CN114801376A - 一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物 - Google Patents

一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物 Download PDF

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CN114801376A
CN114801376A CN202210574396.5A CN202210574396A CN114801376A CN 114801376 A CN114801376 A CN 114801376A CN 202210574396 A CN202210574396 A CN 202210574396A CN 114801376 A CN114801376 A CN 114801376A
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fabric
layer
core
composite
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何卫星
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周建平
王伟
朱永熙
俞科静
马景涛
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Jiangsu Textile Research Institute Co ltd
Jiangnan University
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Jiangnan University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物,所述抗爆复合织物的结构包括表层、芯层和里层;所述表层为负泊松比结构织物;所述芯层为聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物;所述里层为负泊松比结构织物;所述表层、芯层和里层采用缝合法连接。本发明采用两层负泊松比织物相互配合,使织物具有良好的包覆效果。同时采用改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液做粘结剂,在良好粘结的基础上提高织物的抗冲击、防刺穿性及耐久性。

Description

一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物
技术领域
本发明涉及防爆材料技术领域,尤其是涉及一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物。
背景技术
近年来,战争冲突中的武器爆炸、建筑爆炸事故频繁发生,对人的生命财产等造成严重的威胁。这主要是由于爆炸事故发生时间短,遭受冲击载荷非常大,且变化时间非常快,难以做出有效的应对措施以降低伤害。因此相关领域对防护材料的性能要求也越来越高,单一的均质材料具有笨重的严重弊端,无法解决高强度与高韧性之间的矛盾,已不能满足人们的需求。与此同时纤维纺织品的应用越来越彰显出优势,轻便且高性能的特点更加符合人们的需要。
负泊松比材料是一种泊松比值为负的人造结构,与常规材料不同,负泊松比材料在受到轴向压缩时,材料在垂直于外力方向会产生收缩现象,在受到轴向拉伸时,材料在垂直于外力方向会产生膨胀现象。这种反常的力学性质使得结构具有更高的抗冲击、抗剪切与能量吸收性能。负泊松比结构材料因其内部空隙率较大,承受大载荷时变形较快,承载能力有限。
水性聚氨酯乳液可作为粘结剂,粘结性能好、粘膜物性可调节范围大,可用作各种基材的涂层胶,也可用于多种基材的黏结。聚氨酯中由于含有柔性分子链,故具有极好的抗冲击性能,此外它还具有较强的剥离强度和化学稳定性以及优异的耐低温性能。纳米SiO2是一种无机化工材料,价格低廉且性能优异,如抗紫外线的光学性能,将其引入聚氨酯等高聚物基体可提高材料的强度、耐老化、耐化学腐蚀等性能。然而纳米SiO2的比表面积大,表面有很多羟基,有很强的亲水性,很容易发生团聚,使得纳米粒子在聚氨酯乳液中很难均匀分散。
