CN114710137A - High-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter - Google Patents
High-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter Download PDFInfo
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- CN114710137A CN114710137A CN202210397252.7A CN202210397252A CN114710137A CN 114710137 A CN114710137 A CN 114710137A CN 202210397252 A CN202210397252 A CN 202210397252A CN 114710137 A CN114710137 A CN 114710137A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H11/00—Networks using active elements
- H03H11/02—Multiple-port networks
- H03H11/16—Networks for phase shifting
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F21/00—Variable inductances or transformers of the signal type
- H01F21/12—Variable inductances or transformers of the signal type discontinuously variable, e.g. tapped
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H11/00—Networks using active elements
- H03H11/02—Multiple-port networks
- H03H11/28—Impedance matching networks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F21/00—Variable inductances or transformers of the signal type
- H01F21/12—Variable inductances or transformers of the signal type discontinuously variable, e.g. tapped
- H01F2021/125—Printed variable inductor with taps, e.g. for VCO
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter, which sequentially comprises an input matching amplifying circuit, an orthogonal coupler, two inter-stage processing circuits, a vector synthesizer and an output matching circuit; the input matching amplifying circuit is used for realizing impedance matching, direct current isolation and power amplification of an input signal; a quadrature coupler for converting an input signal into an output signal having a phase difference of 90 °; the interstage processing circuit is used for amplifying, reducing noise and adjusting the phase of two paths of signals with the phase difference of 90 degrees; the vector synthesizer is used for carrying out vector synthesis on the two paths of signals after the interstage processing; and the output matching circuit is used for realizing impedance matching of the output signal. The invention not only realizes the optimization of loss, phase error and gain error, but also has the characteristics of large bandwidth, high precision and high integration level.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of phase shifters, in particular to a high-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter.
Background
The phase shifter is a key module in the phased array radar, is a main element for controlling and changing the phase shift of electromagnetic waves, and can realize the scanning and shaping of beams. In recent years, with the increasing shortage of low-frequency spectrum resources, the field of view of people gradually gathers towards the millimeter wave frequency band (30 GHz-300 GHz), so that the millimeter wave frequency band phased array becomes a hot area of research at home and abroad. The millimeter wave wireless communication system has the characteristics of large bandwidth, high maximum transmitting power and the like, and can realize high-speed wireless data communication at the rate of dozens of Gbps. Therefore, the research on the millimeter wave chip applied to the 60GHz communication system has important significance.
Phase shifters can be structurally divided into passive and active architectures. Passive architectures include switched inductor capacitor phase shifters, reflection type phase shifters, and loaded type phase shifters. These passive architectures generally have higher linearity performance but also suffer from high loss, high noise and large area on the chip. Active architectures, such as vector synthesis phase shifters, typically exhibit higher gain, smaller chip area, and higher phase shift resolution than passive phase shifters.
In order to solve the problems of large area and large loss of a passive framework, low precision of a traditional active framework and large error of a root mean square phase, the invention designs a millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter based on a transformer.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter which can realize optimization of loss, phase error and gain error and has the characteristics of large bandwidth, high precision and high integration level.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a high-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter, which sequentially comprises an input matching amplifying circuit, an orthogonal coupler, two interstage processing circuits, a vector synthesizer and an output matching circuit;
the input matching amplifying circuit is used for realizing impedance matching, direct current isolation and power amplification of an input signal;
a quadrature coupler for converting an input signal into an output signal having a phase difference of 90 °;
the interstage processing circuit is used for amplifying, reducing noise and adjusting the phase of two paths of signals with the phase difference of 90 degrees;
the vector synthesizer is used for carrying out vector synthesis on the two paths of signals after the interstage processing;
and the output matching circuit is used for realizing impedance matching of the output signal.
Further, the input matching amplifying circuit comprises an input matching transformer, and the output end of the input matching transformer is connected with a front-end amplifier.
Further, the amplifier adopts a power amplifier structure with a differential common source.
Further, the quadrature coupler adopts a transformer-based fully differential quadrature signal coupler.
Further, the interstage processing circuit comprises an interstage matching transformer, an interstage amplifier, a series resonance transformer, a digital-to-analog converter and a digital decoder connected between the two digital-to-analog converters, wherein the interstage matching transformer, the interstage amplifier, the series resonance transformer and the digital-to-analog converter are connected in sequence.
Furthermore, the digital-to-analog converter comprises an I path and a Q path which are the same, and the digital-to-analog converter adopts a parallel structure of a plurality of differential switch transistors.
