CN114941173B - 一种高相干金刚石氮空穴及金刚石压砧的制备与应用 - Google Patents
一种高相干金刚石氮空穴及金刚石压砧的制备与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 197
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 112
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 112
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron nickel Chemical compound [Fe].[Ni] UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000002189 fluorescence spectrum Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005468 ion implantation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009528 severe injury Effects 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本申请属于量子科技和精密测试材料技术领域,具体涉及一种高相干金刚石氮空穴及金刚石压砧的制备与应用。以石墨作为碳源,以HPHT金刚石作为晶种,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,高温高压下合成金刚石单晶,对合成的金刚石进行高温高压条件的退火,退火后,在<100>晶向生长区域中从无到有生成大量的氮空穴,同时<111>晶向生长区原生的氮空穴会消失,最终导致氮空穴存在于金刚石的<100>、<311>晶向生长区域;同时<100>、<311>晶向生长区域不含有铁磁性元素相关的缺陷;在无损的条件下制备高密度,高相干性质的氮空穴;同时制备氮空穴深度可控的金刚石压砧,实现氮空穴在60GPa压力以上的精密探测。
Description
技术领域
本申请属于量子科技和精密测试材料技术领域,具体涉及一种高相干金刚石氮空穴及金刚石压砧的制备与应用。
背景技术
氮空穴(NV-)是金刚石内部的一种原子级别缺陷,由一个替位的氮原子和一个邻位的空穴组成,其对于外场(电场,磁场,温度场)十分敏感。极低温、高压强、强磁场等极端条件是发现和调控新奇物态的重要途径。为了能在极端条件下实现灵敏的物性测量,需要发展先进的传感探测方案。基于金刚石氮空位中心的自旋量子传感可实现磁学、电学、力学、热学等物理参数的灵敏测量,而且拥有微纳尺度的空间分辨率和极其宽泛的工作区间,有望成为极端条件下灵敏物性测量的重要工具。
为了实现氮空穴在极高压条件下的外场测试,目前常用的方法是在金刚石对顶压砧的砧面进行离子植入或者电子辐照来制备氮空穴。氮空穴的灵敏度主要取决于其密度以及相干时间。通常密度越高,相干时间越长,灵敏度就越高。离子植入与电子辐照均采用高能的离子束或电子束轰击金刚石的表面,使得碳原子被强制性替代。植入能量越高,氮原子与空穴的植入浓度越高,深度越深。但是植入能量越高对金刚石晶格的损伤越大,甚至石墨化。为了避免砧面的石墨化,植入能量存在上限。因此该种方法所制备的氮空穴密度较低,深度较浅。金刚石对顶砧在加压过程,压力集中于压砧的表面,当压力超过大约60 GPa时,探测激光不能再激发浅层氮空穴,因此氮空穴无法再进行传感。另一方面,离子植入和辐照对金刚石的晶格结构带来严重的损伤。严重降低金刚石压砧的机械性能,降低金刚石对顶压砧的断裂压力。
发明内容
针对上述高压精密探测无法在60GPa以上使用的问题,本发明提供了一种一种无损,低成本,制备高质量氮空穴的方法;以石墨作为碳源,以HPHT金刚石作为晶种,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,高温高压下合成金刚石单晶,通过晶种以及生长温度的选择可以调控金刚石单晶的<100>及<111>生长区间的体积比;对合成的金刚石进行高温高压条件的退火,退火后,在<100>、<311>晶向生长区域中从无到有生成大量的氮空穴,同时<111>晶向生长区原生的氮空穴会消失,最终导致氮空穴存在于金刚石的<100>、<311>晶向生长区域;同时<100>、<311>晶向生长区域不含有铁磁性元素相关的缺陷;在无损的条件下制备高密度,高相干性质的氮空穴;同时制备氮空穴深度可控的金刚石压砧,实现氮空穴在60GPa压力以上的精密探测。
