CN114664484A - 高耐热和耐局部放电的绝缘电磁线及拉丝方法 - Google Patents
高耐热和耐局部放电的绝缘电磁线及拉丝方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及具有优化绝缘性能的电磁线的制造,提供了一种绝缘电磁线和生产该绝缘电磁线的拉丝方法。漆包线漆包括三层:基底层(2)、中间层(3)和表皮层(4),其中这些层按上述顺序缠绕导线(1)。电磁线拉丝方法包括以下步骤:a)初级拉丝;b)最终拉丝和c)漆包,这些过程是按顺序实施的,其中漆包步骤优选是针对每层使用特定数量的模具。电磁线的工艺和组成条件允许提供具有高耐局部放电、高热等级和高耐磨性的三层电磁线,从而在需要高热、高机械和高电阻条件下,在要求苛刻的电机应用中延长电磁线的使用寿命。
Description
技术领域
本发明的宽泛技术领域涉及电缆、导体、绝缘体的制造以及对其导电性、绝缘或介电性的材料的选择,更具体地说,该领域涉及这些组件中的绝缘配置,甚更具体地说,涉及包括具有不同电气、机械、化学和/或热性能的两或多个绝缘层的配置。
背景
本节中所描述的任何方法是可以被实施的方法,但不必然是之前已构思或实施的方法。因此,除非另外指明,不应仅因为其被包含于本节中,就假定本节中所描述的任何方法是现有技术。
在为排烟段提供的电机应用中,必须验证机器能满足严格的技术要求,以便在发生事故时保证其运转效率,例如满足在室温等于或大于400℃下2小时的运转状态。
当此应用与变速驱动器(静态变频器)配合实施时,除了上述热性能要求外,会有对电机绝缘系统有害的额外介电应力,由于会加速绕组劣化的输送线和行波现象,从而降低其使用寿命,特别是当电机由长电缆供电时。目前可用于此类应用的解决方案仅对上述效应之一有效:电磁线只能耐受严格的热要求或只能耐受严格的电气要求,且通常包括绝大多数的各种绝缘材料。
一些文件包括涉及电磁线漆包工艺相关的发展,但仍存在一些技术缺陷,主要涉及产品中电性能与热性能的平衡问题。
US5654095是耐局部放电漆包线的研发先锋,该漆包线包括导体,叠加在导体上的连续、同心和柔性的均匀基底绝缘材料涂层和覆盖基底绝缘材料涂层的基本连续、同心和均匀的脉冲电压浪涌屏蔽。尽管US5654095引用了类似本发明的可能组件,但它没有公开三层结构,也没有公开致使其同时优化电效果和热效果的每层数量之间的比例关系。此外,未提及能够允许生产本发明所述电磁线的模具组和拉丝工艺参数。
US20130099621提供了一种电导体,其具有环绕该导体的电气绝缘系统,该绝缘系统包括环绕该导体的第一电气绝缘层和环绕该第一绝缘层的第二电气绝缘层。第二绝缘层包括第二聚合物和氧化铬(Cr2O3)、氧化铁(Fe2O3)或氧化铬和氧化铁混合物形式的第二填料,其中第一绝缘层包括第一聚合物和包括有分散的纳米粒子的第一填料。
在此案例中,两层似乎都加载有无机粒子,因此没有如本发明所述的第三层。此外,在本发明中,无机填料不包括氧化铬(Cr2O3)或氧化铁(Fe2O3)。然而,US20130099621的目的是在电气绝缘系统中提供抗局部放电性能,而没有同时改善电磁线热性能和机械性能的任何技术解决方案。
WO2013/13334提供了一种绝缘电磁线,其具有导体、发泡的绝缘层和在发泡绝缘层外围上的非发泡填充层,其中填充层包含抗局部放电物质。该绝缘电磁线具有高的局部放电起始电压、抗局部放电性、耐热性和耐磨性(耐刮擦)。
本发明在拉丝过程的任何步骤中不使用发泡工艺,严格避免气泡的存在,这是消泡工艺对漆包线的效果。
WO2003056575公开了一种包括至少一个导体和至少一层绝缘层的电磁线,所述绝缘层包括一种组合物,其包括:(a)至少一种聚合树脂、(b)至少一种氟化的有机填料和(c)至少一种非离子型氟化表面活性剂。所述电磁线具有高抗脉冲电压浪涌的能力。然而,它要求在漆包线漆中使用氟化有机添加剂,这一要求在本发明中不存在,因为该解决方案的重点是绝缘漆包线漆的分层,基本上不是针对所用无机添加剂的类型。
