CN114644510B - 具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料及其制备方法与切削刀具 - Google Patents

具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料及其制备方法与切削刀具 Download PDF

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CN114644510B
CN114644510B CN202210258809.9A CN202210258809A CN114644510B CN 114644510 B CN114644510 B CN 114644510B CN 202210258809 A CN202210258809 A CN 202210258809A CN 114644510 B CN114644510 B CN 114644510B
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layer
piezoelectric
thickness
ceramic
cutter
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CN114644510A (zh
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黄传真
孟凯
史振宇
王真
徐龙华
刘盾
黄水泉
白晓兰
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Shandong University
Yanshan University
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Yanshan University
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Abstract

本发明属于机械加工领域,涉及陶瓷刀具材料,具体涉及具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料及其制备方法与切削刀具。该陶瓷刀具材料,按照重量份数计,包括以下原料,基体材料30~70份,压电材料30~70份,结合剂5~10份,增强相10~20份。并由该陶瓷刀具材料制成切削刀具,本发明提供的切削刀具同时具备压电效应与优良的力学性能,在切削时,能将切削力信号转化为电荷信号。通过采集电荷信号,能测量切削力,监测陶瓷刀具状态。本发明将切削力测量功能和高力学性能集于一体,研制具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料,使其在满足切削性能要求的前提下能够测量切削力,具有结构简单、体积小巧、硬度高、抗弯强度和断裂韧度高、安装方便等优点。

Description

具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料及其制备方法与切削刀具
技术领域
本发明属于机械加工领域,涉及陶瓷刀具材料,具体涉及具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料及其制备方法与切削刀具。
背景技术
公开该背景技术部分的信息仅仅旨在增加对本发明的总体背景的理解,而不必然被视为承认或以任何形式暗示该信息构成已经成为本领域一般技术人员所公知的现有技术。
通过对切削力的监测可以预测刀具磨损状态、刀具寿命、工件表面质量,从而对加工工艺参数进行优化,提高加工质量与加工效率。据发明人研究了解,目前,切削力普遍采用装夹到工作台的专门测力仪器进行测量,然而,测力仪存在体积大、结构复杂、成本高等问题。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术的不足,本发明的目的是提供具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料及其制备方法与切削刀具,将切削力测量功能和高力学性能集于一体的陶瓷刀具材料,使其在满足切削性能要求的前提下能够测量切削力,即切削时不需要专门的测力仪即可测量切削力,具有结构简单、体积小巧、硬度高、抗弯强度和断裂韧度高、安装方便等优点。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案为:
一方面,一种具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料,按照重量份数计,包括以下原料,基体材料30~70份,压电材料30~70份,结合剂5~10份,增强相10~20份。
本发明将基体材料与压电材料结合能够使陶瓷刀具材料具备压电效应,从而能够测量切削力,通过结合剂和增强相的添加,能够保证陶瓷刀具材料的力学性能,从而使其在满足切削性能要求的前提下能够测量切削力。
进一步地,所述基体材料为Al2O3、Si3N4、CBN中的一种或多种。
进一步地,所述压电材料为PZT、BaTiO3、PbTiO3、(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3、(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3中的一种或多种。
进一步地,结合剂为Ni、Co、Cr中的一种或多种,增强相为TiC、WC、SiC、MgO、TiO2、ZrO2中的一种或多种。
