CN114786480A - 使用内皮素受体拮抗剂治疗眼部疾病 - Google Patents
使用内皮素受体拮抗剂治疗眼部疾病 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114786480A CN114786480A CN202080076957.8A CN202080076957A CN114786480A CN 114786480 A CN114786480 A CN 114786480A CN 202080076957 A CN202080076957 A CN 202080076957A CN 114786480 A CN114786480 A CN 114786480A
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Abstract
本公开涉及以下发现:可以使用艾多南坦或A‑182086治疗深刻影响人视觉系统并因此影响生活质量的某些眼的疾病。例如,艾多南坦或A‑182086可单独使用或与眼内压(IOP)降低剂、神经保护剂、抗VEGF剂或全部组合使用。单独使用艾多南坦或A‑182086或与其他药剂联合使用在某些疾病中增加对视网膜的灌注,并减少对视网膜细胞的损伤。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求分别于2019年10月30日和2020年8月20日提交的美国临时专利申请号62/928,092和63/068,215的优先权;其全部内容通过引用并入本文用于所有目的。
技术领域
本公开涉及医学领域和眼部疾病的治疗。更具体地,本公开涉及艾多南坦(Edonentan)和A-182086内皮素受体拮抗剂在治疗或改善青光眼、糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)、视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)、非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)、动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)和早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)中的用途。
背景技术
眼的疾病对人生活质量具有巨大影响,且在很大程度上仍难以得到有效治疗。据估计,美国每年因视力丧失、眼疾和视力障碍而造成的经济负担超过1000亿美元。使人衰弱的眼部疾病的实例包括青光眼、糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)、视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)、非动脉炎前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)、动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)和早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)。
青光眼是眼部病症,其特征在于视野缺损和视神经乳头开裂。通常已知异常高的眼内压对眼有害,并且有明确的迹象表明,在青光眼患者中,这可能是导致视网膜变性的最重要的身体变化。最终,如果不治疗,视力随着时间的推移逐渐丧失。然而,青光眼的病理生理机制仍然未知。
青光眼有三种基本类型:原发性、继发性和先天性。原发性青光眼是最常见的类型,并且可以分为开角型和闭角型青光眼。原发性开角型青光眼(“POAG”)是在美国观察到的最常见的青光眼类型。POAG通常在常规眼科检查的早期阶段被发现。原发性闭角型青光眼,也称为急性青光眼,通常发病突然,并且特征在于眼痛和视力模糊。继发性青光眼是多种其他疾病的并发症,诸如损伤、炎症、全身性血管疾病和糖尿病。先天性青光眼是由眼引流机制的发育缺陷所致。
糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)是糖尿病最常见的并发症,也是发达国家工作年龄人群视敏度下降和失明的主要原因。DR的发生率随着糖尿病的发展时间而增加。因此,90%的1型糖尿病患者和60%的2型糖尿病患者在糖尿病发展20年后具有一定程度的DR。西方国家的DR患病率非常相似且为约30%,并且在10%的病例中,DR处于严重威胁视力的晚期阶段。
当血糖水平的变化引起视网膜血管的变化时,发生DR。在一些情况下,这些血管将肿胀(黄斑水肿)并将液体泄漏到眼后部。在其他情况下,异常血管将在视网膜表面生长。除非得到治疗,否则DR可能逐渐变得更加严重,并从“背景性视网膜病变”进展为严重影响视力,并可能导致失明。
视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)是视网膜的血管性病症,并且是全世界视力丧失的最常见原因之一。具体来说,它是继糖尿病性视网膜病变之后视网膜血管疾病失明的第二大常见原因。RVO通常是潜在健康问题(例如高血压、高胆固醇水平、糖尿病和其他健康问题)的结果。视网膜静脉阻塞有两种类型:视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)是视网膜主静脉的阻塞,而视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)是较小分支静脉之一的阻塞。
目前,没有办法解除视网膜静脉阻塞,并且公认的治疗旨在解决与视网膜静脉阻塞有关的健康问题。一些已经患有视网膜静脉阻塞的眼可能恢复视力。约1/3有一些改善,约1/3保持不变,约1/3逐渐改善,但可能需要一年或更长时间以确定最终结果。在一些情况下,阻塞的血管将导致视网膜中的液体积聚。在其他情况下,缺血的发生导致新血管的形成。RVO目前通过玻璃体内注射抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)药物进行治疗。
前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)是由视神经前部的缺血性损伤引起的,该区域主要由睫状后动脉循环提供。前部缺血性视神经病变分为两种类型:继发于血管炎(尤其是巨细胞动脉炎)的动脉炎性AION(AAION)和继发于非炎性小血管疾病的非动脉炎性AION(NAION)。NAION占所有AION的95%,并且是50岁以上人群急性视神经病变的最常见原因,每100,000人中有2至10人受影响(在美国每年约有1500至6000例新病例)。目前,不存在普遍接受的NAION治疗或二级预防,但传统上已经将类固醇用于一些患者。
早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)可能因早产而发生。视网膜中的异常、渗漏性血管生长(新血管形成)继发于早产儿的其他治疗,并且通常可能导致新生儿失明。在怀孕期间,血管在母亲怀孕16周后从发育中的婴儿视网膜中心生长,然后在怀孕8个月后向外分支并到达视网膜边缘。在早产儿中,正常的视网膜血管生长是不完全的,因此可能更容易被破坏。
艾多南坦是高度选择性和非常有力的内皮素A受体拮抗剂。在第一种临床候选药物BMS-193884(正在开发用于治疗充血性心力衰竭(CHF))停药后,将艾多南坦开发为第二代类似物。艾多南坦于2002年4月处于I期试验,但其开发已停止。
A-182086是有力的双重ETA/ETB受体拮抗剂,具有4倍的ETA/ETB选择性。迄今为止,尚未在临床环境中研究A-182086。
仍然需要更有效地降低、治疗或以其他方式改善青光眼、DR、RVO、NAION、AION和ROP的发病率。
发明内容
本发明提供了使用内皮素受体拮抗剂治疗选自青光眼、糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)、视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)、非动脉性前部缺血性视神经病(NAION)、动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)和早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的眼部疾病的方法。
该方法包括使受试者的视觉组织与包含治疗有效量的艾多南坦或A-182086或其药学上可接受的盐的组合物接触,其中内皮素受体拮抗剂是艾多南坦或A-182086。此类拮抗剂或其药学上可接受的盐可以是结晶形式或无定形形式,其每一种均可以用于药学上可接受的用途。