目前在防爆领域中,织物的应用较少,主要是以复合材料(如层压板、防爆墙等)的形式应用于抗爆领域。发明专利CN111016318A公开了“抗爆抗冲击负泊松比梯度复合阻尼材料及其制备方法”。该发明所提供的抗爆抗冲击负泊松比梯度复合阻尼材料,采用内表粘弹层-内部刚性层-中间弹性层-外表高强层的层状单元结构,达到负泊松比的效果,大幅度提高了对冲击破坏的抵抗能力。该复合材料虽然防护周期长,但制备过程复杂,体型笨重,使用不便。相比于这些复合材料,织物具有质轻、便捷的优势。发明专利CN108252083A公开了“一种轻质防爆减震织物及其制备和应用”。该发明所提供的轻质防爆减震织物采用在三维织物的基础上填充气凝胶的方法,达到防爆减震和质轻的效果。但是其对在防护爆炸产生的飞散物时的包覆性较差,容易使飞散物发生反弹相撞,产生二次伤害。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的上述问题,本发明提供了一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物。本发明采用两层负泊松比织物相互配合,使织物具有良好的包覆效果。同时采用改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液做粘结剂,在良好粘结的基础上提高织物的抗冲击、防刺穿性及耐久性。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物,所述抗爆复合织物的结构包括表层、芯层和里层;
所述表层为负泊松比结构织物;所述芯层为聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物;所述里层为负泊松比结构织物;所述表层、芯层和里层采用缝合法连接。
所述表层中负泊松比织物采用涤氨包芯纱和玻璃纤维编织而成,所用玻璃纤维细度为300-1000tex,涤氨包芯纱细度为30-40D;表层的厚度为0.5-1.0mm。涤氨包芯纱和玻璃纤维交叉编织,形成锯齿形组织结构。
所述里层中负泊松比织物采用棉氨包芯纱和UHMWPE纤维编织而成,所用棉氨包芯纱细度为40D-50D,UHMWPE纤维的细度为500tex-1000tex;里层的厚度为0.6-1.2mm。棉氨包芯纱和UHMWPE纤维交叉编织,形成锯齿形组织结构。
所述芯层由多层聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物组成,层数为5-10层,各层聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物采用棉、涤棉、芳纶、UHMWPE纤维中的一种或多种为原料,采用剑杆织机编织成蜂巢组织结构。
所述聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物的各层织物经密为220-260根/10cm,纬密为170-220根/10cm;各层织物的厚度为0.5-0.8mm。
所述芯层中各层间采用改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液粘结;所述改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液的制备方法为:
将低聚物多元醇、亲水扩链剂和多孔纳米二氧化硅按比例混合均匀后,加入甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)在70-80℃的环境下反应得到端-NCO基预聚体;
然后降温至20-30℃,滴加成盐剂中和未反应完全的亲水基团,之后加入去离子水快速搅拌剪切乳化,最后除去溶剂即可得到透明改性SiO2/聚氨酯乳液。
所述低聚物多元醇为聚醚二醇、聚酯二醇、聚醚三醇中的一种或多种;亲水扩链剂为二羟甲基丙酸、乙二胺基乙磺酸钠、N-甲基二乙醇胺中的一种或多种;所述多孔纳米二氧化硅的粒径为3-12微米;成盐剂为三乙胺、醋酸中的一种或多种;
当扩链剂使用二羟甲基丙酸或乙二胺基乙磺酸钠时,采用三乙胺为成盐剂;当扩链剂使用N-甲基二乙醇胺时,采用醋酸为成盐剂。
所述低聚物多元醇与甲苯二异氰酸酯的摩尔比为(1.5-2.0):1;亲水扩链剂占低聚物多元醇和甲苯二异氰酸酯总质量的4%-6%;多孔纳米二氧化硅占低聚物多元醇和甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)总质量的0.5%-2%。
缝合法连接采用改进锁式双边缝合,缝合结点在表面形成;缝合线为80-100D的芳纶纤维;所述的复合织物厚度为4-12mm,织物的面密度为0.5-1.2kg/m2
本发明有益的技术效果在于:
本发明为一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物,具有轻便、抗冲击性能好、防刺穿性能好、包覆效果好的优点。