经过验证表明,上述材料的选择能够使陶瓷刀具材料具有更高的力学性能,从而避免添加压电材料导致力学性能下降无法满足切削性能的问题。
另一方面,一种上述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料的制备方法,将原料混合,球磨过筛后获得粉体,将粉体填铺并压实,进行真空热压烧结。
第三方面,一种上述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料在切削刀具中的应用。
第四方面,一种切削刀具,由上述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料制备获得。
第五方面,一种多层切削刀具,由上述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料制备获得,包括至少一层基体层和至少一层压电层,基体层由部分所述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料的原料制成,压电层由部分所述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料的原料制成。
本发明提供的切削刀具和多层切削刀具均具备压电效应,能将切削力转化为电荷信号。通过采集电荷信号,能测量切削力,监测切削刀具状态。
与现有技术相比本发明具有如下优点:
目前的切削力传感器以刀架式、夹具式为主,传感器内部结构复杂,体积大,使用时需要拆除原有刀架,额外安装夹具,会影响机床本身性能,包括机床精度和机床整体刚度等。本发明将刀具切削功能与传感功能融为一体,刀具既是切削工具又是传感器,对机床系统没有影响,具有良好的兼容性与互换性,且安装简单、安全可靠,无需对现有机床结构与系统进行改变即可使用。
附图说明
构成本发明的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解,本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明,并不构成对本发明的不当限定。
图1是本发明实施例切削力测量与刀具状态监测原理图。
图2是本发明实施例1的具有压电效应的均质陶瓷刀具。
图3是本发明实施例2的具有压电效应的双层梯度陶瓷刀具。
图4是本发明实施例3的具有压电效应的三层梯度陶瓷刀具。
图5是本发明实施例4的具有压电效应的四层梯度陶瓷刀具。
具体实施方式
应该指出,以下详细说明都是示例性的,旨在对本发明提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明,本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
需要注意的是,这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式,而非意图限制根据本发明的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的,除非上下文另外明确指出,否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式,此外,还应当理解的是,当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时,其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合。
鉴于现有机械加工中切削力的检测仪器存在体积大、结构复杂、成本较高等问题,本发明提出了具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料及其制备方法与切削刀具。
本发明的一种典型实施方式,提供了一种具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料,按照重量份数计,包括以下原料,基体材料30~70份,压电材料30~70份,结合剂5~10份,增强相10~20份。
本发明通过先在基体材料中添加压电材料、结合剂和增强相,即能使刀具材料具有压电效应,又能保证陶瓷刀具材料的力学性能,从而使陶瓷刀具材料在满足切削性能要求的前提下能够测量切削力。
在一些实施例中,所述基体材料为Al2O3、Si3N4、CBN中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中,所述压电材料为PZT、BaTiO3、PbTiO3、(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3、(Bi1/ 2K1/2)TiO3中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中,所述结合剂为Ni、Co、Cr中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中,所述增强相为TiC、WC、SiC、MgO、TiO2、ZrO2中的一种或多种。
本发明的陶瓷刀具材料可以为各原料混合均匀制备形成均质材料,也可以制成多层材料。多层材料中从表层到底层的材料比例可以逐层增加,形成多层梯度陶瓷刀具材料;其中,表层为基体层,具有高硬度、高耐磨性与高韧性,能够切削金属;压电层具有压电效应,能够将切削力转换为电荷信号。