在一些实施方案中,接触包括将局部组合物施用于眼的表面或其部分。在其他实施方案中,接触包括将艾多南坦或A-182086注射到通常的眼中或其特定区域中。
仍然在其他实施方案中,接触包括通过眼植入物例如港递送系统施用组合物。眼部植入物技术的实例包括但不限于ApidCOR、BioSeizer-ProDex、Vitrasert、Retisert、Iluvien、I-Vation、纳米多孔硅、Ozurdex/Novadur、OcuLief、港递送系统(PDS)、PEA植入物、PEG-PLA微球、PRINT技术、Q-Sphera、SKS微粒、Verisome、胶囊环装置、微型泵、微针注射器、微针/无针注射器、EyeCET、Gemini屈光胶囊、IVMED、睫状沟环、巩膜外植体、眼-D植入物和纳米脂质体。
在一些实施例中,可以用于本公开的方法的眼部植入物技术选自ApidCOR、BioSeizer-ProDex、Vitrasert、Retisert、Iluvien、I-Vation、纳米多孔硅、Ozurdex/Novadur、OcuLief、港递送系统(PDS)、PEA植入物、PEG-PLA微球、PRINT技术、Q-Sphera、SKS微粒、Verisome、胶囊环装置、微型泵、微针注射器、微针/无针注射器、EyeCET、Gemini屈光胶囊和IVMED。优选地,所述眼部植入物技术是ApidCOR、BioSeizer-ProDex、Vitrasert、Retisert、Iluvien、I-Vation、纳米多孔硅、Ozurdex/Novadur、OcuLief、港递送系统(PDS)、PEA植入物、PEG-PLA微球、PRINT技术、Q-Sphera、SKS微粒、Verisome、胶囊环装置或微型泵。
在一些实施方案中,眼部疾病是青光眼。在一些实施方案中,通过检测眼内压的降低或视神经损伤/视网膜神经纤维层变薄率的降低来确定治疗青光眼的治疗功效,其量足以缓解或预防视神经损伤。在进一步的实施方案中,通过视神经乳头血流的改善来确定治疗的治疗功效。在其他实施方案中,通过测量视网膜、视神经乳头或组织灌注的改善来确定治疗青光眼的治疗功效。
在一些用于治疗青光眼的实施方案中,所述实施方案进一步包括添加治疗有效量的眼内压(IOP)降低剂或神经保护剂,或前述任一种的药学上可接受的盐。在一些实施方案中,IOP降低剂选自下组:前列腺素(诸如拉坦前列素或曲伏前列素)、β阻滞剂(诸如噻吗洛尔或倍他洛尔)、α肾上腺素能激动剂(诸如溴莫尼定、阿可乐定)、碳酸酐酶抑制剂(诸如多佐胺或布林佐胺)、Rho激酶抑制剂(诸如奈妥舒迪)和缩瞳剂或胆碱能剂(诸如毛果芸香碱)。在一些实施方案中,神经保护剂选自由抗凋亡剂(诸如胱天蛋白酶-2抑制剂)和神经营养因子(诸如睫状神经营养因子)。
在一些实施方案中,眼部疾病是糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)。在进一步的实施方案中,通过视网膜新血管形成、糖尿病性视网膜病变严重程度评分和糖尿病诱导的神经变性的降低来确定治疗DR的治疗功效。在其他实施方案中,治疗DR的治疗功效通过测量视网膜或脉络膜灌注的改善来确定。
在一些实施方案中,疾病是视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)。在进一步的实施方案中,通过测量组织灌注的改善、炎症的减少或前述的组合来确定治疗RVO的治疗功效。
在一些实施方案中,疾病是NAION。在进一步的实施方案中,通过测量组织灌注的改善、炎症的减少或前述的组合来确定治疗NAION的治疗功效。
在一些实施方案中,疾病是AION。在进一步的实施方案中,通过测量组织灌注的改善、炎症的减少或前述的组合来确定治疗AION的治疗功效。
在一些实施方案中,眼部疾病是早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)。在进一步的实施方案中,通过测量视网膜灌注的改善和异常新血管形成的减少来确定治疗ROP的治疗功效。
在一些实施方案中,内皮素受体拮抗剂或其药学上可接受的盐是艾多南坦。在其他实施方案中,内皮素受体拮抗剂或其药学上可接受的盐是A-182086。在任一种情况下,拮抗剂或其药学上可接受的盐可以是结晶形式或无定形形式,其每一种均可以用于药学上可接受的用途。
在一些实施方案中,内皮素受体拮抗剂以约1μg至约4mg(例如,约1μg至约10μg、约10μg至约100μg、约100μg至约500μg,和约500μg至约4mg)的剂量施用。在一些实施方案中,内皮素受体拮抗剂以约0.1μg至约10μg的剂量施用。在一些实施方案中,内皮素受体拮抗剂以约1μg至约10μg的剂量施用。在进一步的实施方案中,内皮素受体拮抗剂以约10μg至约100μg的剂量施用。
在进一步的实施方案中,内皮素受体拮抗剂以约100μg至约500μg和约500μg至约4mg的剂量施用。
主题技术的另外特征和优点将在下面的描述中阐述,并且部分地将从描述中显而易见,或者可以通过主题技术的实践来了解。本主题技术的优点将通过书面描述及其实施方案中特别指出的结构来实现和获得。
本公开的一个或多个实施方案的细节在以下描述中阐述。本公开的其他特征、目的和优点将从下面的附图、描述和从权利要求中显而易见。
附图简述
图1描绘了代表性实验的光学相干断层扫描-血管造影(OCT-A)图像,其揭示了通过玻璃体内注射(IVT)注射施用0.5μg内皮素-1(ET-1)后45min焦点处兔视网膜血管结构中的重度血管痉挛。
图2描绘了揭示在IVT施用10μg艾多南坦后ET-1诱导的血管痉挛逆转的荧光素血管造影(FA)图像。
图3描绘了在IVT施用单独的媒介物(对照组)或单独的0.5μg ET-1或0.5μg ET-1和10μg艾多南坦,或0.5μg ET-1和10μg A-182086后,作为健康兔(n=5/组)的视网膜血流指标的荧光素染料速度的比较——其揭示了ET-1处理的兔中染料速度延长/流动减少,其在用艾多南坦或A-182086处理后改善到对照水平。
图4描绘了在IVT施用单独的媒介物(对照组-DMSO)或单剂艾多南坦(1μL的2μg/μL溶液)后24、48和96小时,患有氧诱导的缺血性视网膜病变(OIR)的小鼠(n=10只小鼠/组)中的视网膜缺氧面积的比较——其揭示了在用艾多南坦处理后患有OIR的小鼠的视网膜缺氧得到改善。
图5A描绘了在局部施用单独的媒介物(对照组)或艾多南坦后,眼内压(IOP)升高的大鼠(n=4只大鼠/组用于对照,n=6只大鼠/组用于艾多南坦)的周边视网膜中的视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)计数的比较。图5B描绘了在局部施用单独的媒介物(对照组)或艾多南坦后,眼内压(IOP)升高大鼠(n=4只大鼠/组用于对照,n=5只大鼠/组用于艾多南坦)中的模式视网膜电图(PERG)变化的比较。图5A和图5B揭示了在用艾多南坦处理后防止RGC损失和维持RGC功能。
图5C描绘了在大鼠的血浆、视网膜/视网膜色素上皮(RPE)/脉络膜、玻璃状液和房水中局部或口服施用的艾多南坦的药代动力学概况。图5C揭示了艾多南坦在局部施用后渗透通过角膜/巩膜并实现视网膜暴露的能力。
图6A描绘了在局部施用单独的媒介物(对照组)或A-182086后,眼内压(IOP)升高的大鼠(n=4只大鼠/组用于对照,n=6只大鼠/组用于A-182086)的周边视网膜中的视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)计数的比较。图6B描绘了在局部施用单独的媒介物(对照组)或A-182086后,眼内压(IOP)升高的大鼠(n=4只大鼠/组用于对照,n=5只大鼠/组用于A-182086)中的模式视网膜电图(PERG)变化的比较。图6A和图6B揭示了在用A-182086处理后防止RGC损失和维持RGC功能。
图6C描绘了在大鼠的血浆、视网膜/视网膜色素上皮(RPE)/脉络膜、玻璃状液和房水中局部或口服施用的A-182086的药代动力学概况。图6C揭示了A-182086在局部施用后渗透通过角膜/巩膜并实现视网膜暴露的能力。
图7A-7L描绘了激光散斑流图(LSFG),用于比较三个非人灵长类的实验性青光眼和对侧健康眼(对照)的随时间的整体平均均值模糊率(MBR)或相比基线的MBR变化,作为激光诱导青光眼模型中视神经乳头(ONH)血流的指标。图7M显示了来自三个非人灵长类的汇总结果。图7N显示了非人灵长类中的一个在不同选定时间点的LSFG扫描。
