CN114637154B - Cascaded periodically polarized electro-optic crystal structure for optical phased array - Google Patents
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium niobate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- WSMQKESQZFQMFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(O)=O)=NN1 WSMQKESQZFQMFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- NAWXUBYGYWOOIX-SFHVURJKSA-N (2s)-2-[[4-[2-(2,4-diaminoquinazolin-6-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]-4-methylidenepentanedioic acid Chemical compound C1=CC2=NC(N)=NC(N)=C2C=C1CCC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=C)C(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 NAWXUBYGYWOOIX-SFHVURJKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000018199 S phase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008358 core component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005622 photoelectricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/292—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection by controlled diffraction or phased-array beam steering
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
- G02F1/0305—Constructional arrangements
Abstract
The invention discloses a cascading periodic polarized electro-optic crystal structure for an optical phased array, which comprises a crystal body, wherein the crystal body is of a cascading periodic structure, the crystal body is divided into N layers along the light propagation direction, the first layer is a positive domain, a plurality of positive domains and reverse domains are arranged in the 2 nd layer to the N layer, the positive domains and the reverse domains are alternately distributed, and each positive domain and the reverse domain in the last layer are used as array elements.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of photoelectricity, and relates to a cascading periodical polarized electro-optic crystal structure for an optical phased array.
Background
The concept of an Optical Phased Array (OPA) derives from a conventional microwave phased array, which has significant advantages over conventional microwave phased arrays. The optical phased array uses laser working in an optical band as an information carrier, so that the optical phased array is not interfered by traditional radio waves unlike a microwave phased array, and the laser has narrow beam and good confidentiality, and is not easy to be detected. In addition, compared with a large-volume electrical phased array, the optical phased array can be integrated on a chip, and has the advantages of small size, light weight, good flexibility and low power consumption. These advantages make optical phased arrays very attractive in the fields of free space optical communications, light detection and ranging (LIDAR), image projection, laser radar, and optical storage.
Since the 60 th century of 20 th, as microwave phased array technology has evolved, attempts have been made to extend the concept of phased arrays to the optical wave band. In 1972 Meyer made the first one-dimensional optical phased array using the electro-optic effect of lithium tantalate. The optical phased array consists of 46 lithium tantalate electric optical phase shifters, and each phase shifter is provided with an independent array control electrode, so that the phase of an optical beam can be sensitively controlled. Through the experimental foundation, the basic theory of the optical phased array is verified, and the development foundation of the optical phased array is laid. Although the optical phased array technology is developed from the microwave phased array technology, as microwaves are transited to light waves, the wavelengths of the light waves are several orders of magnitude smaller than those of the microwaves, the principle and the method of the microwave phased array cannot be simply applied to the optical phased array, and the corresponding device manufacturing difficulty process is large, and the phase control precision is high. In particular, new requirements are put on design and processing of the core unit phase shifter of the optical phased array.
The electro-optic phase shifter changes the refractive index of the crystal according to the electro-optic effect of the crystal, namely by means of externally applied voltage, introduces phase difference and completes the modulation function. Although the liquid crystal phased array has a certain use value due to the development of years, the scanning speed of the liquid crystal phased array is low, the liquid crystal phased array is not easy to integrate, the requirements of miniaturization and high speed of the current devices are not met, and the further miniaturization of the liquid crystal phased array is restricted. The periodic grating mode of the liquid crystal phased array can realize larger deflection angles, but the deflection angles are distributed in a discrete manner, and the intervals between adjacent deflection angles are uneven.
Disclosure of Invention
The object of the present invention is to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art described above and to provide a cascaded periodically poled electro-optic crystal structure for an optical phased array which enables continuous scanning over a maximum deflection angle range and which meets the requirements of miniaturization and high speed.
In order to achieve the above object, the cascaded periodically poled electro-optic crystal structure for an optical phased array of the present invention includes a crystal body, where the crystal body is a cascaded periodic structure.
The crystal body is divided into N layers along the light propagation direction, wherein the first layer is a positive domain, a plurality of positive domains and reverse domains are arranged in the 2 nd layer to the N layer, the positive domains and the reverse domains are alternately distributed, and each positive domain and each reverse domain in the last layer are used as array elements.
The positively charged domains and the negatively charged domains in the same layer are the same size.
