CN114797796B - 一种气凝胶膜及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种气凝胶膜及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114797796B CN114797796B CN202110112707.1A CN202110112707A CN114797796B CN 114797796 B CN114797796 B CN 114797796B CN 202110112707 A CN202110112707 A CN 202110112707A CN 114797796 B CN114797796 B CN 114797796B
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- sol
- aerogel film
- film
- carboxyl
- aerogel
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 108010025899 gelatin film Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 22
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- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 8
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- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- FPQQSJJWHUJYPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(dimethylamino)propyliminomethylidene-ethylazanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCN=C=NCCCN(C)C FPQQSJJWHUJYPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000003109 Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
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Classifications
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- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
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- B01D67/0006—Organic membrane manufacture by chemical reactions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种气凝胶膜的制备方法,包括:(1)将含羧基的凝胶材料加入去离子水中溶解,得到溶胶;(2)将步骤(1)中得到的溶胶喷涂在冷冻的交联剂溶液冰面上,得到固体膜状溶胶;(3)将步骤(2)中得到的固体膜状溶胶浸入交联剂溶液中,浸泡得到凝胶膜;(4)将步骤(3)得到的凝胶膜真空冷冻干燥,得到气凝胶膜,本发明还提供了由上述方法制备得到的气凝胶膜及其在含油污水和/或含重金属离子污水分离领域的应用。本发明制备方法操作简单,原料价格低,可实现规模化制备,制备得到的气凝胶膜废弃后可实现生物降解,不会对环境造成二次污染。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种分离薄膜,具体涉及一种气凝胶膜及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
随着科学技术的发展和人类社会的进步,人们对物质材料不断提出新的性能要求,材料制备的新方法、新工艺不断被应用。近年来,凝胶技术被成功地应用到各个领域,得到材料界研究者的广泛关注并获得迅速发展,制备的膜具有普通块状材料所不具备的性能。
传统的制备凝胶膜方法有旋涂法,流延法和3D打印法等,传统的方法需要复杂昂贵的设备,且制备得到的膜化学组成相均匀性一般,制备成本高。
公开号为CN103170250A的专利申请公开了一种水过滤用杂化水凝胶平板膜,该平板膜以海藻酸钠为高分子骨架,以丙烯酰胺及其衍生物为聚合单体,加入化学交联剂和离子交联剂,以水溶性化合物为致孔剂,引发聚合形成高强度高韧性的双交联网络水凝胶,洗脱掉致孔剂后得到的平板膜用于水过滤,具有高的亲水性和优良的抗污染性。该制备方法工艺简单,成本低,没有废溶剂产生,得到的水凝胶平板膜在油水分离、蛋白质分离、微生物过滤等容易污染的膜分离领域有良好的应用前景。