图8A和图8B描绘了在IVT施用单独的媒介物(对照)、0.1μg ET-1和10μg艾多南坦、0.1μg ET-1和2.5μg艾多南坦、0.1μg ET-1和0.5μg艾多南坦、0.1μg ET-1和0.1μg艾多南坦,或单独的0.1μg ET-1后,ET-1诱导的兔(n=5只兔/组)中作为视网膜血流指标的荧光素染料速度的比较——其揭示了兔ET-1诱导的血管痉挛模型中的剂量-响应。
图9A、图9B、图9C和图9D描绘了在兔的血浆、视网膜、虹膜-睫状体(ICB)、视网膜色素上皮(RPE)/脉络膜、玻璃状液或房水中玻璃体内递送的艾多南坦的药代动力学概况(图9A、图9B、图9C和图9D)——其揭示了艾多南坦的t1/2更长。
图10描绘了在兔的血浆、视网膜、玻璃状液和球结膜中局部施用的艾多南坦的药代动力学概况——其揭示了艾多南坦在单次局部应用至眼后渗透通过眼层的能力。
发明详述
本发明源于发现艾多南坦和A-182086可以用于预防、治疗或以其他方式改善眼部疾病,包括但不限于青光眼、糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)、视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)、非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)、动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)和早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)。下面进一步描述本发明。
内皮素受体拮抗剂
本发明的方法包括使眼组织(局部或眼内)接触或经施用治疗有效量的艾多南坦和A-182086或其药学上可接受的盐。如下所述,拮抗剂具体地是艾多南坦和A-182086。
制备艾多南坦的方法为本领域技术人员所熟知。例如,在美国专利号6,043,265中公开了合适的方法。艾多南坦的化学名称为N-[[2’-[[(4,5-二甲基-3-异恶唑基)氨基]磺酰基]-4-(2-恶唑基)[1,1’-联苯]-2-基]甲基]-N,3,3-三甲基丁酰胺(分子量为536.6g/mol),并且结构为:
制备A-182086的方法为本领域技术人员所熟知。例如,在美国专利号6,162,927中公开了合适的方法。A-182086的化学名称为(2R,3R,4S)-4-(2H-1,3-苯并二氧戊环-5-基)-2-(3-氟-4-甲氧基苯基)-1-[2-(N-丙基戊烷-1-磺酰胺基)乙基]吡咯烷-3-羧酸(分子量为578.7g/mol),并且结构为:
眼部疾病
本公开的方法包括上述的艾多南坦和A-182086在治疗和改善选自青光眼、糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)、视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)、非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)、动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)和早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的眼部疾病中的用途,如下所述。
青光眼
在使用本文所述的艾多南坦或A-182086治疗青光眼时,“治疗有效量”可以通过评估相对于护理标准(降低眼内压(IOP))所能实现的视网膜血流(RBF)的改善来确定。对于青光眼适应症,可以使用健康兔眼模型中血流的改善作为人药效响应(PD)的预测。由于兔和人眼在解剖学和功能上的相似性,兔通常用于评估针对人眼部疾病的化合物的眼部PK/PD关系。之前,已经显示将ET-1玻璃体内施用于兔眼中诱导显著的血管收缩和视神经损伤(Sasaoka M.et al,Exp Eye Res 2006;Sugiyama T.et al,Arch Ophthalmol 2009)。该模型中的功效以某些浓度下的玻璃体内ET-1施用诱导的灌注损伤的逆转为基准。例如,在与人青光眼患者的血浆和房水中观察到的水平等同的浓度下可以实现功效(Li S.et al,Journal of Ophthalmology 2016)。
相关动物青光眼模型的其他实例是Morrison的IOP升高大鼠模型和激光诱导的非人灵长类(NHP)青光眼模型。由通过经巩膜外静脉施用高渗盐水持续升高IOP来诱导Morrison大鼠模型中的青光眼。在激光诱导的NHP青光眼模型中,IOP持续升高后,已经显示视神经乳头血流减少(Wang L.et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012)。此外,已经显示视神经乳头血流的减少与视神经的长期结构变化相关(Cull G.et al,Invest OphthalmolVis Sci 2013)。
将上述青光眼模型中的功效定义为用艾多南坦或A-182086处理后的IOP降低、视神经乳头或视网膜血流相比基线的改善、结构性神经退行性变化诸如通过光学相干断层扫描(OCT)或平铺片(flat mount)上的视网膜神经节细胞计数测量的视网膜神经纤维层厚度的进展的预防或减缓,以及功能变化,诸如视网膜电图(ERG)或对比敏感性。
据信,艾多南坦或A-182086对视网膜血流的影响可以通过泊肃叶定律中的血管半径(r)来评估。使用内皮素拮抗剂的(r)增加将导致比通过IOP降低来增加灌注压所实现的更明显的血流增加:
血流=(灌注压xπr4)/(8ηl)
其中
l:血管长度
r:血管半径
η:血液粘度
灌注压:平均动脉压-IOP
此外,艾多南坦或A-182086可以通过与视网膜/视神经乳头组织灌注改善无关的机制降低IOP和/或预防RGC死亡。因此,通过使用某些特异性内皮素受体拮抗剂,可以改变上述参数中的一个(r)或多个(IOP)以改善RBF,从而实现治疗青光眼的治疗功效。
在一些实施方案中,青光眼患者一经诊断就开始治疗。在一些实施方案中,使用玻璃体内、局部、脉络膜上腔或植入物递送平台以每隔3至12(例如每隔3至6或每隔4至6)个月的频率将艾多南坦或A-182086局部施用至眼后部。
糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)
糖尿病可能引起严重的晚期并发症,分类为微血管病变(视网膜病变、神经病变和糖尿病肾病)和大血管病变(心血管疾病)。糖尿病视网膜病变是视网膜小血管和神经元受损的结果。导致糖尿病视网膜病变的最早变化包括与视网膜血流减少相关的视网膜动脉变窄;内层视网膜神经元功能障碍,随后在后期是外层视网膜功能的变化,与视觉功能的细微变化有关;血-视网膜屏障(保护视网膜免受血液中的许多物质(包括毒素和免疫细胞)的伤害)功能障碍,导致血液成分渗漏到视网膜神经堆中。之后,视网膜血管的基底膜增厚,毛细血管变性并丧失细胞,特别是周细胞和血管平滑肌细胞。这导致血流减少和进行性缺血,以及表现为从毛细血管壁突出的气球状结构的微观动脉瘤,其募集炎症细胞;并导致视网膜神经元和神经胶质细胞的晚期功能障碍和变性。
在DR中观察到的缺血和氧化损伤影响血流和组织缺血,我们发现其可以由艾多南坦和A-182086逆转。对于DR适应症,视网膜灌注的改善预期减少缺氧并抑制血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)上调,从而有利于减缓血管增生性变化、新血管形成和/或黄斑水肿并发症。
作为在DR中观察到的缺血性视网膜病变变化的替代模型,可以使用早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的临床前小鼠模型。氧诱导的小鼠视网膜病变是可重现和可量化的增生性视网膜新血管形成模型,适用于检查ROP和其他血管病理学(包括DR)中视网膜新血管形成的发病机制和治疗干预。如前所述通过将一周龄的C57BL/6J小鼠暴露于75%氧气中5天,然后暴露于室内空气来诱导该模型(Smith LEH et al.,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994)。可以通过研究视网膜缺氧和新生血管来评估这种ROP临床前模型的功效。目前DR的护理标准包括仅针对疾病的晚期血管并发症的抗VEGF疗法。在一些实施方案中,患有DR的患者在疾病的非增生期开始接受这种治疗。在一些实施方案中,使用玻璃体内、局部、脉络膜上腔或植入物递送平台以每隔3至12(例如每隔3至6或每隔4至6)个月的频率将艾多南坦或A-182086局部施用至眼后部。
视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)