The width of the positive domains in the former layer is 2 times that of the positive domains in the latter layer, and the length of the positive domains in the former layer is 2 times that of the positive domains in the latter layer.
During operation, the phase modulation of emergent light is realized by adjusting the number of array elements and the number of cascaded layers, different phase difference distribution among the array elements is realized, and then the controllable inclination of far-field light beams is realized.
In operation, the beam pointing direction of the far field of the optical phased array is changed by adjusting the phase difference between adjacent array elements.
Phase difference between adjacent array elementsBeam pointing angle of the optical phased array
The phase delay of the incident light is modulated by adjusting the number of periods of the positive and negative electric domains in each layer and the size of the electric domains.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
when the cascade periodic polarized electro-optic crystal structure for the optical phased array is specifically operated, the crystal body is of the cascade periodic structure, so that the phase of light after passing through the structure shows equal phase difference distribution among array elements, the deflection angle is larger, the controllable continuous scanning of light beams in a far field is realized through electro-optic modulation, the structure is compact, the integration is easy, the crystal body can be applied to a core component phase shifter of the optical phased array, and the requirements of miniaturization and high speed are met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2a is a graph of simulation results of a nine-level periodic polarized lithium niobate far field radiation pattern when the phase difference between adjacent array elements is 2 degrees;
fig. 2b is a diagram of simulation results of a nine-level cascade periodic polarization lithium niobate far-field radiation pattern when the phase difference between adjacent array elements is 3 °;
FIG. 2c is a graph of simulation results of a nine-level periodic polarized lithium niobate far field radiation pattern when the phase difference between adjacent array elements is 4 degrees;
fig. 2d is a graph of simulation results of a nine-level periodic polarized lithium niobate far field radiation pattern when the phase difference between adjacent array elements is 5 °.
Detailed Description
In order to make the present invention better understood by those skilled in the art, the following description will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments, but not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, in the following description, descriptions of well-known structures and techniques are omitted so as not to unnecessarily obscure the concepts of the present disclosure. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without making any inventive effort, shall fall within the scope of the present invention.
In the accompanying drawings, there is shown a schematic structural diagram in accordance with a disclosed embodiment of the invention. The figures are not drawn to scale, wherein certain details are exaggerated for clarity of presentation and may have been omitted. The shapes of the various regions, layers and their relative sizes, positional relationships shown in the drawings are merely exemplary, may in practice deviate due to manufacturing tolerances or technical limitations, and one skilled in the art may additionally design regions/layers having different shapes, sizes, relative positions as actually required.
Referring to fig. 1, the cascaded periodic polarized electro-optic crystal structure for an optical phased array according to the present invention includes a crystal body, where the crystal body is a cascaded periodic structure, specifically, the crystal body is divided into N layers along a light propagation direction, where a first layer is a positive domain, a plurality of positive domains and opposite domains are disposed in the 2 nd layer to the N layer, where the positive domains and the opposite domains are alternately distributed, each positive domain and the opposite domain of the last layer are used as an array element, the positive domains and the opposite domains in the same layer have the same size, the width of the positive domain in the first layer is 2 times the width of the positive domain in the latter layer, and the length of the positive domain in the former layer is 2 times the length of the positive domain in the latter layer.
During actual operation, the phase modulation of emergent light is realized by adjusting the number of array elements and the number of cascaded layers, and different phase difference distribution among the array elements is realized, so that the controllable inclination of far-field light beams is realized.
When the invention works, the cascade method is utilized to carry out multi-level phase modulation on the incident light, so that the emergent light forms equal phase differences among array elements. For far field photo-electric field distribution of an optical phased array, the phase and amplitude of the far field photo-electric field are generally not of concern. Therefore, the far-field photoelectric field distribution is controlled by the phase difference introduced by the spatial distribution of the array element positions and the phase difference provided by the action of the array element phase shifters, and the diffraction field of each array element is coherent and constructive in the far field due to the constant phase difference provided by the spatial position of each array element, so as to realize the controllable inclination of the wave beam, wherein, the wave beam pointing angle of the OPA is set to be theta s Phase difference between adjacent array elementsThe method is characterized by comprising the following steps:it can be seen that the beam pointing direction of the optical phased array can be changed by adjusting the phase difference between adjacent array elements. Therefore, in the invention, the emergent light forms equal phase difference distribution among the array elements by carrying out multi-level phase adjustment on the incident light, and the controllable inclination of the light beam at the far field is realized by adjusting the voltage.