Compared with the prior art, the invention at least has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention adopts a two-stage amplified active vector synthesis phase shifter structure. The compromise optimization among power consumption, loss and linearity parameter indexes can be flexibly realized by adjusting the bias voltage of the amplifier, and in addition, a resonance transformer is inserted between the second-stage amplifier and the digital-to-analog converter, so that the resonance transformer can resonate with the parasitic capacitance of the front and rear stages, and the bandwidth of the phase shifter is greatly improved;
(2) the invention adopts the cooperative working mode between the 6-bit digital decoder and the digital-to-analog converter, so that the scanning range of 360 degrees and the scanning precision of 6 bits can be realized under the condition of no need of external calibration, and the root mean square phase error of 0.7 degree and the gain error of 0.35dB can be realized at 60 GHz;
(3) the invention adopts the broadband low-loss small-sized signal orthogonal coupler, fully utilizes the option of the process metal layer, adopts four layers of metal on the topmost layer for layout, combines the upper and lower coupling with the side coupling, and reasonably arranges four inductors to occupy the area of only one inductor, thereby greatly reducing the area of the whole chip. And the coupling coefficient of the transformer is increased and the loss is reduced by enabling the stacking of each layer of metal to be more compact. The signal is propagated through magnetic coupling, so that the output under a broadband can meet the orthogonal requirement.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of an embodiment of a high performance millimeter wave active vector composite phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an input matching transformer in accordance with an embodiment of the high performance millimeter wave active vector combining phase shifter of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of a differential common source power amplifier according to an embodiment of the high-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a conventional quadrature signal coupler;
FIG. 5 is a lumped circuit diagram of a quadrature signal coupler for one embodiment of a high performance millimeter wave active vector combining phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a quadrature signal coupler according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating phase simulation results for a quadrature signal coupler according to an embodiment of the high performance millimeter wave active vector combining phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the results of gain simulation of the quadrature signal coupler in accordance with an embodiment of the high performance millimeter wave active vector combining phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an interstage matching transformer of the high performance millimeter wave active vector combining phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a series resonant transformer in accordance with an embodiment of the high performance millimeter wave active vector combining phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a diagram of a digital-to-analog converter model of an embodiment of a high performance millimeter wave active vector synthesizing phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a diagram of a phase shifter output matching transformer model for an embodiment of a high performance millimeter wave active vector combining phase shifter in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a phase simulation diagram of a 6-bit phase shifter according to an embodiment of the high performance millimeter wave active vector combining phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a simulation of the root mean square phase error of a 6-bit phase shifter in accordance with an embodiment of the high performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a simulation diagram of small signal gain S21 of a 6-bit phase shifter according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a simulation diagram of the root mean square gain error of the small signal gain S21 of the 6-bit phase shifter according to an embodiment of the high-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter of the present invention;
FIG. 17 is a simulation diagram of input/output return loss S11 of a 6-bit phase shifter according to an embodiment of the high-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter of the present invention;
fig. 18 is a simulation diagram of the input/output return loss S22 of the 6-bit phase shifter according to an embodiment of the high-performance millimeter wave active vector composite phase shifter of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The high performance millimeter wave active vector composite phase shifter of the present invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the schematic drawings wherein preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown, it being understood that one skilled in the art may modify the invention herein described while still achieving the advantageous effects of the present invention. Accordingly, the following description should be construed as broadly as possible to those skilled in the art and not as limiting the invention.
The invention is described in more detail in the following paragraphs by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. Advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and from the claims. It is to be noted that the drawings are in a very simplified form and are not to precise scale, which is merely for the purpose of facilitating and distinctly claiming the embodiments of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a high-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter, which sequentially includes an input matching amplifying circuit, an orthogonal coupler, two inter-stage processing circuits, a vector synthesizer, and an output matching circuit;
the input matching amplifying circuit is used for realizing impedance matching, direct current isolation and power amplification of an input signal;
a quadrature coupler for converting an input signal into an output signal having a phase difference of 90 °;
the interstage processing circuit is used for amplifying, reducing noise and adjusting the phase of two paths of signals with the phase difference of 90 degrees;
the vector synthesizer is used for carrying out vector synthesis on the two paths of signals after the interstage processing;
and the output matching circuit is used for realizing impedance matching of the output signal.
In the embodiment, the invention designs a transformer-based millimeter wave 60GHz 6bit active vector synthesis phase shifter, which is improved on the traditional active phase shifter framework and is realized by adopting on-chip transformers for all matching networks. The transformer can simultaneously realize the functions of impedance matching and direct current isolation, and the matching transformer has the advantages of small volume, no need of a blocking capacitor, power supply through a center tap, differential signal transmission and the like. Compared with the traditional inductance-capacitance network for impedance matching, the transformer matching can achieve larger design freedom in the area equivalent to the inductance, and meanwhile, the loss of the matching network is reduced; compared with the use of microstrip lines for inter-stage matching, the chip area can be miniaturized.