一种高相干金刚石氮空穴,采用铁镍触媒体系,以石墨作为碳源,以HPHT金刚石作为晶种,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,高温高压下合成氮含量在1~400 ppm的金刚石单晶,通过晶种以及生长温度的选择可以调控金刚石单晶的<100>及<111>生长区间的体积比;对合成的金刚石进行高温高压条件的退火,退火压力为4.5~6.5 GPa,退火温度为1400~1800℃;退火后,在<100>晶向生长区域中从无到有生成大量的氮空穴,同时<111>晶向生长区原生的氮空穴会消失,最终导致氮空穴存在于金刚石的<100>晶向生长区域;若得到的金刚石单晶有<311>晶向生长区出现,则氮空穴同时存在于金刚石的<311>晶向生长区域;同时<100>、<311>晶向生长区域不含有铁磁性元素相关的缺陷。
优选地,石墨为高纯石墨,纯度为99.9%以上;高温高压下合成氮含量在1~400 ppm的金刚石单晶的高压为5.0~6.5GPa,温度为1350~1850℃下,保温时间10~60h。
一种高相干金刚石压砧的制备方法,采用上述的高相干金刚石氮空穴,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)采用铁镍触媒体系,以高纯石墨作为碳源,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,在5.0~6.5GPa,1350~1850℃下保温10~60h,合成氮含量在1~400 ppm的金刚石单晶;通过晶种以及生长温度的选择可以调控金刚石单晶的<100>及<111>生长区间的体积比;
(2)退火;退火压力在4.5~6.5 GPa范围内,退火温度:1400~1800℃,退火时间为1~20h;退火后,在<100>晶向上从无到有生成大量的氮空穴,同时<111>晶向生长区原生的氮空穴会消失,最终导致氮空穴存在于金刚石的<100>晶向生长区域;若得到的金刚石单晶有<311>晶向生长区出现,则氮空穴同时存在于金刚石的<311>晶向生长区域;同时<100>、<311>晶向生长区域不含有铁磁性元素相关的缺陷;
(3)金刚石压砧的切割,根据氮空穴深度的要求,将砧面置于<100>或者<311>晶向生长区域内部,将压砧的主体部分置于<111>晶向的生长区域。
进一步地,退火与金刚石压砧切割的顺序可以互换。
上述制备方法制备的高相干金刚石压砧,氮空穴的深度为压砧高度的0-100%。
上述制备方法制备的高相干金刚石压砧在高压量子传感器上的应用。
经过1400~1800℃退火后,在<100>以及<311>晶向生长区上从无到有生成大量的氮空穴,同时<111>晶向生长区原生的氮空穴会消失,最终导致氮空穴只存在于金刚石的<100>以及<311>晶向生长区域;<100>及<311>晶向生长区域不含有铁,镍等铁磁性元素相关的缺陷;经过退火后的金刚石,<100>晶向以及<311>晶向生长区域的氮空穴的荧光光谱的半峰宽与低氮的IIa型金刚石的半峰宽相当;通过对<100>或<111>晶种的选择以及生长温度的控制,所生长的金刚石应该包含<100>晶向生长区域;压砧的切割方式可以为任何可用的方式。
本申请的有益效果
① 金刚石压砧中氮空穴厚度可控,现有技术氮空穴的厚度通常在几十nm左右,并且氮空穴的厚度不可控制,本发明中氮空穴层的厚度,可以根据使用需求进行切割。
② 金刚石压砧的机械性能高。本发明属于无损制备氮空穴,金刚石砧面不会被损坏,因此保持了金刚石的本征机械性能。
③ 金刚石压砧中的氮空穴敏感度高。现有技术为了避免压砧表面损伤严重,通常采用较小的能量进行植入,导致所形成的氮空穴密度较低,且相干时间较短,最终氮空穴的敏感度很低。本发明所制备的氮空穴密度高且相干时间很长,因此氮空穴的敏感度明显高于现有技术。
④ 制备成本低,现有技术需要采用TEM以及FIB等先进的科研设备,本发明使用已成熟的金刚石生长设备即可,因此制备成本大大降低。