视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)是视网膜的血管病症,目前通过玻璃体内注射抗VEGF药物以抑制导致黄斑水肿的生长因子和皮质类固醇以对抗导致水肿的炎症组分来治疗。非常期望使用艾多南坦和A-182086疗法通过改善组织灌注和减少炎症来治疗RVO,同时避免全身免疫抑制的不利影响和/或类固醇的局部不良反应。
RVO目前用玻璃体内类固醇和抗VEGF药物治疗。我们认为改善现有血管的灌注将减少黄斑水肿和VEGF上调的程度以及表现为RVO的下游适应不良变化。为了测试功效,可以使用缺血性视网膜病变的临床前小鼠模型。氧诱导的小鼠视网膜病变是可重现和可量化的增生性视网膜新血管形成模型,适用于检查包括RVO的许多缺血性视网膜病变中视网膜新血管形成的发病机制和治疗干预。如前所述通过将一周龄的C57BL/6J小鼠暴露于75%氧气中5天,然后暴露于室内空气来诱导该模型(Smith LEH et al.,Invest Ophthalmol VisSci 1994)。可以通过研究视网膜缺氧和新血管形成来评估这种缺血性视网膜病变临床前模型的功效。本文所述的“治疗有效量”的艾多南坦或A-182086可以通过改善组织灌注和减少由ET-1介导的炎症同时避免局部类固醇的不利影响来添加到目前的护理标准中。在治疗RVO的一些实施方案中,使用玻璃体内、局部、脉络膜上或植入物递送平台将艾多南坦或A-182086局部施用至眼后部。施用频率将根据患者的病程和对治疗的响应而改变。
非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)
在非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)中,供应视神经前部的小血管的血流中断。NAION中的视力丧失是无痛、快速且通常是永久性的。NAION的风险因素包括动脉粥样硬化(因为这损害通过供应视神经的血管的血流)和“紧密”视神经。也称为“有风险的椎间盘”,视杯较小或缺失的视神经在进入眼时产生通过巩膜的“紧密”通道。认为这种通过巩膜的紧密通道对供应视神经的小血管施加进一步的压力。由于动脉粥样硬化导致这些小血管的外径增加(和内径减小),血管没有空间扩张,因为它们被“紧密”视神经限制。这个过程最终导致流向视神经的足够血流的损失,并随之发生缺血性视神经病变。治疗NAION的尝试包括桡神经切断术,以缓解视神经及其支持脉管系统的机械压力。该规程具有眼内手术的所有风险并且难以执行。被穿孔的区域和周围的结构一样精细脆弱。这些结构的附带损害并不少见。
对于NAION,没有相关的临床前模型来测试内皮素拮抗作用的功效。此外,没有批准的用于非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变的疗法。对于NAION的治疗,“治疗有效”量的内皮素拮抗剂将是通过增加视神经灌注而导致视敏度和/或视野具有临床意义的改善的拮抗剂。作为该临床终点的预测因子,将使用通过激光流量计或光学相干断层扫描-A(OCT-A)评估的视神经乳头灌注改善和通过(OCT)确定的视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度的解剖学变化。在一些实施方案中,根据患者的病程和对治疗的响应,使用玻璃体内、局部、脉络膜上或植入物递送平台以每隔4至6周的频率将药物局部施用至眼后部。例如,根据患者的病程和对治疗的响应,根据需要以每隔5周的频率使用悬浮液玻璃体内注射将药物局部施用至眼后部。
动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)
动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)是急性、经常疼痛的视神经病变,主要发生在50岁以上的老年患者中,但此后每十年发病率增加,并可能导致永久性视力丧失。缺血发生在视神经头部,与神经纤维的结构拥挤有关,损害灌注并导致视盘水肿。人们认为这种疾病有遗传成分,因为有证据表明高加索人以更高的比率受影响,但在许多不同的种族和民族中都有报道。
表现包括单侧视力丧失的快速发作,伴有视敏度下降(通常为重度:超过60%的患者<20/200)、视野缺损(高度领域缺损最常见)或两者兼有。对于AION,没有相关的临床前模型来测试内皮素拮抗作用的功效。此外,没有批准的用于非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变的疗法;然而,传统上将类固醇用于大多数患者。不进行治疗,54-95%的GCA患者出现视力丧失(16),通常在四个月内(10)。用皮质类固醇处理后,这种下降率降低到预估的13%(16)。接受治疗的受影响眼视力恢复较差,改善率为15-34%,用静脉治疗的改善率更高。据报道,尽管进行治疗,有9-17%的人视敏度恶化。双眼视力丧失是可能的;然而,大多数情况表明这经常发生在一名患者不知道第一只眼的视力丧失时。这种双侧受累的发生率在很大程度上涉及时间安排以及如何积极使用皮质类固醇疗法。然而,如果不及时治疗,多达50%的病例中的双侧视力丧失可能因视神经、视网膜或脉络膜缺血而迅速进展。对于AION的治疗,“治疗有效”量的内皮素拮抗剂将是通过改善视神经和视网膜的灌注而导致由类固醇实现的视敏度另外改善的拮抗剂。作为视敏度和/或视野改善的预测因子,将使用通过激光流量计或OCT-A评估的视神经乳头灌注改善和通过光学相干断层扫描(OCT)确定的视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度的解剖学变化。在一些实施方案中,根据患者的病程和对治疗的响应,使用玻璃体内、局部、脉络膜上或植入物递送平台以每隔4至6周的频率将药物局部施用至眼后部。例如,根据患者的病程和对治疗的响应,根据需要以每隔5周的频率使用悬浮液玻璃体内注射将药物局部施用至眼后部。
早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)
早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)是影响早产婴儿的视网膜血管增生性疾病。ROP仍然是全球失明和视力障碍的主要可预防原因。随着围产期护理的改善、中度早产婴儿存活率的提高以及氧气输送和监测资源的有限,发展中国家更多成熟的早产婴儿正在发展为重度ROP。
ROP的病理生理学以两个阶段为特征。I阶段ROP是由于出生后立即开始血管闭塞,继发于VEGF和胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)的显著减少。II阶段开始于约33周的月经后年龄(PMA)。在此阶段,VEGF水平增加,特别是如果存在视网膜缺氧伴增加的视网膜代谢和对氧气的需求导致异常血管增生。对于ROP的晚期阶段,使用无血管视网膜的激光消融、ROP的早期治疗(ETROP)方案、抗VEGF抗体(例如贝伐珠单抗)的玻璃体内注射和玻璃体切割术以保护中心视力和预防视网膜脱离。长期并发症,诸如难治性错误、ROP复发和视网膜脱离风险,需要眼科医生持续随访至青春期及以后。
ROP是由继发于早产的视网膜血管发育不良引起的严重缺血诱导的。因此,作为本发明的一个方面,我们相信用艾多南坦或A-182086改善现有血管的灌注将降低缺血程度和VEGF上调以及表现为ROP的下游适应不良变化。为了测试功效,可以使用ROP的临床前小鼠模型。氧诱导的小鼠视网膜病变是可重现和可量化的增生性视网膜新生血管模型,适用于检查ROP中视网膜新生血管的发病机制和治疗干预。如前所述通过将一周龄的C57BL/6J小鼠暴露于75%氧气中5天,然后暴露于室内空气来诱导该模型(Smith LEH et al.,InvestOphthalmol Vis Sci 1994)。可以通过研究视网膜缺氧和新生血管来评估这种ROP临床前模型的功效。如本文所述,“治疗有效量”的艾多南坦或A-182086将通过改善组织灌注和减少由VEGF诱导的病理性新血管形成来添加到当前的护理标准。在一些实施方案中,根据患者的病程和对治疗的响应,使用玻璃体内、局部、脉络膜上或植入物递送平台以每隔4至6周的频率将药物局部施用至眼后部。例如,根据患者的病程和对治疗的响应,根据需要以每隔5周的频率使用玻璃体内注射将药物局部施用于眼后部。
药物组合物
本文所述的一些实施方案涉及药物组合物,其可以包含治疗有效量的本文所述的艾多南坦和A-182086之一或其药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂、赋形剂或其组合。此类拮抗剂或其药学上可接受的盐可以是结晶形式或无定形形式,其每一种均可以用于药学上可接受的用途。