In practical application, the phase delay of incident light is modulated by adjusting the number of the electric domain periods and the size of the electric domain of each layer, so that the phase difference distribution of the emergent light among adjacent array elements is realized; the phase modulation of emergent light is realized by adjusting the number of array elements and the number of cascaded layers, and different phase difference distribution among the array elements is realized, so that the controllable inclination of the optical phased array far-field beam is realized.
The following will take the crystal bulk as lithium niobate crystal as an example:
1) Electro-optic effect in a periodically poled electro-optic crystal:
when an electric field is applied to the periodically polarized lithium niobate, the dielectric isolation rate tensor changes due to the electro-optical effect, namely, the refractive index ellipsoid deforms, which is represented by the change of the principal axis direction and length of the refractive index ellipsoid. Under the action of an external electric field E, the deflection angle theta of the principal axis of the refractive index ellipsoid is as follows:wherein r is 33 Representing the electro-optic coefficient, n, of lithium niobate crystal e N is as follows o The refractive indices of the extraordinary rays and the ordinary rays having the corresponding wavelengths when propagating in the lithium niobate crystal are respectively given.
2) In the cascade periodically polarized electro-optic crystal, the sign of the third-order tensor in the positive and negative electric domains is opposite, so that the sign of the electro-optic coefficient tensor is different in the positive and negative electric domains, and the phase of light modulated after passing through the positive and negative electric domains with the same size is the same and has opposite sign. Therefore, after the light passes through the invention and proper voltage is applied, the emergent light is distributed in equal phase among the array elements.
The basic principle of the one-dimensional optical phased array is as follows:
according to the diffraction principle of light, the expression of the optical field of the nth array element is as follows:
wherein r is i Representing the distance between the ith array element and the point P;
according to the diffraction superposition principle, the diffraction light electric field superposition of N array elements is the total P-point light electric field intensity, so that the far-field P-point light electric field intensity is:
since the optical phased array is far from the point of view P, r 0 Representing the distance, r, of the optical phased array from point P 0 And r i Comparison of the difference of r 0 Can be ignored. So for r in formula (2) i By r 0 After replacement, almost no influence is caused on the amplitude of the P point optical electric field. But considering the phase difference between adjacent array elements, r is smaller due to the smaller operating wavelength of OPA i And r 0 In a one-dimensional equidistant optical phased array, r i Can be expressed as:
r i ＝r 0 -idsinθ (3)
thus formula (2) can be expressed as:
as can be seen from equation (4), the P-point optical electric field intensity is a function of the diffraction angle θ. The magnitude of the phase and amplitude of E (θ) is generally not a concern for the far field optical field of an optical phased array, most notably its relative distribution. Setting the radiation amplitude of each array element in OPA to be consistent, setting A i =1, then formula (4) can be converted into:
wherein,the phase differences introduced for the spatial distribution of the individual array element positions,/->The phase difference provided by the phase shifters of each array element of the OPA ensures that the diffraction fields of each array element are coherent and constructive in a far field so as to realize the controllable inclination of the wave beam, and when the wave beam of the OPA is required to be directed at an angle theta s The phase difference between adjacent array elements is:
substituting the formula (6) and the formula (7) into the formula (5), and obtaining the sum formula of the equal ratio series:
equation (8) can be simplified as:
the relative light intensity is:
considering that the number N of array elements is large,and so, formula (10) can be further simplified to:
after the factor of the single slit factor is added, the expression of the light intensity at this time is:
as can be seen from formula (12), when θ 0 ＝θ s At the time of theta 0 In the direction, the maximum value of the light intensity is obtained, namely the main lobe position of the light beam, and the optical phased array device changes theta through the electro-optic effect of the electro-optic crystal s I.e. to change the direction of the light beam, to achieve beam deflection scanning.