⑤ 氮空穴所存在的区域内,无镍相关缺陷。
附图说明
图1为实施例1退火前后各个晶向生长区域的荧光光谱图,a为<111>晶向生长区域在不同退火温度下的荧光光谱,b为<311>晶向生长区域在不同退火温度下的荧光光谱
图2为实施例1退火前后各个晶向生长区域的荧光mapping图,a为氮空穴退火前后在不同晶向上的分布情况;b为退火镍相关缺陷退火前后在不同晶向上的分布情况;
图3上为实施例2的荧光光谱图,a为<111>晶向生长区在不同退火温度的荧光光谱,b为<100>晶向生长区在不同退火温度的荧光光谱图;
图4为金刚石压砧切割示意图;
图5为金刚石压砧示意图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种高相干金刚石压砧的制备方法,采用以下步骤:
(1)含有高质量氮空穴金刚石的合成
采用铁镍触媒体系,以高纯鳞状石墨作为碳源,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,以<100>金刚石作为晶种,在5.5GPa,1460℃下保温60h,合成金刚石单晶;所合成的金刚石单晶,其<100>晶向生长区域的氮含量为20~80 ppm,<111>晶向的金刚石的氮含量在200~300 ppm;
(2)退火
对该金刚石进行高温高压退火,退火压力为5 GPa,分别在1400℃、1500℃、1600℃、1700℃温度下,退火4h,该金刚石<111>上无氮空穴,<311>及<100>晶向生长区域上氮空穴含量可达10000/μm3,且相干时间约52μs;
(3)压砧切割
将压砧的砧面置于<311>晶向生长区域,将压砧的其他主体部分置于<111>晶向生长区域,其中砧面厚度为15μm,则所获得的压砧中氮空穴的深度即为15μm。
如图1所示,通过荧光mapping分析可以得到:氮空穴退火后只存在于<311>和<100>晶向生长区域;<111>生长区域的原生氮空穴消失;<311>和<100>晶向生长区域不含有镍相关缺陷;<100>以及<311>生长区形成的氮空穴的ZPL半峰宽可与高纯金刚石中氮空穴的宽度相媲美。
实施例2
一种高相干金刚石压砧的制备方法,采用以下步骤:
(1)含有高质量氮空穴金刚石的合成
采用铁镍触媒体系,以高纯鳞状石墨作为碳源,以<111>金刚石为晶种,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,在5.5GPa,1370℃下保温60h,合成金刚石单晶;
(2)退火
对该金刚石进行高温高压退火,退火压力为4.5 GPa,分别在1300℃、1400℃、1500℃、1600℃下退火6h,结果高于1400℃的退火条件下,该金刚石<111>上原生的氮空穴消失;<100>生长区形成大量氮空穴;<100>生长区域不含有镍相关曲线;<100>生长区形成的氮空穴的ZPL半峰宽可与高纯金刚石中氮空穴的宽度相媲美。
(3)压砧切割
将压砧的砧面置于<100>晶向生长区域,将压砧的其他主体部分置于<111>晶向生长区域,其中砧面厚度为15μm,则所获得的压砧中氮空穴的深度即为15μm。
结果如图2所示,同样证明了,NV- 退火后只存在于<100>晶向生长区域。
实施例3
一种高相干金刚石压砧的制备方法,采用以下步骤:
(1)含有高质量氮空穴金刚石的合成
采用铁镍触媒体系,以纯度为99.9%以上的鳞状石墨作为碳源,以<111>金刚石为晶种,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,在6.5GPa,1350℃下保温10h,合成金刚石单晶;
(2)退火
对该金刚石进行高温高压退火,退火压力为6.5 GPa,1600℃,退火1h,
该金刚石<111>上原生的氮空穴消失;<100>生长区形成大量氮空穴;<100>生长区域不含有镍相关曲线;<100>生长区形成的氮空穴的ZPL半峰宽可与高纯金刚石中氮空穴的宽度相媲美;
(3)压砧切割
将压砧的砧面置于<100>晶向生长区域,将压砧的其他主体部分置于<111>晶向生长区域,其中砧面厚度为15μm,则所获得的压砧中氮空穴的深度即为15μm。
NV- 退火后只存在于<100>晶向生长区域。
实施例4
一种高相干金刚石压砧的制备方法,采用以下步骤:
(1)含有高质量氮空穴金刚石的合成
