CN114855361A - 一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜及其制备方法,以N‑N二甲基乙酰胺和丙酮为溶剂,聚氨酯和含硅聚氨酯为溶质,将疏水的相变材料脂肪酸作为添加剂,通过一步静电纺丝的方法,制备得到一款无氟环保、热调节、防水性能优异防水透湿膜;该方法制备的PU/S i PU/脂肪酸纳米纤维膜综合性能表现优异,具有无氟环保、热调节、防水性能好的优点,使得PU/Si PU/脂肪酸纳米纤维膜能够广泛应用于专业防护、产品包装、智能服装、军用产品等领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及静电纺丝技术领域和多功能防水透湿材料领域,尤其涉及一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
防水透湿材料是一种在可以抵御外部液态水浸透的同时,还能保证水蒸气传输的一种防护型材料,它在专业防护、户外运动、包装建筑等领域有着广泛的应用。静电纺丝法是近年来被广泛应用的一种简便、高效、适用范围广的防水透湿材料制备方式。该技术工艺简单易操作、适用范围广,且由它制备的纳米纤维膜孔径小、孔隙率高、比表面积大,是防水透湿功能的优良载体。当前的静电纺防水透湿纳米纤维膜大致可以分为疏水聚合物膜、掺杂剂改性膜和表面改性膜。疏水聚合物膜采用一种或多种疏水性聚合物为原料,通过溶液混纺成丝制备而成,这种方式简单高效,但受制于疏水聚合物本身疏水性能和种类的限制。掺杂剂改性膜是通过向聚合物溶液中添加少量的特定物质,以进一步提高材料的防水性或者赋予其新功能的作用,但该类膜仍然存在制备工艺复杂、多功能无法同步提升等瓶颈。表面改性膜则通过将材料利用加热、浸渍涂覆或气相沉积等后处理方式改善其疏水性,该类膜也常存在制备环节复杂、对技术要求较高等问题,且经浸渍涂覆处理的产物的耐久性同样令人担忧。于是,迫切需要一种简便可行的方法来制备高性能的防水透湿材料。
目前为止,氟类聚合物或含氟类疏水剂仍是防水透湿材料的主力军。虽然低表面能的氟类物质可以有效提升材料的防水性能,但随着人们对其毒性的深入研究,越来越多的人已经认识到了全氟和多氟物质的危害性。这些氟类物质对生物体的健康和生态环境的影响危害大、时间长,迫使科研学者寻求更安全环保的物质尽快取代它的应用。另外,人们对美好生活的追求也对防水透湿材料提出了更高的要求,功能单一的材料在这个需求多样化的生活中占据的市场地位被不断冲击,防水透湿材料的多功能化研究已是大势所趋;因此,设计一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜及其制备方法是很有必要的。
发明内容
本发明解决的问题在于提供一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜及其制备方法,针对目前防水透湿材料防水性较低、功能单一、制备工艺复杂或疏水剂含氟化等问题,提供一种制备高性能、多功能防水透湿材料的简便方法。利用一步静电纺丝技术,将疏水性相变材料脂肪酸添加到疏水型聚氨酯纺丝溶液中,利用脂肪酸中硬脂酸优异的相变能力和疏水效果,在大幅提高PU/SiPU/脂肪酸纳米纤维膜防水性的同时,还赋予了其优异的热调节能力,能够广泛应用于专业防护、产品包装、智能服装等领域。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用了如下技术方案:
一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜,以N-N二甲基乙酰胺、丙酮为溶剂,PU和SiPU为溶质,通过向PU/SiPU溶液中添加脂肪酸颗粒,经共同搅拌得到均匀的静电纺丝液,再利用静电纺丝装置制备得到PU/SiPU/脂肪酸纳米纤维膜;脂肪酸种类包含癸酸月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸,选用其中一种或多种共晶体作为添加剂膜。
一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤S1:将PU、SiPU溶解在N-N二甲基乙酰胺和丙酮溶剂中,并向其中添加一定质量分数的脂肪酸颗粒,一同经磁力搅拌8-12h后得到均匀的静电纺丝溶液;脂肪酸的含量占溶质质量的0-50wt%;
