CN114773123A - Environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
- C05G5/37—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings layered or coated with a polymer
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer and a preparation method thereof. Weighing polyvinyl alcohol and deionized water, heating and stirring; after the polyvinyl alcohol is completely dissolved, cooling, adding polyvinylpyrrolidone and water-based acrylate emulsion, stirring at constant temperature, adding fly ash zeolite powder after completely and uniformly mixing, and continuously stirring to obtain a water-based composite solution; atomizing the water-based composite solution by high-speed hot air flow, uniformly spraying the atomized water-based composite solution on the surface of preheated urea particles, and ventilating and drying to form a slow release layer; and spraying palm oil on the surface of the slow release layer, discharging, and naturally cooling to obtain the environment-friendly slow release coated urea fertilizer. The environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer integrates the functions of controlling nutrient release and retaining water, and is a fertilizer with the functions of nutrient slow release and control, drought resistance, water saving and soil structure improvement.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fertilizer preparation, and particularly relates to an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer and a preparation method thereof.
Background
China is a big agricultural production country, the production capacity and the use amount of chemical fertilizers are the first in the world, but the utilization rate of effective nutrients of chemical fertilizers in China is low, so that huge waste of energy and financial resources is caused, and serious pollution to soil and water is caused. Therefore, how to greatly improve the utilization rate of the fertilizer and realize the sustainable development of agriculture and environment is an important problem which needs to be solved urgently to guarantee the safety of grains and environment at present. The application of coated slow release fertilizers is an important approach to solving this problem.
The coated slow-release fertilizer is a novel chemical fertilizer which takes fertilizer granules as cores, controls the release speed of fertilizer nutrients in a coating mode, synchronizes the soil nutrient supply with the crop nutrient demand, improves the fertilizer efficiency and has longer fertilizer effect period and difficult nutrient loss. According to the type of coating material, coated slow-release fertilizers are divided into two main categories, namely inorganic coatings and organic polymer coatings. Inorganic coating materials such as zeolite coated urea and sulfur coated urea are low in price, do not harm soil, and can provide necessary nutrients for crops. However, such coated fertilizers have poor elasticity and are brittle, and the slow release effect is not ideal. Organic natural polymer coating materials such as starch, shellac and the like have wide sources and are easy to biodegrade, belong to environment-friendly materials, but have poor slow release characteristics and are difficult to apply at present. However, organic synthetic polymer coating materials such as phenolic resin, polyolefin, urea resin and the like have good nutrient controlled release performance and good elasticity, are easy to mechanically fertilize, and are the main coating materials in the prior industrialization, but the polymer coating materials are not easy to degrade per se, or adopt organic solvents during preparation, and have the problems of environmental pollution, higher cost and the like.
Water is an important development direction for replacing organic solvents in the coating industry due to the characteristics of wide sources, environmental friendliness and the like. Compared with the traditional coated fertilizer, the water-based polymer does not need an organic solvent in the synthesis process, is tasteless in finished products and easy to degrade, and is considered as an ideal environment-friendly coated controlled-release material. The water-based polymer coating materials disclosed in patents CN101823917A and CN101182269B have many advantages in terms of price and environmental friendliness, but their large-scale application is limited by insufficient film strength, poor water resistance, etc. At present, modification of water-based polymer coating materials in various modes is carried out, so that the mechanical strength of the coating materials is improved, and the nutrient release rate of the coated fertilizer is slowed down, which has very important significance.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer based on a water-based polymer and a preparation method thereof. The environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer integrates the functions of controlling nutrient release and retaining water, and is a fertilizer with the functions of nutrient slow-release and control, drought resistance, water conservation and soil structure improvement.
In order to realize the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the invention provides an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer, which comprises urea and a coating layer coated on the surface of the urea; the coating layer comprises an inner slow release layer and an outer protective layer; the inner slow release layer is a water-based copolymer-fly ash zeolite composite slow release film, and the outer protective layer is palm oil.
Further, the water-based copolymer-fly ash zeolite composite slow-release membrane comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30-45 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 3-5 parts of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 15-23 parts of water-based acrylate emulsion, 1-2 parts of fly ash zeolite powder and 580-630 parts of deionized water. Among the raw materials, the polyvinyl alcohol is nontoxic and harmless, and can be degraded by environmental microorganisms; the polyvinylpyrrolidone has excellent solubility, low toxicity, film forming property and chemical stability, and the physical properties of the film material can be obviously improved after the copolymerization of the polyvinyl alcohol and the polyvinylpyrrolidone. The water-based acrylate emulsion has no pollution, no toxicity, no irritation, stable storage and low price, and the water resistance of the film material can be obviously improved after the water-based acrylate emulsion is added into the slow-release film material. The fly ash zeolite powder has large surface area, adsorbability and rheological property, can play an excellent fertilizer control role, and can improve soil and reduce the biological effectiveness of heavy metals and organic pollutants by applying the fly ash zeolite powder to the soil.