当设置多层梯度陶瓷刀具材料时,主要包括至少一层基体层和至少一层压电层,例如当梯度陶瓷刀具材料为两层时,由一层基体层和一层压电层形成。也可以设置粘结层,增加基体层和压电层的粘结性和导电性,例如当梯度陶瓷刀具材料为三层时,表层到底层依次包括基体层、粘结层和压电层;当梯度陶瓷刀具材料为四层时,表层到底层依次包括基体层、粘结层、压电层和粘结层。粘结层中还包括Ni、Co或Cr等金属粘结剂,不仅增加基体层和压电层的粘结性,而且使粘结层具有导电性,从而增加电荷信号的传递性能。
当设置多层梯度陶瓷刀具材料时,基体层的厚度为陶瓷刀具材料总厚度的50~70%。当设置粘结层时,压电层的厚度大于粘结层的厚度,例如当梯度陶瓷刀具材料为三层时,压电层的厚度为陶瓷刀具材料总厚度的25~45%,粘结层的厚度为陶瓷刀具材料总厚度的5~15%;例如当梯度陶瓷刀具材料为四层时,压电层的厚度为陶瓷刀具材料总厚度的15~30%,两个粘结层的厚度均为陶瓷刀具材料总厚度的5~10%。
本发明的另一种实施方式,提供了一种上述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料的制备方法,将原料混合,球磨过筛后获得粉体,将粉体填铺并压实,进行真空热压烧结。
在一些实施例中,球磨以无水乙醇为介质。
当制备多层梯度陶瓷刀具材料时,将粉体逐层填铺并压实,然后进行真空热压烧结。
在一些实施例中,压实的压力(压强)为5~15 MPa。本发明中的压力是指单位面积上施加的压力,实际为压强,因而单位采用压强单位。
在一些实施例中,真空热压烧结的烧结温度为1300~1600 ℃,烧结时间为30~60min,烧结压力(烧结压强)为30~35 MPa。
具体地,当制备均质陶瓷刀具材料时,真空热压烧结的参数可以为:烧结温度为1350~1600℃,烧结时间为50~60min,烧结压力为30~35MPa。
具体地,当制备两层梯度陶瓷刀具材料时,真空热压烧结的参数可以为:烧结温度为1300~1500℃,烧结时间为40~50min,烧结压力为30~35MPa。
具体地,当制备三层梯度陶瓷刀具材料时,真空热压烧结的参数可以为:烧结温度为1400~1600℃,烧结时间为30~40min,烧结压力为30~35MPa。
具体地,当制备四层梯度陶瓷刀具材料时,真空热压烧结的参数可以为:烧结温度为1300~1500℃,烧结时间为40~50min,烧结压力为30~35MPa。
本发明的第三种实施方式,提供了一种上述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料在切削刀具中的应用。
本发明的第四种实施方式,提供了一种切削刀具,由上述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料制备获得。当由上述压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料制成均质陶瓷刀具时,其维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为15~17GPa、800~900MPa和6~7MPa•m1/2
本发明的第五种实施方式,提供了一种多层切削刀具,由上述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料制备获得,包括至少一层基体层和至少一层压电层,基体层由部分所述具有高力学性能的陶瓷刀具材料的原料制成,压电层由部分所述具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料的原料制成。
多层切削刀具主要由上述多层梯度陶瓷刀具材料制备形成。
即当多层切削刀具为两层时,由一层基体层和一层压电层形成;当梯度陶瓷刀具材料为三层时,表层到底层依次包括基体层、粘结层和压电层;当梯度陶瓷刀具材料为四层时,表层到底层依次包括基体层、粘结层、压电层和粘结层;等等。
具体地,当多层切削刀具为两层时,即具有压电效应的双层梯度陶瓷刀具,其中,第一层为包括Al2O3、Si3N4和/或CBN等基体材料以及结合剂和增强相形成的基体层,其厚度占总刀具厚度的50~70%,该层具有高硬度、高耐磨性与高韧性,起到切削金属的功能;第二层包括PZT、BaTiO3、PbTiO3、(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3、(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3等压电材料以及结合剂和增强相形成的压电层,其厚度占总刀具厚度的30~50%,该层具有压电效应,能够将切削力转换为电荷信号。经测量其维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为16~18GPa、900~1000MPa和7~8MPa•m1/2
具体地,当多层切削刀具为三层时,即具有压电效应的三层梯度陶瓷刀具,其中,第一层为Al2O3、Si3N4和/或CBN等基体材料以及结合剂和增强相形成的基体层,其厚度占总刀具厚度的50~70%,该层具有高硬度、高耐磨性与高韧性,起到切削金属的功能;第二层包括Al2O3、Si3N4、CBN、Ni、Co、MgO等材料(主要为基体材料、结合剂和增强相,还可以添加压电材料)构成的粘结层,其厚度占总刀具厚度的5~15%,该层起到粘结陶瓷刀片第一层与第三层作用;第三层为PZT、BaTiO3、PbTiO3、(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3、(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3等压电材料以及结合剂和增强相形成的压电层,其厚度占刀具总厚度的25%~45%,该层具有压电效应,能够将切削力转换为电荷信号。经测量其维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为17~18GPa、1000~1100MPa和7.5~8.5MPa•m1/2
