 3, the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is 2, the number of turns of the second coupling coil is 1, the first mutual coupling coil is folded and placed inside the second mutual coupling coil, the port P1 and the port P4 are located on the left side of the center line of the folding coil, the port P3 and the port P6 are located on the right side of the center line of the folding coil, and the port P5 and the port P2 are located on the upper and lower sides of the center of the folding coil, respectively.
One end of the inductor L1 close to the port P2 and one end of the inductor L3 close to the port P5 form a homonymous end of the inductor L1 and an end of the inductor L3 close to the port P5, and one end of the inductor L2 close to the port P2 and one end of the inductor L4 close to the port P5 form a homonymous end of the inductor L2 and an end of the inductor L4, so that mutual coupling effects exist between the inductor L1 and the inductor L3 and between the inductor L2 and the inductor L4, and mutual coupling coefficients are positive.
Compared with the traditional distributed amplifier, the folding coil folds the inductor on the grid electrode of the transistor and the inductor on the drain electrode together, so that the layout size of the original layout which needs 2n inductors is reduced to the layout size of n inductors.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a distributed amplifier based on a folded coil, which comprises 4 folded coils, wherein the 4 folded coils are sequentially connected in series, a transistor is arranged in the center of each folded coil, the gate of each transistor is connected with a port P2, the drain of each transistor is connected with a port P5, and the source of each transistor is grounded; the port P1 of the first-stage folded coil is used as the input end of the distributed amplifier, and the port P4 of the first-stage folded coil is connected with the drain matched load Z 0d One end of (A) Z 0d The other end of the fourth-stage folded coil is connected with a power supply voltage, and a port P3 of the fourth-stage folded coil is connected with a grid matching load Z 0g One end of (A) Z 0g The other end of the fourth-stage folded coil is connected with a grid bias voltage, and the P5 of the fourth-stage folded coil is used as the output end of the distributed amplifier; the port P3 of the previous stage of folding coil is connected with the port P1 of the next stage of folding coil through a transmission line, and the port P6 of the previous stage of folding coil is connected with the port P4 of the next stage of folding coil through a transmission line. In this embodiment, only the distributed amplifier composed of 4 folded coils and transistors is taken as an example, and in practical application, an appropriate number of stages n may be selected according to actual needs, where n is generally any integer greater than or equal to 2.
Due to the introduction of mutual inductance, the characteristic impedance and cut-off frequency of the transmission line should be rewritten as
For the gate and the drain of the transistor, k in the above formulas (4) - (5) respectively corresponds to k1 and k2 of the folded coil, and since k1 and k2 are negative values, the same characteristic impedance can be realized by a smaller inductance value, so that the layout size is further reduced, the cut-off frequency is increased, and the bandwidth is widened. In addition, the folded coil can enable k3 to satisfy formula (6), thereby eliminating the parasitic capacitance C of the transistor gate-drain gd The bandwidth is further widened due to the influence of the broadband.
By adopting the distributed amplifier structure based on the folding coils to design, the topology which originally needs 8 inductors is changed into the topology which only needs 4 folding coils, and the size of each folding coil is about the same as that of an independent inductor, so that the size of a layout is reduced to be half of the original size. The folding coil skillfully applies the beneficial effect brought by mutual inductance between the coils, reduces the size of a domain and further widens the bandwidth of the distributed amplifier.
It should be noted that, in the description of the embodiments of the present invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "disposed" and "connected" should be interpreted broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; may be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases by those skilled in the art; the drawings in the embodiments are used for clearly and completely describing the technical scheme in the embodiments of the invention, and obviously, the described embodiments are a part of the embodiments of the invention, but not all of the embodiments. The components of embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
While embodiments of the present application have been shown and described above, it will be understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present application and that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations in the above embodiments may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present application.