Further, the weight part of the palm oil is 60-80 parts; the weight portion of the urea is 700 portions. Among the above raw materials, palm oil can be used as a skeleton-forming material in a controlled release system to enhance the film strength of the coated fertilizer.
Further, the mass of the coating layer accounts for 10-20% of the mass of the coated urea fertilizer.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: weighing polyvinyl alcohol and deionized water, heating and stirring; after the polyvinyl alcohol is completely dissolved, cooling, adding polyvinylpyrrolidone and water-based acrylate emulsion, stirring at constant temperature, adding fly ash zeolite powder after completely and uniformly mixing, and continuously stirring to obtain a water-based composite solution;
step 2: atomizing the water-based composite solution by high-speed hot air flow, uniformly spraying the atomized water-based composite solution on the surface of preheated urea particles, and ventilating and drying to form a slow release layer;
and 3, step 3: and spraying palm oil on the surface of the slow release layer, discharging, and naturally cooling to obtain the environment-friendly slow release coated urea fertilizer.
Further, by weight, 30-45 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 3-5 parts of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 15-23 parts of water-based acrylate emulsion, 1-2 parts of fly ash zeolite powder, 580-630 parts of deionized water, 700 parts of urea and 60-80 parts of palm oil.
Further, the temperature is 88-92 ℃ in the heating and stirring process. Polyvinyl alcohol can be dissolved completely and rapidly at this temperature.
Further, in the constant-temperature stirring process, the temperature is 58-63 ℃ and the time is 120-150 min. At the temperature, the polyvinyl alcohol and the polyvinylpyrrolidone can be copolymerized to form the water-based copolymer after being stirred for a period of time, and the water-based copolymer and the water-based acrylate emulsion can be stirred and mixed uniformly.
Further, the temperature for continuously stirring after adding the fly ash zeolite powder is 50-60 ℃ and the time is 50-70 min. The aim is to have the zeolite powder evenly dispersed in the solution.
Further, the preheating temperature of the urea particles is 50-60 ℃, and the time is 10-20 min. The solution can be better wrapped by preheating the urea for a period of time at the temperature.
Furthermore, the particle size of the urea particles is 2-4 mm, and the particle size of the fly ash zeolite powder particles is 5-10 mu m.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer is a novel fertilizer with a double-layer film structure, wherein the inner layer material has nutrient controlled release property, and the outer layer material has good water retention property.
(2) The fertilizer is a coated slow-release fertilizer, and when the fertilizer is applied to soil, nutrients of the fertilizer can be released according to a certain rule, so that the utilization rate of urine fertilizer is improved, and the leaching loss of the fertilizer is reduced. Meanwhile, the fertilizer has a water retention function, can absorb and retain water after being applied to soil, and can absorb and utilize the absorbed water by plants when the plants need the water, so that the water utilization rate of the soil is improved.
(3) The invention adopts polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water-based acrylate emulsion and fly ash zeolite which are widely available, environment-friendly, cheap and easily available as raw materials, water as a solvent, and a solution copolymerization technology as a basis to prepare the water-based copolymer-fly ash zeolite powder composite coating material. It has good film-forming and mechanical properties, and can be naturally degraded in nature. In addition, zeolite is used as a membrane material with huge potential, the mechanical strength of the membrane material can be effectively enhanced, and the zeolite in the degraded membrane shell can continuously serve the soil ecological environment.
(4) The fly ash zeolite added into the inner slow release layer has porosity, can adsorb dissolved ammonium ions, and reduces leaching loss; can adsorb free water molecules and soil microorganisms, and the microorganisms can change the degradation speed of organic matters in the film material. After the coating layer is degraded, the residual fly ash zeolite can increase the porosity of the soil and reduce the volume weight of the soil. Meanwhile, ammonium ions and free water molecules are released, the water retention capacity of the soil is enhanced, and the nutrient release period is prolonged.
(5) The coated urea fertilizer has excellent biodegradability, effectively avoids secondary pollution to soil, is gradually decomposed into micromolecular substances under the degradation of microorganisms after being applied to the soil, can provide necessary water and nutrients for crops, improves the life activities of plants, does not cause the problems of soil degradation, fertility reduction and the like, and is a novel environment-friendly fertilizer.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer prepared by the coating machine of the invention.
Detailed Description
The following examples are given in the detailed description and the specific operation on the premise of the technical solutions of the present invention, but do not limit the protection scope of the patent of the present invention, and all technical solutions obtained by using equivalent alternatives or equivalent variations should fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention provides an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer (see figure 1), which comprises urea and a coating layer coated on the surface of the urea; the coating layer comprises an inner slow release layer and an outer protective layer; the inner slow release layer is a water-based copolymer-fly ash zeolite composite slow release film, and the outer protective layer is palm oil.