具体地,当多层切削刀具为四层时,即具有压电效应的四层梯度陶瓷刀具,其中,第一层为Al2O3或Si3N4等陶瓷材料(包括相应的基体材料、结合剂和增强相)形成基体层,其厚度占刀具总厚度的50%~70%,具有高硬度、高耐磨性与高韧性,起到切削金属的功能;第二层为镍、钴、铝、Al2O3、Si3N4等材料(主要为基体材料、结合剂和增强相,还可以添加压电材料)构成粘结层,其厚度占刀具总厚度的5%~10%,起到粘结梯度陶瓷刀片第一层与第三层,以及导电作用。第三层为PZT、BaTiO3、三元压电陶瓷等压电陶瓷材料(包括相应的压电材料、基体材料、结合剂和增强相)形成压电层,其厚度为刀具总厚度的15%~30%,该层具有压电效应,能够将切削力转换为电荷信号。第四层的成分、作用与第二层相同。经测量其维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为16-17GPa、1050-1100MPa和6.5-7.5MPa•m1/2
在一些实施例中,包括电荷收集装置,所述电荷收集装置安装在所述切削刀具的刀柄上。
为了使得本领域技术人员能够更加清楚地了解本发明的技术方案,以下将结合具体的实施例详细说明本发明的技术方案。
实施例1~4中,将构成具有压电效应陶瓷刀具不同层的材料粉末混合,并以无水乙醇为介质进行球磨处理,经真空干燥与过筛后,将粉体逐层填铺并压实,压实后进行真空热压烧结,使陶瓷刀具材料具备压电效应。具备压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料经切割抛光,制成具备压电效应的陶瓷刀具。切削力测量与刀具状态监测原理,如图1所示。具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具1与电荷收集装置2被紧定螺钉3固定在刀柄4上,当具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具1切削金属时,切削力5导致具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具出现电荷6,电荷通过电荷收集装置2与导线7进入电荷放大器8,随后通过信号发射装置无线传输至切削力监测系统8,实现陶瓷刀具切削力的实时测量。
实施例1
具有压电效应的均质陶瓷刀具结构如图2所示,组成陶瓷刀具的材料是均质的。制备具有压电效应的均质陶瓷刀具所需粉末组分重量比(wt.%)如表1所示。
表1 粉末组分重量比(wt.%)
Figure SMS_1
将粉末材料装入球磨罐中,以硬质合金球为磨球、无水乙醇为介质,球磨时间为48h,将球磨完成后悬浮液在真空干燥箱中进行干燥,干燥后过100目筛子,封存备用。随后按照陶瓷刀具材料成分比例要求将粉末均匀混合,混合后装填入模具中,进行5MPa的预压实处理,然后将其放入真空热压烧结炉中进行热压烧结,烧结温度为1600℃,烧结时间为60min,烧结压力为35MPa。烧结后获得致密度高的陶瓷坯料,经切割抛光加工后制成具有压电效应的均质陶瓷刀具,经测量其维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为16.0 GPa、850MPa和6.5 MPa•m1/2。将刀具与电荷收集装置安装至刀柄上,即可实现切削力实时测量。
实施例2
具有压电效应的双层梯度陶瓷刀具结构如图3所示,具有压电效应的双层梯度陶瓷刀具第一层(A1)为Al2O3基陶瓷材料,其厚度占刀具总厚度的60%;第二层(A2)为BaTiO3、PbTiO3等压电材料,其厚度为刀具总厚度的40%。A1(第一层)、A2(第二层)粉末组分重量比(wt.%)如表2所示。
表2 粉末组分重量比(wt.%)
Figure SMS_2
将粉末材料分别装入球磨罐中,以硬质合金球为磨球、无水乙醇为介质,球磨时间为48h,将球磨完成后悬浮液在真空干燥箱中进行干燥,干燥后过100目筛子,封存备用。随后按照陶瓷刀具每层材料要求将粉末均匀混合,并通过控制每层厚度,将粉末材料按照A1/A2的顺序逐层装填入模具中,每层粉末均需要铺平压实,直至粉末填装完毕。将粉末进行5MPa的预压实处理,然后将其放入真空热压烧结炉中进行热压烧结,烧结温度为1500℃,烧结时间为50min,烧结压力为35MPa。烧结后获得致密度高的陶瓷坯料,经切割抛光加工后制成具有压电效应的双层梯度陶瓷刀具,经测量其维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为17.0 GPa、950MPa和7.5 MPa•m1/2。将刀具与电荷收集装置安装至刀柄上,即可实现切削力实时测量与刀具状态实时监测。
实施例3
制备具有压电效应的三层梯度陶瓷刀具结构如图4所示,具有压电压电效应的三层梯度陶瓷刀具第一层(B1)为Al2O3基陶瓷材料,其厚度占刀具总厚度的50%;第二层(B2)为Ni、Co、Al2O3、TiC等多种材料的混合层,其厚度为刀具总厚度的15%;第三层(B3)为BaTiO3、PbTiO3等压电材料,其厚度为刀具总厚度的35%。B1(第一层)、B2(第二层)、B3(第三层)粉末组分重量比(wt.%)如表3所示。
表3 粉末组分重量比(wt.%)
Figure SMS_3
