CN114709439B - Proton exchange membrane fuel cell flow field plate - Google Patents
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell flow field plate Download PDFInfo
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- CN114709439B CN114709439B CN202210604077.4A CN202210604077A CN114709439B CN 114709439 B CN114709439 B CN 114709439B CN 202210604077 A CN202210604077 A CN 202210604077A CN 114709439 B CN114709439 B CN 114709439B
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- flow channel
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- air inlet
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
- H01M8/0263—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant having meandering or serpentine paths
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of fuel cells, in particular to a flow field plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell; the serpentine flow channel, the air inlet and the water outlet are arranged on the surface of the flow field plate body, the middle position of the serpentine flow channel is a reaction section flow channel, the edge position of the serpentine flow channel is an air inlet section flow channel and a water outlet section flow channel, the end part of the air inlet section flow channel is communicated with the air inlet, the end part of the water outlet section flow channel is communicated with the water outlet, because the depths of the air inlet section runner and the water drainage section runner are deeper than the depths of the reaction section runner, the reaction gas can pass through the upper part of the water body in the air inlet section runner and the water drainage section runner, which is beneficial to the ventilation of the air inlet section runner and the water drainage section runner, meanwhile, the depth of the flow passage of the reaction section is shallower than that of the flow passage of the air inlet section and the water discharge section, so that the reaction gas can be conveniently diffused to the catalyst layer of the fuel cell, and further, the temperature of the flow channel of the reaction section is increased, so that part of accumulated water in the flow channel of the reaction section is vaporized, and the circulation of reaction gas in the snake-shaped flow channel is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fuel cells, in particular to a flow field plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Background
Flow field plates are an important component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Flow field plates are typically provided in a land-and-groove configuration, consisting essentially of lands in direct contact with the gas diffusion layer of the fuel cell, and grooves formed between the lands for the transport of reactant gases and water. The current common flow field plates mainly comprise serpentine flow field plates, straight channel flow field plates, interdigitated flow field plates, dotted flow field plates, meshed flow field plates and the like.
After water vapor generated in the reaction process of the fuel cell reaches the flow field plate through the gas diffusion layer, the water vapor is cooled and liquefied at the flow field plate to form liquid water, the liquid water is accumulated to a large extent, and the liquid water enters the grooves of the flow field plate in strands to form water flow, and in order to prevent the cathode from being flooded, the water flow formed by the cathode reaction needs to be carried out through the grooves of the flow field plate by unreacted reaction gas. As the flow channel of the serpentine flow field plate is longer, reasonable designed ridges are needed to enhance the drainage capacity of the flow field plate, thereby reducing the blockage of the fuel cell reaction caused by the water generated in the reaction process.
In the flow field structure of the traditional and evenly distributed snake-shaped flow field plate, because condensation liquefaction at the air inlet and water flow aggregation at the air outlet result in more water production at two ends of a flow channel of the flow field plate, the two ends of the flow channel are easily blocked, and reaction gas is difficult to circulate at the two ends of the flow channel.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the technical defects, provides a flow field plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and solves the technical problem that water in the serpentine flow field plate of the fuel cell in the prior art easily blocks two ends of a serpentine flow channel, so that reaction gas is difficult to flow at the two ends of the flow channel.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the technical scheme of the invention provides a proton exchange membrane fuel cell flow field plate, which comprises a flow field plate body, wherein a snake-shaped flow channel, an air inlet and a water outlet are arranged on the surface of the flow field plate, the snake-shaped flow channel comprises a reaction section flow channel positioned in the middle of the snake-shaped flow channel, and an air inlet section flow channel and a water outlet section flow channel which are communicated with two ends of the reaction section flow channel, the air inlet is communicated with the end part of the air inlet section flow channel, the water outlet is communicated with the end part of the water outlet section flow channel, the flow channel depth of the reaction section flow channel is shallower than the flow channel depth of the air inlet section flow channel and the water outlet section flow channel, so that an air ventilation space and a water containing space are respectively formed on the air inlet section flow channel and the water outlet section flow channel on two sides of a separation surface with the same height as the bottom wall of the reaction section flow channel, and the water containing space is positioned between the separation surface, the air inlet section flow channel and the bottom wall of the water outlet section flow channel, the water containing space is used for containing accumulated water, and the ventilation space is used for draining and ventilating.