US20050042451公开了一种用于电机的改进型电磁线及其制造方法,所述电磁线与具有更高抗电压峰值的速度控制器相结合,具有铜或铝导体的200℃耐热级产品,具有聚酯酰亚胺聚合物绝缘体系和改性的酰胺酰亚胺外覆层,该产品的特征是使用寿命是普通200℃级电磁线的100倍以上。在优选实施方案中,期望的绝缘基底涂层漆厚度包括包覆导体芯的聚酯酰亚胺与聚乙二醇脲的混合物和期望的酰胺亚胺树脂外覆层漆的厚度。
US20050042451的酰胺酰亚胺树脂通过掺入二氧化钛和二氧化硅金属氧化物进行改性,以在电压波动脉冲期间承受高温、电晕效应和臭氧的存在。然而,没有本发明中描述的第三层,因此在上述文献中平衡的技术效果至少有一个原因是不能达到的:纳米颗粒材料专门添加到中间层旨在提供增加耐局部放电性,因为聚合物材料和添加剂之间的界面充当电荷加载器的跳跃点,并受到护套层的进一步保护,提高了抗剪切性并最大限度地减少了外部影响,而这在US20050042451中没有发生,因为含添加剂的该层是没有受保护的。此外,本发明涉及具有240℃耐热等级的电磁线,显著超过US20050042451公开的电磁线耐热等级。
至少出于上述原因,未见本发明内容在现有技术中公开,且对本领域技术人员非显而易见,因为上述文件无一能优化漆包工艺以保证绝缘电磁线的期望性能,使其具有高抗局部放电能力,同时保持高耐热性和高耐机械性,从而延长电磁线的使用寿命。
概述
本发明涉及具有优化绝缘性能的电磁线的制造,提供了一种绝缘电磁线和生产该绝缘电磁线的拉丝方法。电磁线用三层绝缘:基底层(2)、中间层(3)和表皮层(4),其中这些层按此顺序缠绕在导线(1)周围。电磁线制造方法包括以下步骤:a)初级拉丝;b)最终拉丝和c)漆包。这些步骤是按顺序实施的,并且漆包步骤优选是针对每层使用特定数量的模具。本方法可确保电磁线具有三层漆包漆,可提供高的耐局部放电、高的热等级和高的耐磨性,从而在要求高热、高机械和高电阻的电机应用中延长电磁线的使用寿命。
附图的简要说明
在图中:
图1例示说明具有三层绝缘层的新电磁线(N)与具有两层漆包漆的标准商用电磁线(Std)的结构配置对比。
图2例示说明本发明的新电磁线(N)与标准商用电磁线(Std)的击穿电压平均值的对比。
图3例示说明本发明的新电磁线(N)与标准商用电磁线(Std)的局部放电加速寿命试验结果的对比。
图4例示说明经局部放电加速寿命试验的样品Weibull分布概率密度图。
图5例示说明标准商用电磁线(Std)和本发明新电磁线(N)样品的寿命与温度的关系函数。
图6例示说明经热重分析试验(TGA)的样品Weibull分布的概率密度图。
详述
在以下描述中,为了解释的目的,阐述了许多具体细节,以提供对本公开的透彻理解。然而,显而易见的是,可以在没有这些具体细节的情况下实践实施方案。根据以下要点分节公开实施方案:
本发明包括三重漆包电磁线,即绝缘是由三个绝缘层组成的电磁线。三个绝缘层被称为基底层(2)、中间层(3)和表皮层(4),其中这些层按此顺序缠绕在导线(1)周围。
导线(1)由导电材料制成。合适材料的示例包括但不限于铝、铜、黄铜、银等。在一个优选实施方案中,所述导线(1)由铝制成,优选由铝合金制成,最优选由根据ASTM B-236的1350合金制成。
基底层(2)由有机材料、共聚物或共混物制成,包括至少一种选自聚酰胺酰亚胺、酰胺酰亚胺、聚酯、聚酯酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚砜、聚氨酯的聚合物。热稳定性主要与基底层(2)有关。
中间层(3)包含作为聚合物基体的有机材料,由有机材料、共聚物或共混物制成,包含至少一种选自聚酰胺酰亚胺、酰胺酰亚胺、聚酯、聚酯酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚砜、聚氨酯的聚合物;和无机颗粒形式分散于聚合物基体的添加剂。无机颗粒的实例包括但不限于氧化锌、二氧化钛、钛酸钡、二氧化硅、氧化铝等。
中间层(3)的作用类似于电磁线的电磁屏蔽,减少作用于导体介电覆盖范围的电场,并显著减弱绕组中电晕效应的发生率。
表皮层(4)由有机材料、共聚物或共混物制成,包括至少一种选自聚酰胺酰亚胺、酰胺酰亚胺、聚酯、聚酯酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚砜、聚氨酯的聚合物。表皮层(4)施加在中间层(3)上,中间层(3)再施加在基底层(2)上,基底层(2)再直接施加在导体(1)上。表皮层(4)进一步改进了电磁线的平滑度和抗剪切性。