公开号为CN103446899A的专利申请公开了一种表层化学交联的海藻酸盐基有机无机杂化水凝胶过滤膜。该过滤膜以海藻酸钠为成膜基材,以表面带羧酸基团的微纳米无机粒子为增强剂和扩孔剂,以水溶性化合物为致孔剂,经离子交联剂交联,洗脱致孔剂后膜表面沉积一层荷正电的聚电解质并经过化学交联剂交联,得到的杂化水凝胶过滤膜具有比纯离子交联海藻酸盐水凝胶膜更好的稳定性和机械性能,以及更高的截留率。通过改变微纳米无机粒子和离子交联剂的种类,控制无机粒子的大小、用量以及离子交联剂浓度调节膜的机械强度和整体膜孔大小。通过控制荷正电聚电解质的用量,交联剂的用量和交联时间控制交联程度及表面膜孔大小。
公开号为CN104874295A的专利申请公开了一种超亲水自清洁多功能分等级油水分离材料的制备方法,包括:(1)采用氢气泡模板法制备网状多孔Cu薄膜;(2)将0.1-20wt.%聚醋酸乙烯酯溶液与1-20wt.%壳聚糖溶液以体积比为1:1-10混合,一起搅拌0.5-2h成为均匀的混合溶液;(3)将壳聚糖、聚醋酸乙烯酯涂层网格沉浸在戊二醛溶液中,在20-80℃下充分交联10-60min;(4)将交联后的壳聚糖/聚醋酸乙烯酯涂层网格在20-80℃下沉浸在NaBH4和NaOH混合溶液中10-60min,用去离子水冲洗并空气中干燥,获得壳聚糖、聚醋酸乙烯酯/Cu复合网膜。
公开号为CN109092360A的专利申请公开了一种用于催化降解有机物的纳米杂化凝胶膜的制备方法,将表面官能化的金属纳米催化剂、海藻酸钠溶液和Ca2+交联剂的混合物进行刮膜制得用于催化降解有机物的纳米杂化凝胶膜,其中表面官能化的金属纳米催化剂主要由催化剂和包裹层组成,包裹层包裹在催化剂的表面,催化剂表面含有光催化反应位点,包裹层由游离的油酸铵络合物的烷基链与吸附在催化剂表面的油酸铵络合物的烷基链相互穿插形成;混合物是通过将海藻酸钠溶液和表面官能化的金属纳米催化剂进行混合后加入Ca2+交联剂混合制得的。本发明方法具有催化效率高、耗能小且负载的催化剂不易脱落等优点,制得的纳米杂化凝胶膜对有机物的降解率高,有极好的工业推广价值。
上述专利申请的方法,需要额外的致孔剂、扩孔剂,或制备的凝胶膜均匀性不佳,不适合大规模应用。
发明内容
本发明提供一种气凝胶膜的制备方法,制备方法简单,制备得到的气凝胶膜韧性好且膜化学组成相均匀性高。
一种气凝胶膜的制备方法,包括:
(1)将含羧基的凝胶材料加入去离子水中溶解,得到溶胶;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的溶胶喷涂在冷冻的交联剂溶液冰面上,得到固体膜状溶胶;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到固体膜状溶胶浸入交联剂溶液中,浸泡得到凝胶膜,真空冷冻干燥,得到气凝胶膜。
步骤(1)中,所述的含羧基的凝胶为聚丙烯酸、聚甲基丙烯酸、透明质酸、海藻酸、纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、单宁酸、丙烯酸盐、聚甲基丙烯酸盐或海藻酸盐。
作为优选,所述的含羧基的凝胶为海藻酸盐;进一步优选,所述的含羧基的凝胶为海藻酸钠、海藻酸钾或海藻酸铵。利用高分子中的羧基与交联剂溶液中金属离子的亲和性,将高分子连接起来,凝胶化形成三维空间网络。
所述的溶胶质量浓度为0.5%~3%。在此浓度范围内,溶胶的流动性好且制备得到的气凝胶膜的韧性高。
步骤(2)中,作为优选,所述的喷涂次数为10~80次;进一步优选,所述的喷涂次数为10~60次。该喷涂次数范围内成膜后膜厚度适中,交联程度较好。
所述的交联剂溶液中交联剂为硫酸铜、硫酸铁、氯化镁、硝酸钙、硫酸钙、氯化钙中的一种或两种以上的混合物;作为优选,所述的交联剂溶液中交联剂为硝酸钙、硫酸钙和氯化钙中的一种或多种。
所述的冷冻的交联剂溶液温度为-10℃以下,使溶胶成固态结构。
步骤(2)或步骤(3)中,所述的交联剂溶液的质量浓度为0.1~10%;作为优选,所述的交联剂溶液的质量浓度为0.5~5%。该质量浓度范围内,交联可充分均匀。
作为优选,所述的交联剂溶液的温度为0~5℃。低温交联可以防止交联过快导致交联不均匀,褶皱等缺陷的产生。
步骤(3)中,所述的真空冷冻干燥温度为-60℃~-90℃,干燥时间为20-24h。
本发明的制备方法将液态溶胶均匀的喷涂在冷冻的交联剂冰面上,在低温的作用下形成固态溶胶,将得到的固态凝胶浸泡在低温的交联剂溶液中,固态溶胶的上表面在交联剂金属离子的作用下缓慢均匀交联,固态溶胶下表面在相同种类的交联剂冰面融化释放出的金属离子作用下同步交联,冰面完全融化后,就得到了均匀交联的气凝胶膜。
进一步优选,步骤(1)中,制备溶胶时,可将含羧基的凝胶材料加入羧基活化剂或修饰剂进行改性,得到活化溶胶或改性溶胶;再进一步优选,步骤(1)中,制备溶胶时,将含羧基的凝胶材料加入羧基活化剂或修饰剂进行改性时,再加入连接剂,得到改性溶胶I或改性溶胶II。