采用铁镍触媒体系,以纯度为99.9%以上的鳞状石墨作为碳源,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,以<100>金刚石作为晶种,在5GPa,1850℃下保温60h,合成金刚石单晶;
(2)退火
对该金刚石进行高温高压退火,退火压力为4.5 GPa,1800℃,退火时间20 h,该金刚石<111>上无氮空穴。
(3)压砧切割
将压砧的砧面置于<311>晶向生长区域,将压砧的其他主体部分置于<111>晶向生长区域,其中砧面厚度为15μm,则所获得的压砧中氮空穴的深度即为15μm。
氮空穴退火后只存在于<311>和<100>晶向生长区域;<111>生长区域的原生氮空穴消失;<311>和<100>晶向生长区域不含有镍相关缺陷;<100>以及<311>生长区形成的氮空穴的ZPL半峰宽可与高纯金刚石中氮空穴的宽度相媲美。
Claims (5)
1.一种金刚石压砧的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)含有高质量氮空穴金刚石的合成
采用铁镍触媒体系,以高纯鳞状石墨作为碳源,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,以<100>金刚石作为晶种,在5.5GPa,1460℃下保温60h,合成金刚石单晶;所合成的金刚石单晶,其<100>晶向生长区域的氮含量为20~80ppm,<111>晶向的金刚石的氮含量在200~300ppm;
(2)退火
对该金刚石进行高温高压退火,退火压力为5GPa,分别在1400℃、1500℃、1600℃、1700℃温度下,退火4h;
(3)压砧切割
将压砧的砧面置于<311>晶向生长区域,将压砧的其他主体部分置于<111>晶向生长区域;其中砧面厚度为15μm,则所获得的压砧中氮空穴的深度即为15μm。
2.一种金刚石压砧的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)含有高质量氮空穴金刚石的合成
采用铁镍触媒体系,以高纯鳞状石墨作为碳源,以<111>金刚石为晶种,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,在5.5GPa,1370℃下保温60h,合成金刚石单晶;
(2)退火
对该金刚石进行高温高压退火,退火压力为4.5GPa,分别在1500℃、1600℃下退火6h;
(3)压砧切割
将压砧的砧面置于<100>晶向生长区域,将压砧的其他主体部分置于<111>晶向生长区域,其中砧面厚度为15μm,则所获得的压砧中氮空穴的深度即为15μm。
3.一种金刚石压砧的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)含有高质量氮空穴金刚石的合成
采用铁镍触媒体系,以纯度为99.9%以上的鳞状石墨作为碳源,以<111>金刚石为晶种,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,在6.5GPa,1350℃下保温10h,合成金刚石单晶;
(2)退火
对该金刚石进行高温高压退火,退火压力为6.5GPa,1600℃,退火1h;
(3)压砧切割
将压砧的砧面置于<100>晶向生长区域,将压砧的其他主体部分置于<111>晶向生长区域,其中砧面厚度为15μm,则所获得的压砧中氮空穴的深度即为15μm。
4.一种金刚石压砧的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)含有高质量氮空穴金刚石的合成
采用铁镍触媒体系,以纯度为99.9%以上的鳞状石墨作为碳源,以Al/Ti作为除氮剂,以<100>金刚石作为晶种,在5GPa,1850℃下保温60h,合成金刚石单晶;
(2)退火
对该金刚石进行高温高压退火,退火压力为4.5GPa,1800℃,退火时间20h;
(3)压砧切割
将压砧的砧面置于<311>晶向生长区域,将压砧的其他主体部分置于<111>晶向生长区域,其中砧面厚度为15μm,则所获得的压砧中氮空穴的深度即为15μm。
5.权利要求1-4任一所述制备方法制备的金刚石压砧在高压量子传感器上的应用。
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