术语“药物组合物”是指本文所公开的一种或两种化合物与其他化学组分诸如稀释剂或载体的混合物。药物组合物便于将化合物施用于生物体。药物组合物通常将根据特定的预期施用途径定制。
一些药物组合物涉及制备药学上可接受的盐。药学上可接受的盐包括存在于本发明化合物中的酸性或碱性基团的盐。药学上可接受的酸加成盐包括但不限于盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、氢碘酸盐、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、硫酸氢盐、磷酸盐、酸式磷酸盐、异烟酸盐、醋酸盐、乳酸盐、水杨酸盐、柠檬酸盐、酒石酸盐、泛酸盐、酒石酸氢盐、抗坏血酸盐、琥珀酸盐、马来酸盐、龙胆酸盐、富马酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、葡萄糖醛酸盐、糖酸盐、甲酸盐、苯甲酸盐、谷氨酸盐、甲磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐和双羟萘酸盐(即,1,1’-亚甲基-双-(2-羟基-3-萘甲酸盐))盐。本发明的某些化合物可以与各种氨基酸形成药学上可接受的盐。合适的碱盐包括但不限于铝、钙、锂、镁、钾、钠、锌和二乙醇胺盐。有关药学上可接受的盐的综述,参见Berge et al.,66J.PHARM.SCI.,1-19(1977)。
术语“药学上可接受的”限定载体、稀释剂、赋形剂、盐或组合物对于其预期用途是安全和有效的,并且具有期望的生物学和药理学活性。
如本文所用,“载体”是指促进化合物掺入细胞或组织中的化合物。例如,但不限于,二甲基亚砜(DMSO)是常用的载体,它便于将许多有机化合物摄取到受试者的细胞或组织中。
如本文所用,“稀释剂”是指药物组合物中缺乏药理活性但可能是药学上必要或期望的成分。例如,可以使用稀释剂以增加质量太小而无法制造和/或施用的强力药物的体积。它也可以是用于溶解药物以通过注射、摄入或吸入施用的液体。本领域中稀释剂的常见形式是缓冲水溶液,诸如但不限于模拟人血液组分的磷酸盐缓冲盐水。
如本文所用,“赋形剂”是指添加到药物组合物中以向组合物提供不限于体积、稠度、稳定性、结合能力、润滑、崩解能力等的惰性物质。“稀释剂”是一种赋形剂。
本文描述的药物组合物可以施用于人患者本身,或在药物组合物中与其他活性成分,如在联合疗法中,或载体、稀释剂、赋形剂或其组合混合。适当的配制剂取决于所选择的施用途径。本文所述化合物的配制和施用技术是本领域技术人员已知的。
本文公开的药物组合物可以以本身已知的方式制备,例如,通过常规的混合、溶解、制粒、磨细、乳化、包囊或包埋加工。参见,例如,Encapsulation Processes,in:FoodPowders,2005,199-299。此外,活性成分以有效实现其预期目的的量被包含。本文公开的药物组合中使用的化合物可以作为药学上可接受的盐提供。
优选以局部方式施用本发明的化合物或药物组合物,或作为局部眼用制剂或通过将化合物或药物组合物直接施用到眼部组织,通常以贮库或持续释放配制剂形式。局部施用的方式可以是玻璃体内、脉络膜上腔、眼周或结膜下注射配制剂,或使用植入物技术或局部应用。例如,化合物以脂质体制剂施用,该制剂缓慢释放化合物以维持期望的药理作用。或者,可以通过众所周知的方法制备聚乙烯醇纳米颗粒,以提供用于局部或眼内应用的持续或延长释放制剂。
此外,人们可以在靶向药物递送系统中施用该化合物。靶向药物递送系统的实例包括但不限于ApidCOR、BioSeizer-ProDex、Vitrasert、Retisert、Iluvien、I-Vation、纳米多孔硅、Ozurdex/Novadur、OcuLief、港递送系统(PDS)、PEA植入物、PEG-PLA微球、PRINT技术、Q-Sphera、SKS微粒、Verisome、胶囊环装置、微型泵、微针注射器、微针/无针注射器、EyeCET、Gemini屈光胶囊、IVMED、睫状沟环、巩膜外植体、眼-D植入物和纳米脂质体。
在一些实施方案中,可以用于本公开方法的靶向药物递送系统选自ApidCOR、BioSeizer-ProDex、Vitrasert、Retisert、Iluvien、I-Vation、纳米多孔硅、Ozurdex/Novadur、OcuLief、港递送系统(PDS)、PEA植入物、PEG-PLA微球、PRINT技术、Q-Sphera、SKS微粒、Verisome、胶囊环装置、微型泵、微针注射器、微针/无针注射器、EyeCET、Gemini屈光胶囊和IVMED。优选地,靶向药物递送系统是ApidCOR、BioSeizer-ProDex、Vitrasert、Retisert、Iluvien、I-Vation、纳米多孔硅、Ozurdex/Novadur、OcuLief、港递送系统(PDS)、PEA植入物、PEG-PLA微球、PRINT技术、Q-Sphera、SKS微粒、Verisome、胶囊环装置或微型泵。
在一些实施方案中,药物组合物是眼用制剂,其包含治疗有效量的一种或多种本文所述的内皮素受体拮抗剂或其药学上可接受的盐。如本文所用,“眼科制剂”是指设计用于滴注到眼外表面(局部)、在眼内部(眼内)或邻近(眼周)施用或与眼科设备联合使用的专门化剂型。在一些实施方案中,眼用制剂是溶液、悬浮液或软膏的形式。在其他实施方案中,眼科制剂是凝胶、凝胶形成溶液、眼部插入物、用于局部或优选玻璃体内注射的微/纳米颗粒制剂或植入物的形式。
在一些实施方案中,眼科制剂包含防腐剂。合适的防腐剂的实例包括但不限于阳离子润湿剂(例如苯扎氯铵)、有机汞剂(例如硝酸苯汞、乙酸苯汞)、有机酸或其酯(例如山梨酸、对羟基苯甲酸的酯诸如如羟基苯甲酸甲酯、羟基苯甲酸丙酯)和醇替代物(如氯丁醇、苯乙醇)。防腐剂可以以约0.002%w/v至约0.5%w/v(例如,0.01-0.25%w/v)范围内的量存在于眼科制剂中。眼科制剂可以进一步包含防腐助剂。合适的防腐助剂的实例包括但不限于乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)。
在一些实施方案中,眼科制剂包含一种或多种另外的赋形剂或药剂以赋予粘度或润滑性、稳定活性成分以免分解、增加活性或非活性成分的溶解度、调节张力或充当溶剂。用于赋予粘度或润滑作用的赋形剂或药剂的实例包括羟丙甲纤维素、卡波姆974P、羟乙基纤维素(HEC)、聚乙烯醇、透明质酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、卡波姆940、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、泊洛沙姆、木葡聚糖、海藻酸、海藻酸钠、结冷胶、邻苯二甲酸乙酸纤维素和黄原胶。作为稳定剂的赋形剂或药剂的实例包括亚硫酸氢钠、焦亚硫酸钠、硫代硫酸钠和硫酸钠/硫酸,它们可以充当抗氧化剂。作为增溶剂的赋形剂或药剂的实例包括但不限于普罗维酮、肌酐、蓖麻油和环糊精(例如,γ-环糊精)。用于调节张力的赋形剂或药剂的实例包括但不限于氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙脱水物、氯化镁六水合物、糖类(例如蔗糖、麦芽糖、右旋糖等)、甘油、丙二醇、甘露醇、抗坏血酸和乙酰半胱氨酸。
在一些实施方案中,眼科制剂包含一种或多种缓冲剂以调节pH。用于调节pH的缓冲剂的实例包括但不限于柠檬酸钠、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、硼酸、七水合物、乙酸钠三水合物、柠檬酸钠二水合物、组氨酸和磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)。所得组合物可以具有5.0-8.5(例如,5.0-6.0、5.2-5.8、6.0-8.0、6.6-7.8、6.2-8.2和6.2-7.5)的pH值。
在一些实施方案中,眼科制剂包含一种或多种表面活性剂。表面活性剂的实例包括油酸山梨糖醇醚酯(例如,聚山梨酯或吐温20和80)和泰洛沙泊。
通过玻璃体内途径一次可以注射到人眼的体积为约50-90μL,通过视网膜下途径高达450μL,通过脉络膜上腔途径高达200μL,通过局部途径(例如作为滴眼剂局部施用)为约40-50μL。这些途径中使用的针头通常大小为27至30G。剂量取决于可以配制以适合每个适应症的体积、效力、靶功效和药代动力学特征的浓度。通常,对眼的注射不会以每只眼每月一次以上的频率施用。对于局部施用(例如滴眼剂),在大多数情况下,对眼的施用频率不超过每天一次或两次。