羧基活化剂可以提高高分子凝胶中羧基的活性,提高反应的效率;修饰剂可以提供功能基团,使材料具备特殊的功能,改善材料的韧性和强度;连接剂作为桥梁连接高分子凝胶与修饰剂,同时提供可以与重金属离子进行配位的N原子,提高重金属去除能力。
所述的羧基活化剂为1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺中的一种或两种混合物。
所述的修饰剂为柠檬酸、4-巯基苯甲酸、二巯基丁二酸和乙二胺四乙酸二钠中的一种或多种。
所述的连接剂为乙二胺。
步骤(1)中,当仅在含羧基的凝胶材料中加入羧基活化剂对溶胶进行改性时,所述的含羧基的凝胶与羧基活化剂的质量比为0.5~3:0.1~2。在该范围内,羧基活化剂活化作用较好,且不影响气凝胶膜的性能。
当仅在含羧基的凝胶材料中加入修饰剂对溶胶进行改性时,所述的含羧基的凝胶与修饰剂的质量比为0.5~3:0.1~3。在该范围内,修饰剂可以充分接枝到含羧基的凝胶分子表面,提高气凝胶膜的亲水性能。
本发明还提供一种气凝胶膜,所述的气凝胶膜是根据上述方法步骤(1)中,将含羧基的凝胶材料加入去离子水中溶解得到溶胶,制备得到的基础气凝胶膜。该气凝胶膜具备初步的韧性和强度,可以实现油水分离以及重金属吸附功能。
本发明还提供一种气凝胶膜,所述的气凝胶膜是根据上述方法步骤(1)中,将含羧基的凝胶材料加入羧基活化剂对溶胶进行改性,得到活化溶胶,再制备得的活化气凝胶膜。相比于基础气凝胶膜,其重金属吸附功能有所提高。
本发明还提供一种气凝胶膜,所述的气凝胶膜是根据上述方法步骤(1)中,将含羧基的凝胶材料加入修饰剂进行改性,得到改性溶胶,再制备得的改性气凝胶膜。相比于基础气凝胶膜,其亲水性得到了提高。
本发明还提供一种气凝胶膜,所述的气凝胶膜是根据上述方法步骤(1)中,将含羧基的凝胶材料加入羧基活化剂、连接剂进行改性,得到改性溶胶I,再制备得的改性气凝胶膜I。相比于基础气凝胶膜,其对重金属离子的吸附能力得到了提高。
本发明还提供一种气凝胶膜,所述的气凝胶膜是根据上述方法步骤(1)中,将含羧基的凝胶材料加入修饰剂、连接剂进行改性,得到改性溶胶II再制备得的改性气凝胶膜II相比于基础气凝胶膜,其对重金属离子的吸附能力得到了提高。
本发明同时还提供一种气凝胶膜在污水处理中用于含油污水和/或含重金属离子污水分离的应用。
本发明的有益效果体现在:
(1)本发明制备方法原料价格低,工艺成熟,可实现规模化制备,制备得到的气凝胶膜废弃后可实现生物降解,不会对环境造成二次污染。
(2)本发明制备的气凝胶膜在水下油接触角为150°~160°,具有稳定的水化层,具有超低的水下油粘附力和滚动角,可以实现不混相油水混合物的分离,也可以实现水包油混相油水混合物的分离。
(3)本发明制备的气凝胶膜实现在重力作用下的油水分离,具有较大的水通量,可实现对油水混合物长时间稳定的分离,分离效率达99%以上。
(4)本发明制备的气凝胶膜实现油水分离的同时,又可以用于污水中重金属离子的吸附,同时解决两类水污染问题。
(5)本发明制备的气凝胶膜在吸附重金属离子后,可以通过酸脱附,实现循环使用,且不降低分离效率。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的气凝胶膜图片;
图2为实施例1制备的气凝胶膜水下油接触角的显示照片;
图3为实施例1制备的气凝胶膜的扫描电镜图;
图4为实施例2制备的气凝胶膜图片;
图5为实施例2制备的气凝胶膜水下油接触角的显示照片;
图6为实施例2制备的气凝胶膜的扫描电镜图;
图7为实施例5制备的气凝胶膜图片;
图8为实施例5制备的气凝胶膜水下油接触角的显示照片;
图9为实施例5制备的气凝胶膜的扫描电镜图;
图10为实施例6制备的气凝胶膜图片;
图11为实施例6制备的气凝胶膜水下油接触角的显示照片;
图12为实施例6制备的气凝胶膜的扫描电镜图;
图13为实施例7制备的气凝胶膜图片;
图14为实施例7制备的气凝胶膜水下油接触角的显示照片;
图15为实施例7制备的气凝胶膜的扫描电镜图。
具体实施方式
结合以下实施例对本发明的原理和特征进行描述,所举实例只用于解释本发明,并非用于限定本发明的范围。
实施例1基础气凝胶膜的制备
(1)将2g海藻酸钠溶于100ml去离子水中,磁力搅拌30min,获得质量浓度为2%的海藻酸钠溶胶
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的溶胶喷涂在-20℃冷冻的氯化钙交联剂溶液冰面上,喷涂次数为60次,得到固体状溶胶;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的固体状溶胶浸入4℃、5%氯化钙溶液中,成膜后继续浸泡1h,得凝胶膜;
(4)将步骤(3)中得到的凝胶膜-80℃真空冷冻干燥24h,得到基础气凝胶膜。
图1为实施例1制备的气凝胶膜图片,由图1可以看出制备出的气凝胶膜材料较为均匀,孔隙发达。