Example 1
Taking lithium niobate electro-optic crystal as an example, nine-layer cascade periodic polarization structure lithium niobate crystal is designed, the size of positive and negative electric domains of each layer is shown in figure 1, from right to left, the first layer is a positive electric domain, and the size is as follows: the length L is 2560um, the width W is 512um, and the thickness T is 500um. The second layer is formed by alternately arranging positive and negative electric domains, the size of each electric domain is reduced by one time compared with the length L and the width W of the upper layer, and the thickness T is unchanged, so that the size of each electric domain of the second layer is as follows: the length L is 1280um, the width W is 256um, and the thickness T is 500um. The dimensions of each electric domain of the third layer are: the length is 640um, the width is 128um, and the thickness is 500um. And so on to the last layer (ninth layer) of single domain size: the length is 10um, the width is 2um, the thickness is 500um, the last layer of electric domain is used as one array element, and the number of the array elements under the structure is 256. According to the transverse electro-optic effect of lithium niobate, when the polarization direction of incident light is in the Z direction, a voltage V is applied to a crystal, and after the incident light passes through a long L-distance crystal, the induced phase change is:
where λ is the wavelength of the incident light, n e The refractive index of the lithium niobate is the extraordinary ray, V is the time voltage, T is the crystal thickness, and L is the crystal length through which the light passes. It can be seen that the phase retardation generated by the electro-optic effect of the crystal is only dependent on the thickness of the crystal through which light passes and the applied voltage when the crystal thickness is constant, and that different phase delays are generated after light passes through different sizes of the positive and negative domains. When the crystal length of each layer is reduced by half, due toThe applied voltage is the same, the thickness of the crystal is the same, the generated phase change is reduced by half correspondingly, and the signs of the phase change generated by the positive and negative electric domains with the same size are opposite.
Taking a cascade periodic polarization structure with the number of cascade layers being 4 and the number of array elements being 8 as an example, how to enable emergent light to realize equal phase difference distribution is simply described. Under this structure, when a certain voltage is applied to the crystal, the phase change generated by the first stage is 1 pi, and then the phase changes generated by the second stage, the third stage and the fourth stage are respectively 0.5 pi, 0.25 pi and 0.125 pi, and the signs of the phase changes generated by the positive and negative electric domains with the same size are opposite, as shown in table 1. The calculation shows that the structure can realize that the emergent light generates 0.25 pi equal-phase difference distribution among the array elements. Therefore, the voltage can be regulated so as to realize different phase difference distribution of emergent light, thereby realizing light beam scanning.
Simulation of the far field radiation results of the nine-layered periodically poled lithium niobate, as shown in fig. 2a to 2d, shows that, by simulation calculation, beam scanning of ±4° can be achieved at maximum when the maximum voltage applied is 576.6V.
TABLE 1
Claims (4)
1. The cascading periodic polarized electro-optic crystal structure for the optical phased array is characterized by comprising a crystal body, wherein the crystal body is of a cascading periodic structure;
the crystal body is divided into N layers along the light propagation direction, wherein the first layer is a positive domain, a plurality of positive domains and reverse domains are arranged in the 2 nd layer to the N layer, the positive domains and the reverse domains are alternately distributed, and each positive domain and each reverse domain in the last layer are used as array elements;
the positive electric domain and the reverse electric domain in the same layer have the same size;
the width of the positive domains in the former layer is 2 times of the width of the positive domains in the latter layer, and the length of the positive domains in the former layer is 2 times of the length of the positive domains in the latter layer;
during operation, the phase modulation of emergent light is realized by adjusting the number of array elements and the number of cascaded layers, different phase difference distribution among the array elements is realized, and then the controllable inclination of far-field light beams is realized.
2. Cascaded periodic polarized electro-optic crystal structure for optical phased arrays according to claim 1, characterized in that in operation the beam pointing in the far field of the optical phased array is changed by adjusting the phase difference between adjacent array elements.
3. Cascaded periodic polarized electro-optic crystal structure for optical phased arrays according to claim 2, characterized in that the phase differences of adjacent array elementsThe beam pointing angle of the optical phased array>
4. Cascaded periodic polarized electro-optic crystal structure for optical phased arrays according to claim 1, characterized in that the phase retardation of the incident light is modulated by adjusting the number of periods of the positive and negative electric domains in each layer and the size of the electric domains.
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| CN101762890A (en) * | 2009-12-24 | 2010-06-30 | 广西大学 | Periodicity domain reverse structure electro-optical switch |
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