Optionally, the reaction section runners include a plurality of gas diffusion runners which are arranged in parallel and connected in sequence, the gas diffusion runners located on two sides of the edge are respectively communicated with the gas inlet section runners and the water discharge section runners, corner runners are arranged at the joints of the gas diffusion runners, and the runner width of the corner runners is smaller than that of the gas diffusion runners so as to enhance water discharge of the corner runners.
Optionally, the cross-sectional areas of the gas inlet section flow channels and the water discharge section flow channels are equal to the cross-sectional area of the gas diffusion flow channels.
Optionally, the ratio of the widths of the gas inlet section flow channel and the gas diffusion flow channel is 1:2, and the ratio of the depths of the gas inlet section flow channel and the gas diffusion flow channel is 2: 1.
Optionally, the ratio of the widths of the drainage section flow channel and the gas diffusion flow channel is 1:2, and the ratio of the depths of the drainage section flow channel and the gas diffusion flow channel is 2: 1.
Optionally, the ratio of the width of the corner flow channels to the width of the gas diffusion flow channels is 1: 2.
optionally, the reaction section flow channel further includes a first transition flow channel and a second transition flow channel, the first transition flow channel is used for communicating the gas inlet section flow channel and the gas diffusion flow channel, the second transition flow channel is used for communicating the water outlet section flow channel and the gas diffusion flow channel, the width of the first transition flow channel is equal to that of the gas inlet section flow channel, and the width of the second transition flow channel is equal to that of the water outlet section flow channel.
Optionally, a buffer inclined plane is arranged at a joint of the gas inlet section flow passage and the gas diffusion flow passage and a joint of the water drainage section flow passage and the gas diffusion flow passage.
Optionally, an included angle between the buffer inclined plane and the air inlet section flow channel and the water discharge section flow channel is 120-160 degrees.
Optionally, a separation ridge is disposed at an intermediate position of the bottom wall of the serpentine flow channel, and the separation ridge extends from the air inlet to the water outlet so as to separate the serpentine flow channel into two separation flow channels.
Compared with the prior art, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell flow field plate provided by the invention has the beneficial effects that: the snakelike flow passage, the air inlet and the water outlet are arranged on the surface of the flow field plate body, the middle position of the snakelike flow passage is a reaction section flow passage, the edge positions of the snakelike flow passage are an air inlet section flow passage and a water outlet section flow passage, the end part of the air inlet section flow passage is communicated with the air inlet, the end part of the water outlet section flow passage is communicated with the water outlet, and as the depths of the air inlet section flow passage and the water outlet section flow passage are deeper than those of the reaction section flow passage, the air inlet section flow passage and the water outlet section flow passage form a water containing space and a ventilating space which are positioned at two sides of the partition surface, when the water produced by the air inlet section flow passage and the water outlet section flow passage is more than that of the partition surface, the reaction gas can pass through the ventilating space above the water in the air inlet section flow passage and the water outlet section flow passage and take away the water above the partition surface, so that the ventilation of the air inlet section flow passage and the water outlet section flow passage is realized, and the blockage of the reaction gas caused by the water accumulated at two end positions of the snakelike flow passage is effectively avoided, meanwhile, the depth of the reaction section flow channel is shallower than that of the gas inlet section flow channel and the water drainage section flow channel, so that reaction gas can be conveniently diffused to a catalyst layer of the fuel cell, the temperature of the reaction section flow channel is further improved, part of accumulated water in the reaction section flow channel is vaporized, the blockage of water in the reaction section flow channel is avoided, and the circulation of the reaction gas in the snake-shaped flow channel is realized.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a flow field plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a side view of a flow field plate of a pem fuel cell provided in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a sectional view taken along line a-a in fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is a graph showing the reaction gas concentration of the reaction channel of the reaction section varying with the length direction of the flow channel in the ionic membrane, the catalytic layer, the gas diffusion layer and the flow channel according to example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing the variation of the concentration of the reactant gas in the flow channels of the gas inlet section and the water outlet section according to the length direction of the flow channels in the ionic membrane, the catalytic layer, the gas diffusion layer and the flow channels in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a flow field plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell provided in embodiment 2 of the present invention.