将纳米颗粒材料添加到电磁线的中间层(3)旨在提高抗局部放电性,因为聚合物材料和添加剂之间的界面充当电荷加载器的跳跃点,有助于通过局部放电来耗散产生的电荷。纳米颗粒材料的添加和各层的有序构造形状也改变了材料的热性能,也用于耗散现象。
电磁线制造方法包括以下步骤:
(A)初级拉丝;
(B)最终拉丝;
(C)漆包过程。
通过连续穿过拉丝模具直到获得所需尺寸来进行初级拉丝步骤(A)以减小线材直径。铝线的直径通常在8-10mm之间。在初级拉丝过程后,线材通常呈现原始直径的15%-25%。必须根据所用材料类型以及电磁线的最终用途来评估此直径减小量,为避免在最终阶段材料中形成缺陷和变形可能需要更细或更粗的尺寸。
最终拉丝(B)进一步将线材直径减小约输入直径的1-5倍。必须根据所用材料的类型以及电磁线的最终用途来评估此减小量,为避免在最终阶段材料中形成缺陷和变形可能需要更细或更粗的尺寸。
漆包过程(C)包括将线材连续通过漆包模具来施加几层绝缘层,其中经模具中通道沉积的每层漆包漆通过烘箱进行固化,直到达到所期望的绝缘尺寸。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,由导电材料(如铜或铝)制成的棒材经过拉丝过程处理,以提供三重漆包的电磁线,其中基底层(2)由聚酰亚胺制成,中间层(3)由分散有二氧化钛的聚酰胺酰亚胺制成,表皮层(4)由聚酰胺酰亚胺制成。
电磁丝的最终直径通常在0.35-1.50mm之间,优选0.50-1.32mm之间。生产线速度通常在50-200m/min之间。最终拉丝阶段的烘箱温度通常在500℃-600℃之间变化。
考虑到每个最终直径,拉丝过程中使用机器的优选参数被划分为每个区域的温度参数。拉丝和漆包过程可以通过例如两个退火区,然后一个固化区,再然后依次是两个催化剂区来完成。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,漆包方法包括将线材连续通过漆包模具,其中在模具中穿过通道沉积的每层漆包漆经烘箱固化,直到达到所需的绝缘尺寸。基底层(2)一般占总绝缘增量的10%-50%。中间层(3)占总绝缘增量的50%-90%。表皮层(4)最多占总绝缘增量的20%。热、机械和电性能表征旨在从不同角度评估添加剂和绝缘层构造对相关电磁线性能的影响。
鉴于此,,大多数表征都是比照依据NEMA MW 1000(Std)的MW35型国际标准电磁线进行的。在这两个体系中,绝缘涂层都具有多层。
对于标准电磁线(Std),绝缘护套由基底层和表皮层组成。表皮层包括有机材料,例如聚酰胺酰亚胺。基底层还包括有机材料,例如聚酯酰亚胺。如现有技术所认为的,表皮层施加于基底层之上,基底层再施加于导体之上。
在两种情形下,电磁线击穿电压平均值的结果均为2级(双层结构)电磁线,电磁线直径为1.320mm。相关平均值在图2中以图形方式汇总,其中规定值是根据公认的电磁线国际标准被认为适用于制造电动机所需的最小值。
考虑到击穿电压结果的各自标准偏差,标准电磁线(Std)的平均值为13.9±2.5,新电磁线(N)的平均值为11.1±0.9。鉴于此,从统计角度考虑平均值,可以确定标准电磁线(Std)的击穿电压约为11-17kV,新电磁线(N)的击穿电压约为10-12kV。还应注意的是,这两条电磁线都远远超过了国际标准要求的最小击穿电压,即此情况下为5kV。
实验结果表明,新电磁线呈现的击穿电压通常远高于国际标准的规范标准,如前所述。图3显示了每种电磁线10个样品的正弦电压耐久性试验的失效时间,以及图4中通过双参数Weibull分布获得的平均统计寿命。
考虑统计平均值,观察到新电磁线的加速寿命约为标准电磁线加速寿命的35倍。在此情况下,验证的性能增益是有预期的,因为在新电磁线中添加无机纳米颗粒会产生耗散能力。没有添加剂会导致放电直接发生在绝缘材料的聚合物链中,促使于链的裂分,进而导致绝缘体的骤然电蚀。
加速寿命试验的Weibull分布参数为比例因子(k)和形状因子(β)。在此情况下,对于新电磁线样品,比例因子(k)约为2550分钟,形状因子(β)约为4,且对于标准电磁线样品,比例因子(k)约为110分钟,形状因子(β)为2,其对应于发生约60%失效的统计时间。