在防爆过程中织物的迎爆层(即织物的表层)主要受到压缩和剪切破坏的作用,织物的背爆层(即织物的里层)主要受到拉伸破坏的作用。本发明的复合织物表层和里层都采用负泊松比结构织物,受到压缩时表层织物向应力集中点收缩,受到拉伸的里层织物向四周伸展,使得织物整体向应力点弯曲,从而起到良好的包覆效果,同时减少飞散物撞击后的反弹行为所带来的二次伤害。
由于负泊松比织物的承载力较弱,本发明复合织物芯层采用几层蜂窝织物叠加,可以起到吸能支撑的作用,弥补了表里层承载力较弱的缺陷,使复合织物能够更好地起到抗冲击的效果。
本发明采用改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液做粘结剂,一方面以改性的多孔SiO2代替纳米SiO2填充改性水性聚氨酯乳液克服了纳米SiO2易团聚、在水性聚氨酯乳液中分布不匀的问题;另一方面纳米SiO2的颗粒由于表面严重的配位不足和庞大的表面积而具有较强的活性,同时有部分的SiO2分布在高分子链的孔隙中,使得聚氨酯的韧性和延展性得到提高,使得织物能够在迎接冲击时及时作出回应,起到很好的包覆效果。另外将改性纳米SiO2颗粒均匀、充分地分散到树脂材料中,在受到应力冲击时,纳米粒子迅速团聚,可以减轻冲击对织物带来的破坏,进一步提高织物的抗冲击性能。
本发明采用改进锁式双边缝合法将织物的表层、芯层、里层连接起来,缝合的两线结点在被缝合件的表面形成,被缝合件的垂直方向不会产生结点,只有一条直线穿过,不易产生应力集中,复合材料的层间强力、损伤容限都会有所提高。同时相较于粘结剂对表里层织物受到应力变化的限制较小,有利于发挥织物的包覆性能。
附图说明
图1为本发明复合织物结构示意图;
图2为负泊松比织物结构示意图;
图3为负泊松比织物的编织图;
图中:两行编织一个横列,奇数行编织玻璃纤维或UHMWPE纤维,偶数行编织涤氨包芯纱或棉氨包芯纱;
图4为缝合方式示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例,对本发明进行具体描述。
实施例1
一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物,其结构包括表层、芯层和里层;表层、芯层和里层采用缝合法连接;
(1)表层
表层采用细度为30D的涤氨包芯纱和细度为300tex的玻璃纤维交叉编织,形成锯齿形组织结构,即得负泊松比结构织物,厚度为0.5mm。
(2)芯层
5层由UHMWPE纤维采用剑杆织机编织成蜂巢组织结构(每层的厚度为0.5mm,经密为220根/10cm,纬密为170根/10cm),各层之间通过采用改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液粘结,形成聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物;
本实施例改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液的制备方法为:
在装有搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝管的四口烧瓶中加入6g脱水后的聚醚二元醇、0.4g二羟甲基丙酸和0.05g孔径为3微米的多孔纳米二氧化硅进行搅拌,待体系均匀混合后加入4g的TDI,然后升温至80℃反应3h,反应过程中加少量丙酮调节黏度,然后降温至30℃滴加三乙胺中和其中的羧基,快速搅拌10min,之后滴加去离子水快速搅拌剪切乳化,最后采用真空减压的方式除去溶剂,得到透明改性SiO2/聚氨酯乳液,固含率控制在30%左右。
(3)里层
里层采用细度为500tex的UHMWPE纤维和细度为40D的棉氨包芯纱编织成的负泊松比结构织物,织物的厚度为0.6mm。
使用细度为100D的芳纶纤维采用改进锁式双边缝合法将织物的表层、芯层、里层连接起来。制得复合织物试样长度为10cm,宽度为10cm,厚度为4mm,织物密度为0.5kg/m2
实施例2
一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物,其结构包括表层、芯层和里层;表层、芯层和里层采用缝合法连接;
(1)表层
表层采用细度为35D的涤氨包芯纱和细度为650tex的玻璃纤维交叉编织,形成锯齿形组织结构,即得负泊松比结构织物,厚度为0.7mm。
(2)芯层
7层由芳纶纤维采用剑杆织机编织成蜂巢组织结构(每层的厚度为0.6mm,经密为240根/10cm,纬密为200根/10cm),各层之间通过采用改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液粘结,形成聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物;
本实施例改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液的制备方法为:
在装有搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝管的四口烧瓶中加入12g脱水后的聚酯二醇、0.85g乙二胺基乙磺酸钠和0.2g孔径为8微米的多孔纳米二氧化硅进行搅拌,待体系均匀混合后加入5g的TDI,然后升温至75℃反应3h,反应过程中加少量丙酮调节黏度,然后降温至25℃滴加三乙胺中和其中的磺酸基,快速搅拌10min,之后滴加去离子水快速搅拌剪切乳化,最后采用真空减压的方式除去溶剂,得到透明改性SiO2/聚氨酯乳液,固含率控制在30%左右。
(3)里层
里层采用细度为750tex的UHMWPE纤维和细度为45D的棉氨包芯纱编织成的负泊松比结构织物,织物的厚度为0.9mm。
使用细度为100D的芳纶纤维采用改进锁式双边缝合法将织物的表层、芯层、里层连接起来。制得复合织物试样长度为10cm,宽度为10cm,厚度为6.5mm,织物密度为0.8kg/m2
实施例3
一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物,其结构包括表层、芯层和里层;表层、芯层和里层采用缝合法连接;
(1)表层
表层采用细度为40D的涤氨包芯纱和细度为1000tex的玻璃纤维交叉编织,形成锯齿形组织结构,即得负泊松比结构织物,厚度为1.0mm。
(2)芯层
10层由芳纶纤维采用剑杆织机编织成蜂巢组织结构(每层的厚度为0.8mm,经密为260根/10cm,纬密为220根/10cm),各层之间通过采用改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液粘结,形成聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物;
本实施例改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液的制备方法为:
在装有搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝管的四口烧瓶中加入20g脱水后的聚醚三醇、1.8gN-甲基二乙醇胺和1.2g孔径为12微米的多孔纳米二氧化硅进行搅拌,待体系均匀混合后加入10g的TDI,然后升温至70℃反应3h,反应过程中加少量丙酮调节黏度,然后降温至20℃滴加醋酸中和其中的胺基,快速搅拌10min,之后滴加去离子水快速搅拌剪切乳化,最后采用真空减压的方式除去溶剂,得到透明改性SiO2/聚氨酯乳液,固含率控制在30%左右。
(3)里层
里层采用细度为1000tex的UHMWPE纤维和细度为50D的棉氨包芯纱编织成的负泊松比结构织物,织物的厚度为1.2mm。
使用细度为100D的芳纶纤维采用改进锁式双边缝合法将织物的表层、芯层、里层连接起来。制得复合织物试样长度为10cm,宽度为10cm,厚度为11mm,织物密度为1.2kg/m2
对比例1
本对比例提供一种抗爆复合织物为10层以芳纶纤维编织而成的复合蜂窝织物,每层织物的厚度为0.8mm,织物的经密为260根/10cm,纬密为220根/10cm,蜂窝织物层与层之间以配置好的改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液粘结。制得复合织物试样长度为10cm,宽度为10cm,厚度为8.5mm,织物密度为1.0kg/m2
改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液的制备方法如下:在装有搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝管的四口烧瓶中加入20g脱水后的聚醚三醇、1.8gN-甲基二乙醇胺和1.2g孔径为12微米的多孔纳米二氧化硅进行搅拌,待体系均匀混合后加入10g的TDI(甲苯二异氰酸酯),然后升温至70℃反应约3h,反应过程中可加少量丙酮调节黏度。然后降温至20℃滴加醋酸中和其中的胺基,快速搅拌10min。滴加去离子水快速搅拌剪切乳化,最后采用真空减压的方式除去溶剂,得到透明改性SiO2/聚氨酯乳液,固含率控制在30%左右。
测试例
采用SHLJ-LSIT-01型—低速冲击测试仪通过0.5Kg重的冲击弹头以20m/s的冲击速度对织物试样进行冲击性能测试,研究低速冲击下织物对冲击波的吸收效果。同时通过高速摄像机记录织物冲击测试的过程,通过技术分析测试出织物受到冲击时的最大包覆角,测试结果如表1所示。
表1
项目 能量吸收率(%) 最大包覆角(°)
实施例1 70 78
实施例2 75 75
实施例3 80 70
对比例1 70 60