Wherein, in the figures, the respective reference numerals:
10 flow field plate body 11 serpentine flow channel 12 air inlet
13-water outlet 111-reaction section flow passage 112-air inlet section flow passage
113-drainage section flow passage 114-buffer inclined plane 115-separation ridge
116-separate channel 1111-gas diffusion channel 1112-corner channel
1113-first transition flow channel 1114-second transition flow channel 1121-vent space
1122-water containing space a-partition surface.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Example 1:
Specifically, a serpentine flow channel 11, an air inlet 12 and a water outlet 13 are arranged on the surface of the flow field plate body 10, the middle position of the serpentine flow channel 11 is a reaction section flow channel 111, the edge positions of the serpentine flow channel 11 are an air inlet section flow channel 112 and a water outlet section flow channel 113, the end of the air inlet section flow channel 112 is communicated with the air inlet 12, the end of the water outlet section flow channel 113 is communicated with the water outlet 13, the reaction gas carries a small amount of gaseous water into the air inlet section flow channel 112, the gaseous water is liquefied into liquid water, the liquid water enters the air inlet section flow channel 112 together with the water formed by the reaction of the fuel cell, because the depth of the air inlet section flow channel 112 relative to the reaction section flow channel 111 is deeper, the air inlet section flow channel 112 and the water outlet section flow channel 113 form a water containing space 1122 and a ventilation space 1121 at both sides of the separation plane a, and if the accumulated water in the air inlet section flow channel 112 does not exceed the separation plane a, the reaction gas directly enters the reaction section flow channel 111 from above the water surface, if the accumulated water in the inlet section flow passage 112 exceeds the partition surface a, the reaction gas passes through the upper part of the partition surface a and carries the accumulated water exceeding the partition surface a into the reaction section flow passage 111, so that the reaction gas is prevented from being blocked by the inlet section flow passage 112, and ventilation of the inlet section flow passage 112 is facilitated.
When the reaction gas enters the reaction section flow channel 111, a small amount of water in the gas inlet section flow channel 112 is carried to enter the reaction section flow channel 111, so as to drain the gas inlet section flow channel 112, because the depth of the reaction section flow channel 111 is shallower relative to the depths of the gas inlet section flow channel 112 and the water drainage section flow channel 113, the bottom wall of the reaction section flow channel 111 is closer to a gas diffusion layer of the fuel cell, most of the reaction gas diffuses towards a catalytic layer of the fuel cell in the reaction section flow channel 111, and further, the temperature of the reaction section flow channel 111 is increased, and part of accumulated water in the reaction section flow channel 111 is vaporized, so that the blockage of the water in the reaction section flow channel 111 is avoided.
The water body which is not vaporized in the reaction section flow channel 111 enters the drainage section flow channel 113 under the carrying of the residual and undispersed reaction gas, and is gathered in the drainage section flow channel 113, if the accumulated water in the drainage section flow channel 113 does not exceed the separation surface a, the reaction gas is directly discharged from the water outlet 13 from the upper part of the water surface, if the accumulated water in the gas inlet section flow channel 112 exceeds the separation surface a, the reaction gas passes through the upper part of the separation surface a, and is discharged from the water outlet 13 with the accumulated water exceeding the separation surface a, meanwhile, when the water body in the reaction section flow channel 111 enters the drainage section flow channel 113, the potential difference between the reaction section flow channel 111 and the drainage section flow channel 113 can provide a certain driving force for the discharge of the water body, thereby providing convenience for the discharge of the water body, and finally realizing the circulation of the reaction gas in the serpentine flow channel 11.
In this embodiment, the separation surface a is an imaginary plane flush with the bottom surface of the reaction section flow channel;
in this embodiment, the flow field plate is attached to a surface of a gas diffusion layer of the fuel cell, and the air passage space 1121 is located between the separation surface a and the gas diffusion layer.
Optionally, the reaction section channel 111 includes a plurality of gas diffusion channels 1111 disposed in parallel and connected in sequence, the gas diffusion channels 1111 disposed at two sides of the edge are respectively communicated with the gas inlet section channel 112 and the water outlet section channel 113, a corner channel 1112 is disposed at a connection position of each gas diffusion channel 1111, and a channel width of the corner channel 1112 is smaller than a width of the gas diffusion channel 1111 to enhance water drainage of the corner channel 1112. Specifically, because the runner width of corner runner 1112 is less than the width of gas diffusion runner 1111, can make the sectional area of the runner of corner runner 1112 be less than the sectional area of gas diffusion runner 1111, because ponding that the fuel cell reaction generated forms the gathering easily in the corner, through the setting of corner runner 1112, can be convenient for the discharge of the ponding of corner in the reaction section runner 111, effectively prevent ponding to cause the jam to reaction section runner 111.