The following is a list of preferred embodiments of the high-performance millimeter-wave active vector composite phase shifter to clearly illustrate the content of the present invention, and it should be understood that the content of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and other modifications by conventional technical means of those skilled in the art are within the scope of the idea of the present invention.
The input matching amplifying circuit comprises an input matching transformer, and the output end of the input matching transformer is connected with a front-end amplifier.
Specifically, the input matching transformer is realized by performing 3D modeling by using HFSS, and electromagnetic simulation is completed. The final electromagnetic simulation diagram is shown in fig. 2. The transformer is composed of upper and lower 2 octagonal inductors, and the lower surfaces of the inductors are hollowed out so as to increase the quality factor of the inductors and reduce loss. The lower inductor adopts a two-turn structure, so that the coupling coefficient between the lower inductor and the upper inductor can be increased, the cross part of the lower inductor is connected by using low-layer metal, a central tap is led out by using the low-layer metal, the central tap is led out from the left side and the right side, the symmetry of the transformer is increased, and the central tap is used as a port for providing direct current.
The amplifier adopts a power amplifier structure of a differential common source.
Specifically, in contrast, the cascode structure requires a higher supply voltage, whereas the differential common-source structure can achieve a higher voltage swing and can employ a lower supply voltage. The amplifier consists of an input tube M and a neutralization capacitor CN. The main function of the neutralization capacitor is to increase gain and stability. The input transistor M is sized to have the largest gate index, so that the parasitic capacitance between the gate and the drain is reduced to the greatest extent, and the high-frequency performance of the circuit is optimized. The proper width allows for good current density and less gate resistance, thereby maximizing efficiency. The smaller the allowed gate length of the CMOS process, the larger the characteristic frequency of the transistor and thus the better the high frequency performance. By selecting the appropriate transistor size, the power amplifier achieves maximum current density and thus maximum power gain. As shown in fig. 3.
The quadrature coupler is a transformer-based fully differential quadrature signal coupler.
Specifically, the conventional quadrature signal coupler is composed of two sections of λ/4 transmission lines, and the coupling coefficient thereof is fixed to 0.707, as shown in fig. 4. The orthogonal coupler is composed of lambda/4, has a very large area, is not beneficial to the on-chip realization of a silicon-based CMOS, and only realizes complete orthogonality at a single frequency point, so that the bandwidth is limited, and the broadband application is not beneficial.
The invention is designed into a transformer-based fully differential integrated orthogonal signal coupler with small area, low loss, large bandwidth and adjustable coupling coefficient. Fig. 5 shows a lumped model thereof, where ISO + -represents an isolated terminal, and both terminals are connected through a 100 ohm resistor. THU + and THU-represent IN-phase terminals, CPL + and CPL-represent quadrature terminals, IN + and IN-represent input signal terminals, and Cp represents parasitic capacitance. The physical layout of the orthogonal signal coupler is shown in fig. 6, the top four layers of metal in the process are distributed, two transformers are reasonably distributed into the area of one inductor, the area of a chip is greatly reduced, and the coupling coefficient of the transformers is increased, so that the loss is reduced. The signals are passed by magnetic coupling and output phase quadrature is achieved.
Fig. 7 and 8 show simulation results of phase and gain of the quadrature signal coupler. It can be seen that within 55GHz-65GHz, the phase quadrature characteristic is good, which is beneficial to realizing broadband application. The gain profile has an insertion loss of only 0.65dB (where 3dB is power split) at 60 GHz. Therefore, the orthogonal coupler realizes better performance indexes.
The interstage processing circuit comprises an interstage matching transformer, an interstage amplifier, a series resonant transformer, a digital-to-analog converter and a digital decoder connected between the two digital-to-analog converters, wherein the interstage matching transformer, the interstage amplifier, the series resonant transformer and the digital-to-analog converter are sequentially connected.
Specifically, the design of the interstage matching transformer is shown in fig. 9. The specific layout realizes a similar input matching transformer. In addition, a light green layer of aluminum metal also leads out the center tap to provide a dc port.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 10, the series resonant transformer uses 3 turns of compact inductance to transmit signals through side wall coupling.
Specifically, the digital-to-analog converter is composed of an I path and a Q path which are the same, a plurality of differential switch transistor parallel structures are adopted, and the transistor parallel size adopts the optimal proportion of 1: 2: 4: 8: 16: 32 as shown in fig. 11. Digital signals 0 and 1 output by the 6-bit digital decoder represent the lowest potential GND and the highest potential VDD of the chip, the output signals control the grids of all transistors of the digital-to-analog converter, and when the grid voltage is GND, the transistors are closed; when the grid voltage is VDD, the transistor is turned on; therefore, the phase shift range from 0 degree to 360 degrees and the phase precision of 6 bits can be realized by reasonably selecting the transistor size of the digital-to-analog converter and the control mode of the 6-bit digital decoder.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 12, the output matching transformer is similar to the input matching transformer, and the required inductance value is small, so that the upper and lower inductors only need one turn.