由表1可以看出,本发明的一种抗爆复合织物在抗冲击方面表现出性能,基本上能够吸收70%以上的冲击能量,可以有效减少外部冲击对保护单位造成的伤害;同时本发明的抗爆复合织物在受到撞击时显示出良好的包覆性能,相较于对比例中单纯几层织物的叠加,本发明的三明治结构复合织物在受到冲击时的包覆角更大,可有效减少撞击后的反弹效果,保护能力更强。
经过三个实施例的对比发现,织物的厚度对织物的能量吸收性能和包覆性能有较大的影响。随着织物厚度的增加,织物的能量吸收率会增大,但是织物的包覆角会有所减小。使用者可以根据产品的具体用途,通过自由调节复合织物芯层的层数,来调整织物的抗冲击性能和包覆能力的侧重关系,更好地适应产品的应用情境。

Claims (10)

1.一种包覆性好的抗爆复合织物,其特征在于,所述抗爆复合织物的结构包括表层、芯层和里层;
所述表层为负泊松比结构织物;所述芯层为聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物;所述里层为负泊松比结构织物;所述表层、芯层和里层采用缝合法连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的抗爆复合织物,其特征在于,所述表层中负泊松比织物采用涤氨包芯纱和玻璃纤维编织而成,所用玻璃纤维细度为300-1000tex,涤氨包芯纱细度为30-40D;表层的厚度为0.5-1.0mm。
3.根据权利要求2所述的抗爆复合织物,其特征在于,涤氨包芯纱和玻璃纤维交叉编织,形成锯齿形组织结构。
4.根据权利要求1所述的抗爆复合织物,其特征在于,所述里层中负泊松比织物采用棉氨包芯纱和UHMWPE纤维编织而成,所用棉氨包芯纱细度为40D-50D,UHMWPE纤维的细度为500tex-1000tex;里层的厚度为0.6-1.2mm。
5.根据权利要求4所述的抗爆复合织物,其特征在于,棉氨包芯纱和UHMWPE纤维交叉编织,形成锯齿形组织结构。
6.根据权利要求1所述的抗爆复合织物,其特征在于,所述芯层由多层聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物组成,层数为5-10层,各层聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物采用棉、涤棉、芳纶、UHMWPE纤维中的一种或多种为原料,采用剑杆织机编织成蜂巢组织结构。
7.根据权利要求6所述的抗爆复合织物,其特征在于,所述聚氨酯复合蜂窝织物的各层织物经密为220-260根/10cm,纬密为170-220根/10cm;各层织物的厚度为0.5-0.8mm。
8.根据权利要求1所述的抗爆复合织物,其特征在于,所述芯层中各层间采用改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液粘结;所述改性SiO2/水性聚氨酯乳液的制备方法为:
将低聚物多元醇、亲水扩链剂和多孔纳米二氧化硅按比例混合均匀后,加入甲苯二异氰酸酯在70-80℃的环境下反应得到端-NCO基预聚体;
然后降温至20-30℃,滴加成盐剂中和未反应完全的亲水基团,之后加入去离子水快速搅拌剪切乳化,最后除去溶剂即可得到透明改性SiO2/聚氨酯乳液。
9.根据权利要求8所述的抗爆复合织物,其特征在于,所述低聚物多元醇为聚醚二醇、聚酯二醇、聚醚三醇中的一种或多种;亲水扩链剂为二羟甲基丙酸、乙二胺基乙磺酸钠、N-甲基二乙醇胺中的一种或多种;所述多孔纳米二氧化硅的粒径为3-12微米;成盐剂为三乙胺、醋酸中的一种或多种;
所述低聚物多元醇与甲苯二异氰酸酯的摩尔比为(1.5-2.0):1;亲水扩链剂占低聚物多元醇和甲苯二异氰酸酯总质量的4%-6%;多孔纳米二氧化硅占低聚物多元醇和甲苯二异氰酸酯总质量的0.5%-2%。
10.根据权利要求1所述的抗爆复合织物,其特征在于,缝合法连接采用改进锁式双边缝合,缝合结点在表面形成;缝合线为80-100D的芳纶纤维;所述的复合织物厚度为4-12mm,织物的面密度为0.5-1.2kg/m2
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CN112126112A (zh) * 2020-09-18 2020-12-25 浙江映甫防护科技有限公司 一种低密度高抗冲防护材料的制备方法

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CN118182285A (zh) * 2024-05-17 2024-06-14 南京理工大学 一种多级npr防护脚垫装置
CN118182285B (zh) * 2024-05-17 2024-08-06 南京理工大学 一种多级npr防护脚垫装置

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