Alternatively, the cross-sectional area of the intake section flow path 112 and the discharge section flow path 113 is equal to the cross-sectional area of the gas diffusion flow path 1111. Specifically, since the sectional areas of the gas inlet section flow channel 112 and the water discharge section flow channel 113 are equal to the sectional area of the gas diffusion flow channel 1111, the pressure drop of the reaction gas entering the gas diffusion flow channel 1111 from the gas inlet section flow channel 112 and the pressure drop of the reaction gas entering the water discharge reaction section from the gas diffusion flow channel 1111 can be effectively reduced, so that the flow rate of the reaction gas is kept unchanged, and the stability of the dye cell is kept.
Alternatively, the ratio of the widths of the intake section flow passage 112 and the gas diffusion flow passage 1111 is 1:2, and the ratio of the depths of the intake section flow passage 112 and the gas diffusion flow passage 1111 is 2: 1. The ratio of the width of the drain stage flow channel 113 to the gas diffusion flow channel 1111 is 1:2, and the ratio of the depth of the drain stage flow channel 113 to the gas diffusion flow channel 1111 is 2: 1.
Specifically, by this arrangement, a graph showing the variation of the concentration of the reaction gas in the reaction-stage flow channel 111 with the flow channel length direction in the ionic membrane, the catalytic layer, the gas diffusion layer, and the flow channel as shown in fig. 4, and a graph showing the variation of the concentration of the reaction gas in the ionic membrane, the catalytic layer, the gas diffusion layer, and the flow channel with the flow channel length direction in the intake-stage flow channel 112 and the drain-stage flow channel 113 as shown in fig. 5 can be obtained. As can be seen from a comparison between fig. 4 and fig. 5, the concentrations of the reaction gas in the reaction section flow channel 111 in the gas diffusion layer, the catalyst layer, and the ionic membrane are greater than the concentrations of the reaction gas in the gas diffusion layer, the catalyst layer, and the ionic membrane in the gas inlet section flow channel 112 and the water discharge section flow channel 113, so that it can be seen that the diffusion effect of the reaction gas in the reaction section flow channel 111 is better, and further, good gas transmission of the fuel cell is realized.
Optionally, the ratio of the width of the corner flow channel 1112 to the width of the gas diffusion flow channel 1111 is 1: 2. with this arrangement, drainage of the corner flow channels 1112 can be facilitated, while preventing blockage of the corner flow channels 1112 due to over-narrowing.
Optionally, a buffer inclined plane 114 is disposed at a joint of the air inlet section flow channel 112 and the air diffusion flow channel 1111 and a joint of the water discharge section flow channel 113 and the air diffusion flow channel 1111, and an included angle between the buffer inclined plane 114 and the air inlet section flow channel 112 and the water discharge section flow channel 113 is 120-160 °. Specifically, the buffer slope 114 can provide buffer for the reaction gas and water entering the reaction section flow channel 111 from the gas inlet section flow channel 112 and the reaction gas and water entering the water discharge section flow channel 113 from the reaction section flow channel 111, so as to facilitate the conduction of the reaction gas and the discharge of the water.
Optionally, a separation ridge 115 is disposed at a middle position of the bottom wall of the serpentine flow channel 11, and the separation ridge 115 extends from the air inlet 12 to the water outlet 13 to separate the serpentine flow channel 11 into two separation flow channels 116.
Specifically, under the condition of achieving the same reaction rate of the fuel cell, the energy consumption generated by the introduction of the gas reaction gas can be effectively reduced by the arrangement of the two separation flow channels 116.