由加速寿命试验得到的失效概率密度图示于图4。值得注意的是,标准电磁线具有更为骤然的失效机制,而新电磁线的失效机制随着时间的推移逐渐演变。这解释了在加速寿命试验中,新电磁线比标准电磁线呈现了更高的比例因子。此行为与新电磁线中添加纳米颗粒所提供的电荷易于分散一致。
相反,在标准电磁线的情况下,局部放电产生的能量直接作用于绝缘体的聚合物链,促使其断裂,并导致电树枝化,最终导致失效。
热降解评估遵照ASTM E1641和E1877标准来计算热指数(TI),根据国际标准IEC60216-2,经热重分析(TGA),考虑失重等于10%。20000小时的时间标准遵照UL绝缘材料系统安全标准-总则,UL 1446的推荐。
样品动力学降解参数和热指数的相关结果表明,对于新电磁线样品,活化能(Ea)和频率因子(Z)分别约为21kJ/mol和30s-1,最终热指数(TI)约为255℃。对于标准电磁线样品,活化能(Ea)和频率因子(Z)分别约为21kJ/mol和36s-1,最终热指数(TI)约为200℃。在此情况下,活化能(Ea)表示触发漆包漆化学降解所需的最小能量。
在加速寿命试验中,与标准电磁线对比,新电磁线有助于更高耐久性的另一个方面是新电磁线具有更高热指数。由于双绞线样品在寿命试验(120℃)中经受相对较高的温度,因此在加速寿命试验期间,新电磁线受到的影响小于标准电磁线。尽管在此情况下,热应力的影响比电应力小,但在试验中两者的贡献都应被视为活性降解动因。
指前因子(Z)也被称为温度依赖频率因子,它代表了系统的分子动力学。从因次上看,新电磁线样品的频率因子比标准电磁线样品的频率因子小1000倍左右。这表明新电磁线分子中碰撞频率低于标准电磁线的碰撞频率,表明新电磁线具有更高的稳定性,从而保证了其更高的热等级。在相同的加热条件下,该系统保持更稳定,将失效温度提高约50℃。
电磁线样品的超温寿命如图5所示。图6中的双参数Weibull分布再次证明了新电磁线样品的质量改进。形状因子(β)值越高,超温失效分布越平滑。比例因子(k)的影响与失效速度成正比。
对于新电磁线样品,比例因子(k)约为400℃,形状因子(β)约为5,对于标准电磁线样品,比例因子(k)约为250℃,形状因子(β)约为8。对于新电磁线样品,失效峰值出现在约380℃,对于标准电磁线样品,失效峰值出现在约250℃。
图6所示的图形评价显示了每个样品的两个Weibull参数的同时干扰。新电磁线样品显示更窄的分布图,表明更准时的失效机制。
新电磁线样品不仅在概率密度图中显示出更渐进的热变化行为,而且失效温度也提高了约130℃。
Claims (16)
1.一种绝缘电磁线,包含:
导线(1)
基底层(2)
中间层(3)
表皮层(4),其中这些层按此顺序围绕所述导线(1)。
2.根据权利要求1的电磁线,其中所述导线(1)由包含至少一种选自:铝、铜、黄铜、银材料的导电材料制成。
3.根据权利要求2的电磁线,其中所述导线(1)优选由铜或铝制成。
4.根据权利要求1的电磁线,其中所述基底层(2)由聚合物、共聚物或共混物制成,包含至少一种选自聚酰胺酰亚胺、酰胺酰亚胺、聚酯、聚酯酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚砜、聚氨酯的聚合物。
5.根据权利要求4的电磁线,其中所述基底层(2)优选由聚酰亚胺制成。
6.根据权利要求1的电磁线,其中所述中间层(3)由聚合物、共聚物或共混物制成,包括至少一种选自聚酰胺酰亚胺、酰胺酰亚胺、聚酯、聚酯酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚砜、聚氨酯的聚合物和无机颗粒形式分散于聚合物基体的添加剂。
7.根据权利要求6的电磁线,其中所述中间层(3)优选由含二氧化钛的聚酰胺酰亚胺制成。
8.根据权利要求6的电磁线,其中无机颗粒形式的添加剂优选选自:氧化锌、二氧化钛、钛酸钡、二氧化硅、氧化铝。
9.根据权利要求1的电磁线,其中所述表皮层(3)由聚合物、共聚物或共混物制成,包括至少一种选自聚酰胺酰亚胺、酰胺酰亚胺、聚酯、聚酯酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚砜、聚氨酯的聚合物。