在一些实施方案中,玻璃体内配制剂将包含约1μg至约1mg范围内的内皮素受体拮抗剂剂量。第一示例性配制剂包含约1μg至约1mg的上述内皮素受体拮抗剂、约10mM组氨酸HCl、约10%α,α-海藻糖二水合物和约0.01%聚山梨酯20。第二示例性配制剂包含约1μg至约1mg内皮素受体拮抗剂、约10mM磷酸钠、约40mM氯化钠、约0.03%聚山梨酯20和约5%蔗糖。
在一些实施方案中,玻璃体内配制剂将包含约10μg至约100μg范围内的内皮素受体拮抗剂剂量。第一示例性配制剂包含约10μg至约100μg的上述内皮素受体拮抗剂、约10mM组氨酸HCl、约10%α,α-海藻糖二水合物和约0.01%聚山梨酯20。第二示例性配制剂包含约10μg至约100μg内皮素受体拮抗剂、约10mM磷酸钠、约40mM氯化钠、约0.03%聚山梨酯20和约5%蔗糖。
在进一步的实施方案中,玻璃体内配制剂将包含约500μg至约4mg范围内的内皮素受体拮抗剂的剂量。第一示例性配制剂包含约500μg至约1mg的上述内皮素受体拮抗剂、约0.014%磷酸二氢钾、0.08%磷酸氢二钠、0.7%氯化钠、0.02%聚山梨酯和0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠。第二示例性配制剂包含约500μg至约1mg的上述内皮素受体拮抗剂、约0.04%磷酸二氢钠一水合物、约0.3%磷酸氢二钠七水合物、0.63%氯化钠和约1%至约2.3%透明质酸钠。
无需进一步详述,相信本领域技术人员可以基于以上描述最大程度地利用本发明。因此,以下具体实施例,即实施例1-8,应被解释为仅仅是说明性的,而不以任何方式限制本公开的其余部分。
实施例
实施例1:化合物物理化学和生物化学表征
下表1中提供了上述艾多南坦和A-182086的物理化学和生物化学数据。如表1所示,在pH 2下,A-182086的溶解度优于艾多南坦。另一方面,在pH 7下,艾多南坦的溶解度优于A-182086。
表1.化合物物理化学和生物化学表征
a数据来自无定形形式。
b考虑表面电荷分布(主要是O和N)的计算特性。预计PSA为约90或以下的化合物可以穿过血脑屏障。
在上表中,物理化学数据,例如溶解度,是按照本领域已知的标准方案获得的(参见,例如,Reis et al.,Mini Rev Med Chem.,2010,10(11):1071-6;Avdeef et al.,Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol.,2005,1(2):325-42;Bharate et al.,Comb ChemHigh Throughput Screen.,2016,19(6):461-9;和Jain et al.,J Pharm Biomed Anal.,2013,86:11-35);并且生物化学数据,即ETA/ETB的效力,是按照本领域已知的方案获得的(参见,例如,Kirkby et al.,Br J Pharmacol.,2008,153(6):1105-19;和Maguire etal.,Br J Pharmacol.,2014,171(24):5555-72)。
实施例2:用于兔玻璃体内使用的艾多南坦配制剂
将适量的艾多南坦溶解在纯PEG400中,然后加入15%CD(HP-β-环糊精)溶液。PEG400的最终浓度测量为20%。基于艾多南坦的量,靶浓度为5mg/ml和0.5mg/ml。使用0.25微米过滤器过滤所得溶液。
实施例3:艾多南坦和ET-1在兔模型中的作用
成年雄性荷兰黑带兔给予20μl玻璃体内注射(IVT)的0.5μg ET-1,然后在ET-施用后30min给予20μl玻璃体内注射的10-100μg艾多南坦。在ET-1和艾多南坦施用后的在预定的时间点(30、45、60和75min)进行IOP、光学相干断层扫描-血管造影(OCT-A)和荧光素血管造影(FA),以评估由ET-1+/-艾多南坦诱导的视网膜血流变化。如图1所示,ET-1施用在45min内有效地诱导视网膜血管床明显的血管收缩。图2显示ET-1的作用接下来在90min内(在艾多南坦施用后60min)经10μg的艾多南坦施用逆转。
实施例4:含有艾多南坦的缓释配制剂的制备
通过将艾多南坦与水、维生素E-TPGS和γ-环糊精组合来制备浓缩的艾多南坦分散体。将这些成分混合以分散艾多南坦,然后进行高压灭菌。透明质酸钠可以作为无菌粉末购买,也可以通过过滤稀释溶液进行灭菌,然后冻干以产生无菌粉末。将无菌透明质酸钠溶解在水中以制备水性浓缩物。将浓缩的艾多南坦分散体混合并作为浆液添加到透明质酸钠浓缩物中。添加足量的水(q.s.,足够多,在这种情况下与制备均一混合物、分散体、凝胶或悬浮液所需的一样多),并将混合物混合直至均一。下表2中提供了这些组合物的实例:
表2.含有艾多南坦的缓释配制剂的组成
组成A | 组成B | |
艾多南坦 | 2.0%(w/v) | 8.0%(w/v) |
透明质酸钠(聚合物) | 2.5%(w/v) | 2.3%(w/v) |
氯化钠 | 0.63%(w/v) | 0.63%(w/v) |
磷酸氢二钠,七水合物 | 0.30%(w/v) | 0.30%(w/v) |
磷酸二氢钠,一水合物 | 0.04%(w/v) | 0.04%(w/v) |
注射用水 | q.s. | q.s. |
这些示例性组合物含有足够浓度的高分子量(即聚合的)透明质酸钠,以便在玻璃体内注射到人眼中时形成凝胶状塞或药物贮库。优选地,所用透明质酸盐的平均分子量小于200万,并且更优选地,所用透明质酸盐的平均分子量在约130万至160万之间。艾多南坦颗粒实际上被捕获或保持在透明质酸盐的粘性塞中,因此在玻璃体内注射配制剂时不发生不期望的羽流(pluming)。因此,药物颗粒不利地直接沉积在视网膜组织上的风险显著降低,例如,相对于使用具有水样粘度的组合物,例如40。由于透明质酸钠溶液经受剧烈的剪切变稀,这些配制剂很容易通过25号、27号甚至30号针头注射。
实施例5:局部艾多南坦配制剂的制备
可以按照已知方法(例如,WO 2016156639 A1)制备局部艾多南坦配制剂。更具体地,将20g的RH40通过磁力搅拌溶解在75mL去离子水中,将其搅拌至完全溶解。然后将1.5g氨丁三醇添加到所得溶液中并搅拌15分钟,实现完全溶解。添加0.5g艾多南坦并将其搅拌15分钟,确保完全溶解。然后加入2g甘氨酸和1g硼酸并将其搅拌至完全溶解。向所得溶液中添加足量的100mL去离子水。用滤纸过滤最终溶液,得到澄清、无色、pH为8.06的溶液。将容量为5mL的滴管瓶滴眼剂中的溶液包装。
实施例6:含有艾多南坦的局部眼用溶液纳米颗粒
通过溶剂蒸发技术制备纳米颗粒。制备120mg 50:50PLGA在60mL乙酸乙酯中的溶液。在涡轮摇动下将50ml水与12mg艾多南坦和0.5mg聚乙烯醇的水溶液掺入该溶液中。将所得混合物在真空下连续摇动2小时。然后将所得制备物超离心并用水清洗3次以从介质中除去纳米颗粒。将由此获得的纳米颗粒在真空烘箱中干燥,并在评估后分散在足以达到5mg/1mL艾多南坦浓度的等渗水溶液中。
实施例7:青光眼临床前研究
使用健康兔模型以评估艾多南坦和/或A-182086或其药学上可接受的盐的药效学作用(体内)。这些研究是用不同剂量的所选择内皮素拮抗剂进行的。通过将内皮素拮抗剂与目前的护理标准组合进行另外的动物研究。使用Morrison大鼠青光眼模型、大鼠IOP急性升高模型和非人灵长类激光诱导青光眼模型,在有和没有护理标准的情况下,评估不同剂量的所选择内皮素拮抗剂的视神经乳头血流和视网膜神经节细胞丢失率。
在通过局部施用的ET-1诱导灌注损伤后,针对不同剂量的指定内皮素受体拮抗剂测量健康兔模型中的血流的改善。针对不同剂量的指定内皮素受体拮抗剂测量非人灵长类青光眼模型中的视神经乳头血流和视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度的变化。结果显示,由于使用所选择的内皮素受体拮抗剂,RGC存活、视网膜和视神经乳头血流得到改善并且RNFL变薄减慢。根据健康兔和非人灵长类青光眼模型的结果预测用于人的给药方案。
评估兔视网膜血流变化的药效学研究
为了评估在兔中玻璃体内施用内皮素-1(ET-1)然后是拮抗剂艾多南坦后视网膜血流的影响,对兔(穴兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus))在左眼给予20μL玻璃体内注射的ET-1,然后是以2(或3)种不同剂量(例如0.1μg、0.5μg、2.5μg)的20μL玻璃体内注射的艾多南坦。进行脉搏ox、眼压测量法、光学相干断层扫描血管造影(OCTA)、荧光素血管造影(FA)和视网膜渗漏评分用于评估。兔中的剂量-响应显示于图8A和图8B。
在兔中玻璃体内递送的艾多南坦的药代动力学和耐受性分析