The test method for the compressive strength of the environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer comprises the following steps: randomly extracting 30 coated fertilizer particles, sequentially measuring the crushing resistance, and finally taking the average value to measure the compression strength of various coated fertilizers; and then respectively taking 50 coated fertilizers, putting the 50 coated fertilizers into a 250mL conical flask, covering the conical flask, putting the conical flask into a reciprocating type oscillator, oscillating the conical flask for 10 minutes at a frequency of 150 times per minute, taking the conical flask out, observing whether the surface film shells of the coated fertilizers are broken, and measuring the breaking rate of the granules, namely (the number of intact granules before oscillation-the number of intact granules after oscillation)/the number of intact granules before oscillation as 100 percent.
The test of the controlled-release performance of the environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer adopts a water immersion method, and specifically comprises the following steps: weighing 10g of the prepared environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer, placing the bag into a nylon mesh bag of 100 meshes, sealing the nylon mesh bag, placing the bag into a glass container filled with 250mL of distilled water, sealing the glass container, placing the sealed bag into a constant-temperature incubator at 25 ℃, and sampling for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, 35 days, 42 days and 60 days to determine nutrient dissolution data. The nitrogen dissolution rate is measured by spectrophotometry.
The nutrient release period refers to the days required for the cumulative release rate of the coated controlled release fertilizer in water at 25 ℃ to reach 80%.
Example 1
(1) Weighing 31.8g of polyvinyl alcohol and 621.25g of deionized water, adding the weighed materials into a three-necked flask with a stirrer, a condenser and a thermometer, heating to 90 ℃, dissolving solid polyvinyl alcohol under the stirring of an electric stirrer, cooling to 60 ℃ after the polyvinyl alcohol is completely dissolved, adding 3.2g of polyvinylpyrrolidone and 15.5g of water-based acrylate emulsion, stirring for 2 hours at constant temperature, adding 1.25g of fly ash zeolite powder with the particle size of 5-10 mu m after the mixture is completely mixed uniformly, and stirring at high speed for 1 hour to prepare a water-based composite solution.
(2) Putting 700g of urea particles with the particle size of 2-4 mm into a fluidized bed, preheating for 10-20 min at the temperature of 50-60 ℃, slowly feeding the water-based composite solution obtained in the step (1) through a peristaltic pump, atomizing the sample injection by high-pressure gas provided by an air compressor, and attaching the coating material on the surface of the fertilizer under the action of high-speed hot air flow. And (3) after the granules are dried for 10min in a ventilating way until a layer of uniform separation film is formed outside the granules, spraying 60g of palm oil on the surface of the slow release layer, discharging, and naturally cooling to obtain the environment-friendly slow release coated urea fertilizer.
The coated slow-release urea fertilizer prepared by the method has smooth surface, and the results of the compression resistance test and the controlled slow-release performance test are shown in table 1.
Example 2
(1) Weighing 38.2g of polyvinyl alcohol and 606.25g of deionized water, adding the polyvinyl alcohol and the deionized water into a three-necked flask with a stirrer, a condenser and a thermometer, heating to 90 ℃, dissolving solid polyvinyl alcohol under the stirring of an electric stirrer, cooling to 60 ℃ after the polyvinyl alcohol is completely dissolved, adding 3.8g of polyvinylpyrrolidone and 18.5g of water-based acrylate emulsion, stirring for 2 hours at constant temperature, adding 1.5g of fly ash zeolite powder with the particle size of 5-10 mu m after the polyvinyl alcohol is completely dissolved, and stirring at high speed for 1 hour to prepare a water-based composite solution.
(2) Putting 700g of urea particles with the particle size of 2-4 mm into a fluidized bed, preheating for 10-20 min at the temperature of 50-60 ℃, slowly feeding the water-based composite solution obtained in the step (1) through a peristaltic pump, atomizing the sample injection by high-pressure gas provided by an air compressor, and attaching the coating material on the surface of the fertilizer under the action of high-speed hot air flow. And (3) after the granules are dried for 10min in a ventilating way until a uniform separation film is formed outside the granules, spraying 70g of palm oil on the surface of the slow release layer, discharging, and naturally cooling to obtain the environment-friendly slow release coated urea fertilizer.
The coated slow-release urea fertilizer prepared by the method has a smooth surface, and the results of the compression resistance test and the controlled-release performance test of the coated slow-release urea fertilizer are shown in table 1.