After the circuit design is finished, the schematic diagram simulation is finished by the Cadance Virtuoso software, and the passive structure and the key connecting line in the circuit are subjected to 3D modeling design and parameter extraction by adopting the electromagnetic simulation software Ansys HFSS. The simulation analysis results are as follows:
(1) fig. 13 and 14 are a phase simulation diagram and a root mean square phase error simulation diagram of the 6-bit phase shifter, the invention realizes a 360-degree phase shift range and 6-bit precision, and the lowest root mean square phase error is only 0.7 degree.
(2) Fig. 15 and 16 are a simulation of the small signal gain S21 and a simulation of the rms gain error for a 6bit phase shifter, the gain range achieved by the present invention is-2.8 dB to-1.3 dB, and the lowest rms gain error is only 0.35 degrees.
(3) Fig. 17 and 18 are simulation diagrams of input and output return loss S11, S22 of a 6-bit phase shifter. At 60GHz, the return loss of the invention can be realized below-10 dB.
In summary, compared with the traditional vector synthesis phase shifter, the invention has at least the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention adopts a two-stage amplified active vector synthesis phase shifter structure. The optimization among power consumption, loss and linearity parameter indexes can be flexibly realized by adjusting the bias voltage of the amplifier, and in addition, a resonance transformer is inserted between the second-stage amplifier and the digital-to-analog converter and can resonate with the parasitic capacitors of the front and rear stages, so that the bandwidth of the phase shifter is greatly improved;
(2) the invention adopts the cooperative working mode between the 6-bit digital decoder and the digital-to-analog converter, so that the scanning range of 360 degrees and the scanning precision of 6 bits can be realized under the condition of no need of external calibration, and the root mean square phase error as low as 0.7 degree and the gain error as low as 0.35dB are realized around 60.5 GHz;
(3) the invention adopts the broadband low-loss small-sized signal orthogonal coupler, fully utilizes the option of the process metal layer, adopts four layers of metal on the topmost layer for layout, combines the upper and lower coupling with the side coupling, and reasonably arranges four inductors to occupy the area of only one inductor, thereby greatly reducing the area of the whole chip. And the coupling coefficient of the transformer is increased and the loss is reduced by enabling the stacking of each layer of metal to be more compact. The signal is transmitted through magnetic coupling, and the output can meet the orthogonal requirement under the broadband.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (6)
1. A high-performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter is characterized by sequentially comprising an input matching amplification circuit, an orthogonal coupler, two inter-stage processing circuits, a vector synthesizer and an output matching circuit;
the input matching amplifying circuit is used for realizing impedance matching, direct current isolation and power amplification of an input signal;
a quadrature coupler for converting an input signal into an output signal having a phase difference of 90 °;
the interstage processing circuit is used for amplifying, reducing noise and adjusting the phase of two paths of signals with the phase difference of 90 degrees;
the vector synthesizer is used for carrying out vector synthesis on the two paths of signals after the interstage processing;
and the output matching circuit is used for realizing impedance matching of the output signal.
2. The high performance millimeter wave active vector composite phase shifter according to claim 1, wherein the input matching amplification circuit comprises an input matching transformer having a front end amplifier connected to an output of the input matching transformer.
3. The high performance millimeter wave active vector composite phase shifter of claim 2, wherein the amplifier employs a differential common source power amplifier architecture.
4. The high performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter of claim 1, wherein the quadrature coupler is a transformer-based fully differential quadrature signal coupler.
5. The high performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter according to claim 1, wherein said inter-stage processing circuit comprises an inter-stage matching transformer, an inter-stage amplifier, a series resonant transformer, a digital-to-analog converter, and a digital decoder connected between two of said digital-to-analog converters, connected in series.
6. The high performance millimeter wave active vector synthesis phase shifter according to claim 5, wherein the digital-to-analog converter comprises identical I and Q paths, and the digital-to-analog converter employs a parallel configuration of a plurality of differential switching transistors.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115411483A (en) * | 2022-11-02 | 2022-11-29 | 之江实验室 | Dual-mode orthogonal power synthesizer based on integrated passive device technology |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115411483A (en) * | 2022-11-02 | 2022-11-29 | 之江实验室 | Dual-mode orthogonal power synthesizer based on integrated passive device technology |
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