将粉末材料分别装入球磨罐中,以硬质合金球为磨球、无水乙醇为介质,球磨时间为48h,将球磨完成后悬浮液在真空干燥箱中进行干燥,干燥后过100目筛子,封存备用。随后按照陶瓷刀具每层材料要求将粉末均匀混合,并通过控制质量控制每层厚度,将粉末材料按照B1/B2/B3的顺序逐层装填如磨具中,每层粉末均需要铺平压实,直至粉末填装完毕。将粉末进行15MPa的预压实处理,然后将其放入真空热压烧结炉中进行热压烧结,烧结温度为1600℃,烧结时间为40min,烧结压力为35MPa。烧结后获得致密度高的陶瓷坯料,经切割抛光加工后制成具有压电效应的三层梯度陶瓷刀具,经测量其维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为17.5 GPa、1050 MPa和8.0 MPa•m1/2。将刀具与电荷收集装置安装至刀柄上,即可实现切削力实时测量与刀具状态实时监测。
实施例4
具有压电效应的四层梯度陶瓷刀具结构如图5所示,具有压电效应的四层梯度陶瓷刀具第一层(C1)为Al2O3基陶瓷材料,其厚度占刀具总厚度的50%;第二层(C2)为镍、钴、铝、Al2O3、Si3N4等多种材料的混合层,其厚度占刀具总厚度的8%;第三层(C3)为PZT等材料,其厚度为刀具总厚度的34%;第四层与第二层一致,其厚度占刀具总厚度的8%。C1(第一层)、C2(第二层与第四层)、C3(第三层)粉末组分重量比(wt.%)如表4所示。
表4 粉末组分重量比(wt.%)
Figure SMS_4
将粉末材料分别装入球磨罐中,以硬质合金球为磨球、无水乙醇为介质,球磨时间为48h,将球磨完成后悬浮液在真空干燥箱中进行干燥,干燥后过100目筛子,封存备用。随后按照陶瓷刀具每层材料要求将粉末均匀混合,并通过控制质量控制每层厚度,将粉末材料按照C1/C2/C3/C2的顺序逐层装填如磨具中,每层粉末均需要铺平压实,直至粉末填装完毕。将粉末进行15MPa的预压实处理,然后将其放入真空热压烧结炉中进行热压烧结,烧结温度为1500℃,烧结时间为50min,烧结压力为35MPa。烧结后获得致密度高的陶瓷坯料,经切割抛光加工后制成具有压电效应的梯度陶瓷刀具,经测量其维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为16.5 GPa、1075 MPa和7.0 MPa•m1/2。将刀具与电荷收集装置安装至刀柄上,即可实现切削力实时测量与刀具状态实时监测。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (3)

1.一种具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料,其特征是,按照重量份数计,包括以下原料,基体材料30~70份,压电材料30~70份,结合剂5~10份,增强相10~20份;所述基体材料为Al2O3;所述压电材料为PZT、BaTiO3、PbTiO3中的一种或多种;所述结合剂为Ni、Co中的一种或多种;所述增强相为TiC、SiC、MgO、ZrO2中的一种或多种;
所述陶瓷刀具材料的制备方法为:将原料混合,球磨过筛后获得粉体,将粉体填铺并压实,进行真空热压烧结;真空热压烧结的烧结温度为1300~1600℃,烧结时间为30~60 min,烧结压力为30~35 MPa;
所述陶瓷刀具材料为多层陶瓷刀具材料;
所述多层陶瓷刀具材料包括至少一层基体层和至少一层压电层;
当陶瓷刀具材料为两层时,由一层基体层和一层压电层形成;当陶瓷刀具材料为三层时,表层到底层依次包括基体层、粘结层和压电层;当陶瓷刀具材料为四层时,表层到底层依次包括基体层、粘结层、压电层和粘结层;
所述基体层包括基体材料以及结合剂和增强相;所述压电层包括压电材料以及结合剂和增强相;所述粘结层包括基体材料、结合剂和增强相,还添加压电材料;
当陶瓷刀具材料为两层时,第一层为基体层,基体层的厚度占总刀具厚度的50~70%,第二层为压电层,压电层的厚度占总刀具厚度的30~50%;
当陶瓷刀具材料为三层时,第一层为基体层,基体层的厚度占总刀具厚度的50~70%,第二层为粘结层,粘结层的厚度占总刀具厚度的5~15%,第三层为压电层,压电层的厚度占总刀具厚度的25~45%;
当陶瓷刀具材料为四层时,第一层为基体层,基体层的厚度占总刀具厚度的50~70%,第二层和第四层为粘结层,粘结层的厚度占总刀具厚度的5~10%,第三层为压电层,压电层的厚度占总刀具厚度的15~30%;
当陶瓷刀具材料为两层时,维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为16~18GPa、900~1000MPa和7~8MPa•m1/2;当陶瓷刀具材料为三层时,维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为17~18GPa、1000~1100MPa和7.5~8.5MPa•m1/2;当陶瓷刀具材料为四层时,维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为16-17GPa、1050-1100MPa和6.5-7.5MPa•m1/2
2.一种权利要求1所述的具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料的制备方法,其特征是,将原料混合,球磨过筛后获得粉体,将粉体填铺并压实,进行真空热压烧结;所述球磨以无水乙醇为介质。
3.一种权利要求1所述的具有压电效应的陶瓷刀具材料在切削刀具中的应用。
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