Example 3
(1) Weighing 44.5g of polyvinyl alcohol and 589.25g of deionized water, adding the weighed materials into a three-necked flask with a stirrer, a condenser and a thermometer, heating the mixture to 90 ℃, dissolving solid polyvinyl alcohol under the stirring of an electric stirrer, cooling the mixture to 60 ℃ after the polyvinyl alcohol is completely dissolved, adding 4.5g of polyvinylpyrrolidone and 22g of water-based acrylate emulsion, stirring the mixture at constant temperature for 2 hours, completely mixing the mixture uniformly, adding 1.75g of fly ash zeolite powder with the particle size of 5-10 mu m, and stirring the mixture at high speed for 1 hour to prepare a water-based composite solution.
(2) 700g of urea particles with the particle size of 2-4 mm are placed in a fluidized bed, preheating is carried out for 10-20 min at the temperature of 50-60 ℃, the water-based composite solution obtained in the step (1) is slowly fed through a peristaltic pump, high-pressure gas provided by an air compressor is used for atomizing sample injection, and the coating material is attached to the surface of the fertilizer under the action of high-speed hot air flow. And (3) after the granules are dried for 10min in a ventilating way until a uniform separation film is formed outside the granules, spraying 80g of palm oil on the surface of the slow release layer, discharging, and naturally cooling to obtain the environment-friendly slow release coated urea fertilizer.
The coated slow-release urea fertilizer prepared by the method has a smooth surface, and the results of the compression resistance test and the controlled-release performance test of the coated slow-release urea fertilizer are shown in table 1.
Comparative example 1
The components and the operation method are the same as those in example 3 except that the palm oil is not sprayed, so that the coated fertilizer is obtained.
The surface of the coated fertilizer prepared by the method is slightly concave-convex, and the results of the compression resistance test and the controlled-release performance test are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 coated Slow Release Urea Fertilizer Properties
As can be seen from Table 1, the coated slow-release urea fertilizers prepared in the embodiments 1 to 3 of the present invention have smooth surfaces, high compressive strength and low breakage rate, which indicates that the coated fertilizers of the present invention have not only good appearance but also high film strength. In addition, with the increase of the concentration of the coating material, not only the film strength of the coated fertilizer is obviously enhanced, but also the water resistance of the coated fertilizer is increased to a certain extent, and the fertilizer nutrient release period is prolonged, which shows that the slow release performance of the coated fertilizer is greatly dependent on the concentration of the coating material.
Claims (10)
1. An environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer is characterized in that: comprises urea and a coating layer coated on the surface of the urea; the coating layer comprises an inner slow release layer and an outer protective layer; the inner slow release layer is a water-based copolymer-fly ash zeolite composite slow release film, and the outer protective layer is palm oil.
2. The environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the water-based copolymer-fly ash zeolite composite slow-release membrane comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30-45 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 3-5 parts of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 15-23 parts of water-based acrylate emulsion, 1-2 parts of fly ash zeolite powder and 580-630 parts of deionized water; the weight portion of the urea is 700 portions; the weight portion of the palm oil is 60-80 portions.
3. The environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the mass of the coating layer accounts for 10-20% of the mass of the coated urea fertilizer.
4. A method for preparing the environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer as defined in any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising the steps of:
step 1: weighing polyvinyl alcohol and deionized water, heating and stirring; after the polyvinyl alcohol is completely dissolved, cooling, adding polyvinylpyrrolidone and water-based acrylate emulsion, stirring at constant temperature, adding fly ash zeolite powder after completely and uniformly mixing, and continuously stirring to obtain a water-based composite solution;
and 2, step: atomizing the water-based composite solution by high-speed hot air flow, uniformly spraying the atomized water-based composite solution on the surface of preheated urea particles, and ventilating and drying to form a slow release layer;
and step 3: and spraying palm oil on the surface of the slow release layer, discharging, and naturally cooling to obtain the environment-friendly slow release coated urea fertilizer.
5. The method for preparing an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer as claimed in claim 4, wherein: 30-45 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 3-5 parts of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 15-23 parts of water-based acrylate emulsion, 1-2 parts of fly ash zeolite powder, 580-630 parts of deionized water, 700 parts of urea and 60-80 parts of palm oil.
6. The method for preparing an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer as claimed in claim 4, wherein: and in the heating and stirring process, the temperature is 88-92 ℃.
7. The method for preparing an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer as claimed in claim 4, wherein: and in the constant-temperature stirring process, the temperature is 58-63 ℃ and the time is 120-150 min.
8. The method for preparing an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that: and after the fly ash zeolite powder is added, continuously stirring at the temperature of 50-60 ℃ for 50-70 min.
9. The method for preparing an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that: the preheating temperature of the urea particles is 50-60 ℃, and the time is 10-20 min.
10. The method for preparing an environment-friendly slow-release coated urea fertilizer as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that: the particle size of the urea particles is 2-4 mm, and the particle size of the fly ash zeolite powder particles is 5-10 mu m.
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