图2显示了实施例1制备的气凝胶膜水下油接触角,由图2可以看出材料具备水下超疏油性,可以有效地防止油类污染。
图3为实施例1制备的气凝胶膜的扫描电镜图,图3可以看出材料的孔径为微米级,可以有效分离微米级油水乳液。
实施例2
(1)将2g聚丙烯酸溶于100ml去离子水中,磁力搅拌30min,获得质量浓度为2%的聚丙烯酸溶胶,
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的溶胶喷涂在-20℃冷冻的氯化钙交联剂溶液冰面上,喷涂次数为60次,得到固体状溶胶;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的固体状溶胶浸入4℃、5%氯化钙溶液中,成膜后继续浸泡1h,得凝胶膜;
(4)将步骤(3)中得到的凝胶膜-80℃真空冷冻干燥24h,得到基础气凝胶膜。
图4为实施例2制备的气凝胶膜图片,由图4可以看出制备的膜材料质地均匀,平整。
图5显示了实施例2制备的气凝胶膜水下油接触角,由图5可以看出制备出的膜材料水下油接触角极大,达到了水下超疏油水平。
图6为实施例2制备的气凝胶膜的扫描电镜图,图6可看出,材料表面没有明显的缺陷,存在一定的粗糙度。
实施例3
(1)将2g透明质酸溶于100ml去离子水中,磁力搅拌30min,获得质量浓度为2%的透明质酸溶胶,
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的溶胶喷涂在-20℃冷冻的氯化钙交联剂溶液冰面上,喷涂次数为60次,得到固体状溶胶;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的固体状溶胶浸入4℃、5%氯化钙溶液中,成膜后继续浸泡1h,得凝胶膜;
(4)将步骤(3)中得到的凝胶膜-80℃真空冷冻干燥24h,得到透明质酸基础气凝胶膜。
实施例4加入羧基活化剂的改性气凝胶膜的制备
(1)将3g海藻酸钠溶于100ml去离子水中,磁力搅拌30min,获得质量浓度为3%的海藻酸钠溶胶,在搅拌条件下向海藻酸钠溶胶中加入1g1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐,磁力搅拌2.5h;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的溶胶喷涂在-20℃冷冻的氯化钙交联剂溶液冰面上,喷涂次数为60次,得到固体状溶胶;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的固体状溶胶浸入4℃、5%氯化钙溶液中,成膜后继续浸泡1h,得凝胶膜;
(4)将步骤(3)中得到的凝胶膜-80℃真空冷冻干燥24h,得到改性的气凝胶膜。
实施例5加入修饰剂的改性气凝胶膜的制备
(1)将1g海藻酸钠溶于100ml去离子水中,磁力搅拌30min,获得质量浓度为1%的海藻酸钠溶胶
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的溶液中加入1g柠檬酸,磁力搅拌3.5h,得到改性溶胶;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的溶胶喷涂在-20℃冷冻的氯化钙交联剂溶液冰面上,喷涂次数为60次,得到固体状溶胶;
(4)将步骤(3)中得到的固体状溶胶浸入4℃、5%氯化钙溶液中,成膜后继续浸泡1h,得凝胶膜;
(5)将步骤(4)中得到的凝胶膜-80℃真空冷冻干燥24h,得到基础气凝胶膜。
图7为实施例5制备的气凝胶膜图片,由图7可以看出,通过凝胶喷涂,冷冻干燥得到的气凝胶膜平整光滑。
图8显示了实施例5制备的气凝胶膜水下油接触角,由图8可以看出,气凝胶膜材料的水下疏油效果极佳,油滴不能浸染膜材料。
图9为实施例5制备的气凝胶膜的扫描电镜图,图9可以看出,材料微表面孔径很小,无裂缝等缺陷。
实施例6加入连接剂的改性气凝胶膜的制备
(1)将0.5g海藻酸钠溶于100ml去离子水中,磁力搅拌30min,获得质量浓度为0.5%的海藻酸钠溶胶,在搅拌条件下向海藻酸钠溶胶中加入2ml乙二胺,磁力搅拌2.5h;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的溶胶喷涂在-20℃冷冻的氯化钙交联剂溶液冰面上,喷涂次数为60次,得到固体状溶胶;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的固体状溶胶浸入4℃、5%氯化钙溶液中,成膜后继续浸泡1h,得凝胶膜;
(4)将步骤(3)中得到的凝胶膜-80℃真空冷冻干燥24h,得到改性的气凝胶膜。
图10为实施例6制备的气凝胶膜图片,由图10可以看出,制备出的气凝胶膜材料薄厚一致,质地均匀。
图11显示了实施例6制备的气凝胶膜水下油接触角,由图11可以看出,气凝胶膜材料水下油接触角超过了150°,达到超疏油水平。
图12为实施例6制备的气凝胶膜的扫描电镜图,图12可以看出,材料微表面平整光滑,没有裂缝,孔道等缺陷。