10.根据权利要求9的电磁线,其中所述表皮层(3)优选由聚酰胺酰亚胺制成。
11.根据权利要求1所述的电磁线,其中所述层厚度的比例优选约为10%-50%的基底层(2)、50%-90%中间层(3)、至多20%的表皮层(4)。
12.一种绝缘拉丝方法,包括以下步骤:
(a)初级拉丝;
(b)最终拉丝;
(c)漆包过程。
13.根据权利要求12的拉丝方法,其中,在每一步骤中,多个退火区之后是一个或多个固化区,再之后是多个催化剂区。
14.根据权利要求12的拉丝方法,其中,在每一步骤中,优选两个退火区之后是一个固化区,再之后是两个催化剂区。
15.根据权利要求12的绝缘线拉丝方法,其中使用特定数量的模具进行漆包步骤,其中经上述模具中通道沉积的每层漆包漆通过烘箱进行固化,直到达到所期望的绝缘尺寸。
16.根据权利要求12的绝缘线拉丝方法,其中所述漆包步骤优选使用多个模具进行,使得基底层(2)占总绝缘增量的10%-50%,中间层(3)占总绝缘增量的50%-90%,表皮层(4)占总绝缘增量的至多20%。
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CN202111558288.0A Pending CN114664484A (zh) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-12-20 | 高耐热和耐局部放电的绝缘电磁线及拉丝方法 |
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US (1) | US20220199284A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP4020503A3 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN114664484A (zh) |
BR (1) | BR102021026114A2 (zh) |
CL (1) | CL2021003411A1 (zh) |
MX (1) | MX2021015517A (zh) |
Cited By (1)
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CN118398286A (zh) * | 2024-06-28 | 2024-07-26 | 佳腾电业(赣州)股份有限公司 | 一种绝缘电线及其制备方法、线圈和电子/电气设备 |
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MX2023004795A (es) * | 2022-04-28 | 2023-10-30 | Essex Furukawa Magnet Wire Usa Llc | Alambre magneto con aislamiento flexible resistente al efecto corona. |
CA3197510A1 (en) * | 2022-04-28 | 2023-10-28 | Essex Furukawa Magnet Wire Usa Llc | Magnet wire with corona resistant polyimide insulation |
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US5654095A (en) | 1995-06-08 | 1997-08-05 | Phelps Dodge Industries, Inc. | Pulsed voltage surge resistant magnet wire |
JP2000331539A (ja) * | 1999-05-21 | 2000-11-30 | Hitachi Cable Ltd | 耐インバータサージエナメル線 |