为了确定在兔中玻璃体内施用后艾多南坦的药代动力学和安全性特性,兔(穴兔)接受双侧玻璃体内注射(20μL注射体积/眼)。注射后,用氯胺酮/甲苯噻嗪混合物使动物镇静,然后用过量的戊巴比妥钠(Euthasol)对动物实施安乐死。在不同时间点(例如12、16、24、36和48小时)对指定用于药代动力学分析的动物实施安乐死。从耳缘静脉或心脏穿刺(仅终末采血)抽取至少1.0mL的全血到用于血浆采集K2EDTA管中并经处理以进行解析性分析。
安乐死后,立即摘除眼。通过注射器双眼从取出房水并快速冷冻用于分析。冷冻时解剖眼以分离各种眼部组织并最小化药物扩散到邻近组织。将来自左眼和右眼的组织收集在单独的小瓶中用于分析。所收集组织的列表包括血浆和房水、虹膜/睫状体(ICB)、视网膜、玻璃状液和RPE/脉络膜。兔中玻璃体内递送的艾多南坦的药代动力学特性显示于图9A、图9B、图9C和图9D。
在兔中局部施用的艾多南坦的药代动力学分析
为了确定在兔中局部施用后艾多南坦的药代动力学特性,兔(荷兰黑带兔)在双眼中接受了滴眼剂(100μg艾多南坦,35μL剂量体积/眼)。在施用后,在不同时间点(例如10分钟(给药后立即)、2小时和7小时)对动物(N=2)实施安乐死并收集组织用于分析。所收集组织的列表包括血浆、视网膜、玻璃状液和球结膜。在兔中局部递送的艾多南坦的药代动力学特性显示于图10,其显示在单次局部应用后,在所有时间点检查的所有组织中均检测到了艾多南坦。Morrison大鼠青光眼模型中的功效研究
从Envigo(Indianapolis,IN)获得成年雄性和雌性退役种畜Brown Norway大鼠(约8至11个月的年龄组)。在用于升高IOP的手术前收集基线IOP测量和模式视网膜电图(PERG)振幅(以确保IOP和PERG振幅在预期的值范围内)。大鼠的一只眼(左眼)中IOP升高,而相应的右眼充当对侧对照。通过巩膜外静脉注射50μL高渗盐水以硬化小梁网进行提高大鼠IOP的Morrison方法。在整个实验持续期间,每周测量IOP两次。手术后7-10天,在大鼠的手术眼观察到IOP升高。在连续两天检测到IOP升高后,开始局部施用滴眼剂(在IOP升高的眼中,每剂所测试化合物20μL(100μg)),且每周进行5天,总共四周。在治疗的第4周,进行PERG分析,并通过超剂量的戊巴比妥(Fatal-Plus)处死大鼠。从大鼠眼中收集房水,冷冻并运送用于分析。制备视网膜平铺片,用RGC标记物、Brn3a抗体进行免疫染色,并在两个偏心(中央和外周)计数存活的RGC。
对于这项研究,如Morrison等人先前所述,使用Morrison模型以诱导成年雄性退役种畜Brown Norway大鼠的高眼压(Morrison JC,Moore CG,Deppmeier LM,Gold BG,Meshul CK,Johnson EC.A rat model of chronic pressure-induced optic nervedamage.Exp Eye Res.1997;64(1):85-96)。
获得免疫染色的视网膜平铺片以测量视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)计数。为了获得免疫染色的视网膜平铺片,在处理后对动物实施安乐死,然后摘除它们的眼。将眼杯在4%多聚甲醛(PFA)中于4℃固定过夜,并制备视网膜平铺片用于收集图像。使用免疫染色的视网膜平铺片的图像进行视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)计数。将这些图像上传到ImageJ(为生物学研究设计的照片编辑器(Rasband,1997-2018)),并且在两个偏心(中央和外围)中手动计数经标记的视网膜神经节细胞。图5A显示了媒介物和艾多南坦之间周边视网膜中的RGC计数的比较,以及图6A显示了媒介物和A-182086之间的比较。
使用模式ERG(PERG)以评估RGC功能。为了获得模式erg记录,按照Porciatti等人(Porciatti V,Saleh M,Nagaraju M.The pattern electroretinogram as a tool tomonitor progressive retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in the DBA/2Jmousemodel of glaucoma.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2007;48(2):745-751)描述的方法使用了UTAS视觉电诊断系统(LKC,Gaithersburgh,MD,USA)。简而言之,从放置在角膜表面下部的DTL-plus电极获得PERG信号,并使用EMWIN软件(LKC)分析PERG波。计算主要正(P1)和负(N2)波的振幅之间的差异以破译PERG振幅。图5B显示了媒介物和艾多南坦之间的IOP介导的PERG变化,以及图6B显示了媒介物和A-182086之间的变化。
RGC计数和PERG变化揭示了艾多南坦和A-182086在morrison大鼠青光眼模型中防止RGC损失并维持RGC功能,如图5A、图5B、图6A和图6A所示。
在大鼠中局部或口服递送的艾多南坦或A-182086的药代动力学分析
为了确定在大鼠中局部施用后艾多南坦或A-182086的药代动力学特性,大鼠(Brown Norway大鼠)接受了滴眼剂(100μg艾多南坦,20μL剂量体积/眼;或100μg A-182086,20μL剂量体积/眼)。为了确定在大鼠中口服施用后艾多南坦或A-182086的药代动力学特性,大鼠(Brown Norway大鼠)接受了口服施用10mg/kg或50mg/kg的艾多南坦,或口服施用1.7mg/kg或17mg/kg的A-182086。施用后,在不同时间点(例如4小时和8小时)对动物(N=2)实施安乐死并收集组织用于分析。所收集组织的列表包括血浆、视网膜/视网膜色素上皮(RPE)/脉络膜、玻璃状液和房水。在大鼠中局部或口服施用的艾多南坦的药代动力学特性显示于图5C。在大鼠中局部或口服施用的A-182086的药代动力学特性显示于图6C。图5C和图6C显示在视网膜/RPE/脉络膜、房水和玻璃状液中局部施用后4和8小时检测到艾多南坦和A-182086。这些数据还揭示,在口服施用艾多南坦后,在17mg/kg在房水中可检测到艾多南坦,以及在1.7和17mg/kg在视网膜/RPE/脉络膜和玻璃状液中可检测到艾多南坦,并且在口服施用A-182086后,在50mg/kg在视网膜/RPE/脉络膜中可检测到A-182086。
氧诱导缺血性视网膜病变的小鼠中的研究
使用相关小鼠模型以获得氧诱导缺血性视网膜病变(OIR)小鼠在不同时间点的视网膜缺氧面积,如图4所示。揭示了艾多南坦对小鼠氧诱导缺血性视网膜病变(OIR)模型中视网膜缺氧的改善。简而言之,在P17时,对患有OIR的小鼠(n=60)给予一只眼中注射ET-1拮抗剂(1μL的2μg/μL艾多南坦配制剂,单剂),且在另一只眼中注射PBS。在注射后24、48和96小时,对小鼠(每个时间点n=10)实施安乐死,并且解剖视网膜并用GSA凝集素和低氧探针染色。测定每个视网膜的NV面积、视网膜缺氧面积和视网膜非灌注面积。
实施例8:激光诱导的非人灵长类研究——药效学研究
本研究获得了非人灵长类(恒河猴,猕猴Macaca Mulatta)。每个动物的一只眼通过小梁网的重复激光光凝术诱导眼内压(IOP)升高。重复成像会话(session)以监测视神经乳头(ONH)和视网膜结构变化。
IVT施用后艾多南坦对视神经乳头血流的作用
进行了一项研究,以比较三个非人灵长类的实验性青光眼和对侧健康眼(对照)在随时间的整体平均均值模糊率(MBR)或相比基线的MBR变化,作为激光诱导的青光眼模型中ONH血流的指标。更具体地,将媒介物对照、0.02mg/mL艾多南坦、0.2mg/mL艾多南坦或2.0mg/mL艾多南坦玻璃体内施用(50μL)至三个非人灵长类(恒河猴,Macaca Mulatta)中的每一个的青光眼中。如图7A-7L所示,然后使用激光散斑血流图(LSFG)在6小时内测量ONH血流。这些图显示在IVT施用单独的媒介物(图7A、图7E和图7I)、0.02mg/mL的艾多南坦(图7B、图7F和图7J)、0.2mg/mL的艾多南坦(图7C、图7G和图7K)或2.0mg/mL的艾多南坦(图7D、图7H和图7L)后三个非人灵长类的ONH血流。图7A-7L揭示了在用艾多南坦处理后以剂量依赖性方式改善ONH血流。三个非人灵长类的汇总结果显示于图7M,其显示与对照眼相比,艾多南坦明显表现出由实验性青光眼中视网膜动脉、静脉和毛细血管扩张引起的剂量相关的ONH血流增加。