实施例7加入羧基活化剂和连接剂的改性气凝胶膜的制备
(1)将2g海藻酸钠溶于100ml去离子水中,磁力搅拌30min,获得质量浓度为2%的海藻酸钠溶胶,在搅拌条件下向海藻酸钠溶胶中加入1g1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐,再加入2ml乙二胺,磁力搅拌2.5h;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的改性溶胶喷涂在-20℃冷冻的氯化钙交联剂溶液冰面上,喷涂次数为60次,得到固体状溶胶;
(4)将步骤(3)中得到的固体状溶胶浸入4℃、2.5%氯化钙溶液中,成膜后继续浸泡1h,得凝胶膜;
(5)将步骤(4)中得到的凝胶膜-80℃真空冷冻干燥24h,得到气凝胶膜。
图13为实施例7制备的气凝胶膜图片,由图13可以看出,制备的膜材料质地均匀,平整。
图14显示了实施例7制备的气凝胶膜水下油接触角,由图14可以看出,材料具备水下超疏油性,可以有效地防止油类污染。
图15为实施例7制备的气凝胶膜的扫描电镜图,图15可以看出,材料内部的孔道发达,可以提高油水分离过程中水的运输效率。
Claims (13)
1.一种气凝胶膜的制备方法,包括:
(1)将含羧基的凝胶材料加入去离子水中溶解,得到溶胶;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的溶胶喷涂在冷冻的交联剂溶液冰面上,得到固体膜状溶胶;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到固体膜状溶胶浸入交联剂溶液中,浸泡得到凝胶膜,真空冷冻干燥,得到气凝胶膜。
2.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的含羧基的凝胶材料为聚丙烯酸、聚甲基丙烯酸、透明质酸、海藻酸、纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、单宁酸、丙烯酸盐、聚甲基丙烯酸盐或海藻酸盐。
3.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述的溶胶质量浓度为0.5%~3%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)和步骤(3)中,所述的交联剂溶液中交联剂为硫酸铜、硫酸铁、氯化镁、硫酸钙、硝酸钙、氯化钙中的一种或多种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)和步骤(3)中,所述的交联剂溶液的质量浓度为0.1~10%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,所述的喷涂次数为10~80次,所述的冷冻的交联剂溶液温度为-10℃以下。
7.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述的交联剂溶液温度为0~5℃。
8.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,制备溶胶时,将含羧基的凝胶材料加入羧基活化剂或修饰剂进行改性,得到活化溶胶或改性溶胶;
所述的羧基活化剂为1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺中的一种或两种混合物;
所述的修饰剂为单宁酸、柠檬酸、4-巯基苯甲酸、二巯基丁二酸和乙二胺四乙酸二钠中的一种或多种。
9.根据权利要求8所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,制备溶胶时,将含羧基的凝胶材料加入羧基活化剂进行改性时,所述的含羧基的凝胶与羧基活化剂的质量比为0.5~3∶0.1~2。
10.根据权利要求8所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,制备溶胶时,将含羧基的凝胶材料加入修饰剂进行改性时,所述的含羧基的凝胶与修饰剂的质量比为0.5~3∶0.1~3。
11.根据权利要求8所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的将含羧基的凝胶材料加入羧基活化剂或修饰剂时,加入连接剂进行改性,得到改性溶胶I或改性溶胶II;所述的连接剂为乙二胺。
12.一种气凝胶膜,其特征在于,所述气凝胶膜为根据权利要求1-11任一权利要求所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法制备得到。
13.一种气凝胶膜在污水处理中用于含油污水分离和/或含重金属离子污水分离中的应用,其特征在于,所述气凝胶膜为根据权利要求9或10所述的气凝胶膜的制备方法制备得到。
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