US20050042451A1 (en) | 1999-07-17 | 2005-02-24 | Arjona Alejandro Rafael Chio | Magnet wire for motors coupled to speed variators of improved resistance to voltage peaks and manufacturing process of the same |
JP3496636B2 (ja) * | 2000-02-16 | 2004-02-16 | 日立電線株式会社 | 耐部分放電性エナメル線用塗料及び耐部分放電性エナメル線 |
BR0206860B1 (pt) | 2001-12-21 | 2011-05-17 | fio magnético, e, método para melhorar a resistência aos surtos de tensão elétrica pulsada de um fio magnético. | |
WO2011161100A1 (en) | 2010-06-22 | 2011-12-29 | Abb Research Ltd | Electrical conductor with surrounding electrical insulation |
KR101664536B1 (ko) | 2012-03-07 | 2016-10-10 | 후루카와 덴키 고교 가부시키가이샤 | 절연 와이어, 전기기기 및 절연 와이어의 제조방법 |
KR20170101421A (ko) * | 2016-02-29 | 2017-09-06 | 엘에스전선 주식회사 | 내코로나성 평각권선 |
CN107680719A (zh) * | 2017-10-30 | 2018-02-09 | 无锡统力电工股份有限公司 | 高耐热电晕漆包扁绕组线及其制备方法 |
CN208460427U (zh) * | 2018-07-19 | 2019-02-01 | 惠州市鑫洋线业有限公司 | 一种扁平漆包绕组线 |
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- 2021-12-17 US US17/554,303 patent/US20220199284A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2021-12-20 CN CN202111558288.0A patent/CN114664484A/zh active Pending
- 2021-12-20 EP EP21215836.4A patent/EP4020503A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2021-12-20 CL CL2021003411A patent/CL2021003411A1/es unknown
- 2021-12-22 BR BR102021026114-5A patent/BR102021026114A2/pt unknown
Cited By (1)
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CN118398286A (zh) * | 2024-06-28 | 2024-07-26 | 佳腾电业(赣州)股份有限公司 | 一种绝缘电线及其制备方法、线圈和电子/电气设备 |
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MX2021015517A (es) | 2022-06-24 |
EP4020503A2 (en) | 2022-06-29 |
US20220199284A1 (en) | 2022-06-23 |
EP4020503A3 (en) | 2022-08-10 |
BR102021026114A2 (pt) | 2022-06-28 |
CL2021003411A1 (es) | 2022-08-05 |
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