Example 2:
The above-described embodiments of the present invention should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. Any other corresponding changes and modifications made according to the technical idea of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell flow field plate is characterized by comprising a flow field plate body, wherein a snake-shaped flow channel, an air inlet and a water outlet are arranged on the surface of the flow field plate, the snake-shaped flow channel comprises a reaction section flow channel positioned in the middle of the snake-shaped flow channel, and an air inlet section flow channel and a water outlet section flow channel which are communicated with two ends of the reaction section flow channel, the air inlet is communicated with the end part of the air inlet section flow channel, the water outlet is communicated with the end part of the water outlet section flow channel, the depth of the flow channel of the reaction section flow channel is shallower than that of the air inlet section flow channel and the water outlet section flow channel, so that an air ventilation space and a water containing space are respectively formed on the two sides of a separation surface which is as high as the bottom wall of the reaction section flow channel on the air inlet section flow channel and the water outlet section flow channel, and the water containing space is positioned between the separation surface and the bottom walls of the air inlet section flow channel and the water outlet section flow channel, the water containing space is used for containing accumulated water, the ventilating space is used for draining and ventilating, the reaction section flow channel comprises a plurality of gas diffusion flow channels which are arranged in parallel and connected in sequence, the gas diffusion flow channels positioned on two sides of the edge are respectively communicated with the gas inlet section flow channel and the water draining section flow channel, a corner flow channel is arranged at the joint of each gas diffusion flow channel, the width of the flow channel of the corner flow channel is smaller than that of the gas diffusion flow channel so as to enhance the drainage of the corner flow channel, and the sectional areas of the gas inlet section flow channel and the water draining section flow channel are equal to that of the gas diffusion flow channel.
2. The pem fuel cell flow field plate of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the widths of said inlet leg channels to said gas diffusion channels is 1:2 and the ratio of the depths of said inlet leg channels to said gas diffusion channels is 2: 1.
3. The pem fuel cell flow field plate of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the widths of said drainage leg channels to said gas diffusion channels is 1:2 and the ratio of the depths of said drainage leg channels to said gas diffusion channels is 2: 1.
4. A pem fuel cell flow field plate as claimed in claim 1 wherein the ratio of the width of said corner channels to the width of said gas diffusion channels is 1: 2.
5. the pem fuel cell flow field plate of claim 1 wherein said reactant section flow channels further comprise a first transition flow channel and a second transition flow channel, said first transition flow channel being adapted to communicate with said gas inlet section flow channel and said gas diffusion flow channel, said second transition flow channel being adapted to communicate with said water outlet section flow channel and said gas diffusion flow channel, said first transition flow channel having a width equal to the width of said gas inlet section flow channel, said second transition flow channel having a width equal to the width of said water outlet section flow channel.
6. The PEM fuel cell flow field plate according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the junction of the gas inlet segment flow channel and the gas diffusion flow channel and the junction of the water outlet segment flow channel and the gas diffusion flow channel are provided with buffer slopes.
7. The PEM fuel cell flow field plate according to claim 6 wherein said buffer ramps form an angle of 120 ° -160 ° with said inlet leg flow channels and said drain leg flow channels.
8. The PEM fuel cell flow field plate according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein a separation ridge is arranged at the middle position of the bottom wall of the serpentine flow channel, and extends from the air inlet to the water outlet to separate the serpentine flow channel into two separation flow channels.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210604077.4A CN114709439B (en) | 2022-05-31 | 2022-05-31 | Proton exchange membrane fuel cell flow field plate |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202210604077.4A CN114709439B (en) | 2022-05-31 | 2022-05-31 | Proton exchange membrane fuel cell flow field plate |
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| CN114709439A CN114709439A (en) | 2022-07-05 |
| CN114709439B true CN114709439B (en) | 2022-08-26 |
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Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6699614B2 (en) * | 2002-03-18 | 2004-03-02 | General Motors Corporation | Converging/diverging flow channels for fuel cell |
| US6864004B2 (en) * | 2003-04-03 | 2005-03-08 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Direct methanol fuel cell stack |
| US9368810B2 (en) * | 2012-11-06 | 2016-06-14 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Interconnect and end plate design for fuel cell stack |
| WO2018183047A1 (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2018-10-04 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Flow field plate for an electrochemical fuel cell |
| CN111180755A (en) * | 2020-02-20 | 2020-05-19 | 太原科技大学 | Fuel cell metal bipolar plate regional flow channel |
| CN215220769U (en) * | 2021-04-12 | 2021-12-17 | 上海羿沣氢能科技有限公司 | Bipolar plate of interdigitated variable cross-section flow channel structure of fuel cell |
| CN114243050B (en) * | 2021-10-10 | 2023-11-17 | 北京工业大学 | Depth gradually shallower flow field plate with liquid water self-adaptive flow guiding structure |
| CN114267851A (en) * | 2021-12-06 | 2022-04-01 | 温州大学 | Three-dimensional flow field bipolar plate with enhanced heat and mass transfer functions and preparation method thereof |
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