步骤S2:将上一步所得的纺丝液置于静电纺丝装置上制备得到纳米纤维膜;静电纺丝装置主要由高压电源、喷射装置、接收装置三部分组成;纺丝参数设置如下:电压25.5±5kV,针头与接收辊之间的距离为22±5cm,喷灌速度为0.08±0.07mm/min,纺丝时间6±5h;
本发明的有益效果是:本发明制备的纳米纤维膜具有以下优点:
(1)无氟环保;本发明采用的PU/SiPU原料和脂肪酸疏水剂均不含氟,符合当下市场的环保趋势;
(2)防水透湿性能优异;本发明制备的PU/SiPU/硬脂酸纳米纤维膜的耐水压可达79kPa,透湿量为8.0kg m-2d-1。
(3)兼具热调节性能;本发明制备的PU/SiPU/硬脂酸纳米纤维膜表现出优异的相变潜热;并通过改变脂肪酸的种类可以实现对纤维膜相变温度的改变。
附图说明
图1为本发明制备的PU/SiPU/硬脂酸纳米纤维膜的SEM图片。
图2为本发明制备的PU/SiPU/硬脂酸纳米纤维膜的耐水压和透湿量数据随硬脂酸含量的变化。
图3为PU/SiPU/硬脂酸纳米纤维膜的加热(a)、冷却(a)DSC曲线和对应的相变焓值(c、d)。
图4为三种脂肪酸(月桂酸LA和肉豆蔻酸MA以及二者的共晶体)所对应的PU/SiPU/脂肪酸纳米纤维膜的DSC曲线。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其它实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
下面给出具体实施例。
实施例1:
一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤S1:将SiPU、PU按照1:1的比例与0.01wt%的LiCl一同溶解在2:3的DMAc和丙酮溶剂中,得到质量分数为11wt%的PU/SiPU溶液;随后,称取30wt%的硬脂酸(SA)加入到PU/SiPU溶液中,在室温下用磁力搅拌器搅拌12h,以得到均匀的PU/SiPU/SA纺丝溶液;
步骤S2:用注射器吸取步骤S1中制备好的纺丝液,挤干净气泡后,将其放置在静电纺丝装置上开始纺丝;纺丝参数设置如下:电压25.5kV,针头与接收辊之间的距离为22cm,接受辊转速140rpm,喷灌速度为0.08mm/min,温度控制在25±3℃,相对湿度为33±2%,纺丝时间8h。
图1是硬脂酸30wt%含量下PU/SiPU/SA纤维膜的SEM电镜图;由电镜图可以看出,PU/SiPU/SA纳米纤维表面光滑、粗细均匀,呈现出典型的三维多孔结构;
图2是0-50wt%含量下PU/SiPU/SA纤维膜的耐水压和透湿率数据;
图3是0-50wt%含量下PU/SiPU/SA纤维膜的加热、冷却DSC曲线和相对应的相变焓值;
可以看出,利用一步静电纺丝技术,制备的PU/SiPU/SA-30纳米纤维膜的静水压力为79kPa,透湿率为8.0kg m-2d-1,防水透湿综合性能优异;此外PU/SiPU/SA-30纳米纤维膜还具有40J/g的相变潜热;将相变材料硬脂酸添加到PU/SiPU纳米纤维中,不仅提高了纤维膜的防水性,还赋予了纤维膜很好的热调节性能。
实施例2:
一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤S1:将SiPU、PU按照1:1的比例与0.01wt%的LiCl一同溶解在2:3的DMAc和丙酮溶剂中,得到质量分数为11wt%的PU/SiPU溶液;随后,称取30wt%的月桂酸(LA)加入到PU/SiPU溶液中,在室温下用磁力搅拌器搅拌12h,以得到均匀的PU/SiPU/LA纺丝溶液;
步骤S2:用注射器吸取步骤S1中制备好的纺丝液,挤干净气泡后,将其放置在静电纺丝装置上开始纺丝;纺丝参数设置如下:电压25.5kV,针头与接收辊之间的距离为22cm,接受辊转速140rpm,喷灌速度为0.08mm/min,温度控制在25±3℃,相对湿度为33±2%,纺丝时间8h。
实施例3:
一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤S1:将SiPU、PU按照1:1的比例与0.01wt%的LiCl一同溶解在2:3的DMAc和丙酮溶剂中,得到质量分数为11wt%的PU/SiPU溶液;随后,称取30wt%的肉豆蔻酸(MA)加入到PU/SiPU溶液中,在室温下用磁力搅拌器搅拌12h,以得到均匀的PU/SiPU/MA纺丝溶液;
步骤S2:用注射器吸取步骤S1中制备好的纺丝液,挤干净气泡后,将其放置在静电纺丝装置上开始纺丝;纺丝参数设置如下:电压25.5kV,针头与接收辊之间的距离为22cm,接受辊转速140rpm,喷灌速度为0.08mm/min,温度控制在25±3℃,相对湿度为33±2%,纺丝时间8h。
实施例4:
一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤S1:将SiPU、PU按照1:1的比例与0.01wt%的LiCl一同溶解在2:3的DMAc和丙酮溶剂中,得到质量分数为11wt%的PU/SiPU溶液;随后,称取30wt%的月桂酸和肉豆蔻酸共晶体(LA-MA)加入到PU/SiPU溶液中,在室温下用磁力搅拌器搅拌12h,以得到均匀的PU/SiPU/LA-MA纺丝溶液;
步骤S2:用注射器吸取步骤S1中制备好的纺丝液,挤干净气泡后,将其放置在静电纺丝装置上开始纺丝;纺丝参数设置如下:电压25.5kV,针头与接收辊之间的距离为22cm,接受辊转速140rpm,喷灌速度为0.08mm/min,温度控制在25±3℃,相对湿度为33±2%,纺丝时间8h。
图4为三种脂肪酸(月桂酸LA和肉豆蔻酸MA以及二者的共晶体)所对应的PU/SiPU/脂肪酸纳米纤维膜的DSC曲线;
可以看出,通过改变脂肪酸的种类实现了对PU/SiPU/脂肪酸纳米纤维膜相变温度的改变。
本发明,通过引入疏水的相变材料硬脂酸作为疏水剂,用简便可行的一步静电纺丝技术,制备了集防水透湿、热调节性能于一体的高性能PU/SiPU/SA纤维膜;使得防水透湿材料能够广泛应用于专业防护、产品包装、智能服装、军用产品等领域。
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜,其特征在于,包括聚氨酯PU、含硅聚氨酯SiPU、N-N二甲基乙酰胺、丙酮和脂肪酸。
2.一种基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤S1:所述的基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜以聚氨酯PU、含硅聚氨酯SiPU为溶质,N-N二甲基乙酰胺、丙酮为溶剂,脂肪酸为添加剂配置纺丝液溶液;
步骤S2:通过一步静电纺丝工艺制备纳米纤维膜。
3.根据权利要求2所述的基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,PU/SiPU纺丝液质量分数为7-15wt%。
4.根据权利要求2所述的基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,纺丝液中脂肪酸占溶质质量分数的0-50wt%。
5.根据权利要求2所述的基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,脂肪酸种类包含癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸,选用其中一种或多种共晶体作为添加剂。
6.根据权利要求2所述的基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,一步静电纺丝工艺的纺丝参数设置为:电压25.5±5kV,针头与接收辊之间的距离为22±5cm,喷灌速度为0.08±0.07mm/min,纺丝时间6±5h。
7.根据权利要求2所述的基于热调节的无氟环保防水透湿纳米纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,制备出的PU/SiPU/脂肪酸纳米纤维膜耐水压≥50kPa,透湿率≥8000g/m2/d,相变焓值≥40J/g。
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