在上述三个非人灵长类之一中,当以2.0mg/mL施用艾多南坦时,在各个选定的时间点进行LSFG扫描。结果示于图7N。
局部给药后艾多南坦对眼内压的影响
以随机顺序进行1周冲洗将单剂0.5%噻吗洛尔或单剂2mg/mL艾多南坦局部施用于右眼(OD)患有激光诱发青光眼的三个非人灵长类。
研究结果:
对照1:每只眼单剂50μL的局部噻吗洛尔0.5%显示,从给药前到给药后(120分钟),IOP降低了约20%。
对照2:每只眼单剂50μL的局部噻吗洛尔0.5%显示,从给药前到给药后(120分钟),IOP降低了约30%。
非人灵长类1:50μL艾多南坦滴眼剂(2mg/mL)在实验性青光眼中显示,从给药前到给药后(120分钟),IOP降低了约60%,并且在对侧健康眼中显示,从给药前到给药后(120分钟),IOP降低了约10%。
非人灵长类2:50μL艾多南坦滴眼剂(2mg/mL)在实验性青光眼中显示,从给药前到给药后(15分钟),IOP降低了约50%,以及从给药前到给药后(120分钟),降低了约30%。50μL艾多南坦滴眼剂(2mg/mL)在对侧健康眼中显示,从给药前到给药后(15分钟),IOP降低了约20%,以及从给药前到给药后(120分钟),降低了约0%。
非人灵长类3:50μL艾多南坦滴眼剂(2mg/mL)在实验性青光眼中显示,从给药前到给药后(15分钟),IOP降低了约40%,以及从给药前到给药后(120分钟),降低了约40%。50μL艾多南坦滴眼剂(2mg/mL)在对侧健康眼中显示,从给药前到给药后(15分钟),IOP降低了约10%,以及从给药前到给药后(120分钟),降低了约40%。
其他实施方案
本说明书中公开的所有特征可以任何组合进行组合。本说明书中公开的每个特征可以由用于相同、等同或类似目的的替代特征所替换。因此,除非另有明确说明,否则所公开的每个特征仅是等同或类似特征的通用系列的示例。
此外,从以上描述中,本领域技术人员可以容易地确定本发明的基本特征,并且在不脱离其精神和范围的情况下,可以对本发明进行各种变化和修改以使其适应各种用途和条件。因此,其他实施方案也在权利要求内。
Claims (24)
1.治疗眼部疾病的方法,其包括:
使受试者的视觉组织与组合物接触,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的艾多南坦或A-182086,或其药学上可接受的盐,或其结晶形式或无定形形式,
其中所述眼部疾病选自青光眼、糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)、视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)、非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)、动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)和早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中通过评估视敏度或视野的改善程度来确定所述治疗的治疗功效。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述眼部疾病是青光眼。
4.权利要求3所述的方法,其中以足以缓解或预防视神经损伤的量,通过检测眼内压降低或视神经损伤率降低来确定所述治疗的治疗功效。
5.权利要求3所述的方法,其中通过视神经乳头血流的改善来确定所述治疗的治疗功效。
6.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述眼部疾病是DR、RVO、NAION、AION或ROP。
7.权利要求6所述的方法,其中通过糖尿病诱导的视网膜神经变性的减少来确定所述治疗的治疗功效。
8.权利要求6所述的方法,其中通过组织或视网膜灌注的改善来指示所述治疗的治疗功效。
9.权利要求1所述的方法,其中通过测量组织或视网膜灌注的改善、炎症的减少或其组合来确定所述治疗的治疗功效。
10.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物进一步包含治疗有效量的眼内压(IOP)降低剂或神经保护剂或其药学上可接受的盐。
11.权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述组合物进一步包含治疗有效量的眼内压(IOP)降低剂或其药学上可接受的盐,其中所述IOP降低剂选自下组:前列腺素(诸如拉坦前列素或曲伏前列素)、β-阻滞剂(诸如噻吗洛尔或倍他洛尔)、α肾上腺素能激动剂(诸如溴莫尼定、阿可乐定)、碳酸酐酶抑制剂(诸如多佐胺或布林佐胺)、Rho激酶抑制剂(诸如奈妥舒迪)和缩瞳剂或胆碱能剂(诸如毛果芸香碱)。
12.权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述组合物进一步包含治疗有效量的神经保护剂或其药学上可接受的盐,其中所述神经保护剂选自由抗凋亡剂(诸如胱天蛋白酶-2抑制剂)和神经营养因子(诸如睫状神经营养因子)。
13.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物包含艾多南坦。
14.权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述眼部疾病是青光眼。
15.权利要求14所述的方法,其中以足以缓解或预防视神经损伤的量,通过检测眼内压降低或视神经损伤率降低来确定所述治疗的治疗功效。
16.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物包含A-182086。
17.权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述眼部疾病是青光眼。
18.权利要求17所述的方法,其中以足以缓解或预防视神经损伤的量,通过检测眼内压降低或视神经损伤率降低或其组合来确定所述治疗的治疗功效。
19.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物以1μg至4mg的剂量施用。
20.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物以10μg至100μg的剂量施用。
21.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述接触包括将所述组合物局部施用至眼的表面或其部分。
22.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述接触包括将组合物注射到眼或其组成部分中。
23.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物包含眼用制剂,所述眼用制剂含有一种或多种防腐剂、防腐助剂、粘度或润滑调节剂、张度调节剂、增溶剂、缓冲剂、表面活性剂、稳定剂或其组合。
24.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述接触包括通过靶向药物递送系统施用组合物,其中所述靶向药物递送系统选自下组:ApidCOR、BioSeizer-ProDex、Vitrasert、Retisert、Iluvien、I-Vation、纳米多孔硅、Ozurdex/Novadur、OcuLief、港递送系统(PDS)、PEA植入物、PEG-PLA微球、PRINT技术、Q-Sphera、SKS微粒、Verisome、胶囊环装置、微型泵、微针注射器、微针/无针注射器、EyeCET、Gemini屈光胶囊、IVMED、睫状沟环、巩膜外植体、眼-D植入物和纳米脂质体。
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IL294873A (en) | 2020-02-06 | 2022-09-01 | Perfuse Therapeutics Inc | Preparations for the treatment of eye diseases |
IL307997A (en) | 2021-04-30 | 2023-12-01 | Perfuse Therapeutics Inc | Pharmaceutical preparations and intravitreal drug delivery systems for the treatment of eye diseases |
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