Claims (7)
1. A folding coil is characterized by comprising a folding coil consisting of a first mutual coupling coil and a second mutual coupling coil, wherein the first mutual coupling coil consists of mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L1 and L2, and the second mutual coupling coil consists of mutually connected and symmetrical inductors L3 and L4; the second mutual coupling coil is arranged around the first mutual coupling coil, and the first mutual coupling coil and the second mutual coupling coil are bilaterally symmetrical along the center line of the folding coil; the first mutual coupling coil center tap forms a port P2, and the second mutual coupling coil center tap forms a port P5; a tap at one end of the inductor L1, which is far away from the inductor L2, forms a port P1, a tap at one end of the inductor L2, which is far away from the inductor L1, forms a port P3, and a dotted end formed by connecting the inductor L1 with the inductor L2 is connected with the port P2; the end of the inductor L3 far away from the inductor L4 is tapped to form a port P4, the end of the inductor L4 far away from the inductor L3 is tapped to form a port P6, and the end of the inductor L3 connected with the inductor L4 and the end of the inductor L3 with the same name as the port P5 are connected.
2. The foldable coil of claim 1, wherein the inductor L1 and the inductor L2, and the inductor L3 and the inductor L4 are coupled to each other, and the coupling coefficients are negative.
3. The folded coil of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first mutual coupling coil is folded to be placed inside the second mutual coupling coil, the folded outer diameter of the first mutual coupling coil is smaller than that of the second mutual coupling coil, the port P1 and the port P4 are located on the left side of the centerline of the folded coil, the port P3 and the port P6 are located on the right side of the centerline of the folded coil, and the port P5 and the port P2 are located on the upper and lower sides of the center of the folded coil, respectively.
4. The folding coil of claim 1, wherein an end of the inductor L1 near the port P2 and an end of the inductor L3 near the port P5 constitute terminals of the inductor L1 and the inductor L3, and an end of the inductor L2 near the port P2 and an end of the inductor L4 near the port P5 constitute terminals of the inductor L2 and the inductor L4, so that mutual coupling effects exist between the inductor L1 and the inductor L3, between the inductor L2 and the inductor L4, and mutual coupling coefficients are positive.
5. The folded coil of claim 1, wherein the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil is greater than the number of turns of the second mutual coupling coil, and the sum of the number of turns of the first mutual coupling coil and the number of turns of the second mutual coupling coil is an odd number.
6. A folded coil based distributed amplifier according to any one of claims 1-5, comprising at least two folded coils, wherein the folded coils are connected in series, each folded coil is provided with a transistor, the gate of the transistor is connected to the port P2, the drain of the transistor is connected to the port P5, and the source of the transistor is grounded; a port P1 of the first-stage folding coil is used as an input end of the distributed amplifier, a port P4 of the first-stage folding coil is connected with one end of a drain matched load, the other end of the first-stage folding coil is connected with power voltage, a port P3 of the last-stage folding coil is connected with one end of a grid matched load, the other end of the last-stage folding coil is connected with grid bias voltage, and a port P5 of the last-stage folding coil is used as an output end of the distributed amplifier; the port P3 of the previous stage of folding coil is connected with the port P1 of the next stage of folding coil through a transmission line, and the port P6 of the previous stage of folding coil is connected with the port P4 of the next stage of folding coil through a transmission line.
7. The distributed amplifier of claim 6, wherein the coupling coefficients between inductor L1 and inductor L3, and between inductor L2 and inductor L4 in the folded coil satisfy the following equation:
wherein, C g And C d Is the transistor gate and drain capacitance, C gd Is the parasitic capacitance of the transistor gate-drain.
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| US20140022018A1 (en) * | 2012-07-18 | 2014-01-23 | Hsien-Ku Chen | Amplifier with gain circuit coupeld to primary coil of transformer |
| CN104051438A (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-17 | 英飞凌科技股份有限公司 | Semiconductor Chip Configuration with a Coupler |
| CN103928446A (en) * | 2014-04-30 | 2014-07-16 | 无锡中星微电子有限公司 | On-chip capacitor with low common mode coupling effect and design method of on-chip capacitor |
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| US9397087B1 (en) * | 2015-12-13 | 2016-07-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Distributed electrostatic discharge protection circuit with magnetically coupled differential inputs and outputs |
| US20200252036A1 (en) * | 2019-01-31 | 2020-08-06 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Power amplifier using multi-mode distributed active transformer |
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