CN114633528A - 具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN114633528A
CN114633528A CN202210286090.XA CN202210286090A CN114633528A CN 114633528 A CN114633528 A CN 114633528A CN 202210286090 A CN202210286090 A CN 202210286090A CN 114633528 A CN114633528 A CN 114633528A
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layer
wave
composite
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夏钢锋
顾健秋
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Jiangsu Yangzi Xinfu Shipbuilding Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料及其制备方法，涉及电磁屏蔽材料技术领域，本发明包括发泡导电层、复合屏蔽层、柔性吸波层和复合透波层，所述复合屏蔽层设置在发泡导电层上方，所述复合屏蔽层和发泡导电层之间共同设置有第一粘连剂层，所述柔性吸波层设置在复合屏蔽层上方，所述柔性吸波层和复合屏蔽层之间共同设置有第二粘连剂层，所述复合透波层设置在柔性吸波层上方，所述复合透波层和柔性吸波层之间共同设置有第三粘连剂层；本发明通过泡孔结构的发泡导电层不仅赋予吸波和电磁屏蔽复合材料轻质的优势，还提高导电性以及电磁屏蔽效能，通过具有三维网格结构的复合屏蔽层进一步提高电导率，兼具了磁损耗和电损耗。

Description

具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及电磁屏蔽材料技术领域，特别涉及具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
电磁兼容性是指器件、设备或分系统在所处电磁环境中良好运行，并且不对其所在环境产生任何难以承受的电磁骚扰的能力，它包括电磁干扰(EMI)和电磁敏感度(EMS)两方面。产生电磁干扰的三要素为骚扰源、耦合途径和感受器。在电磁兼容性设计、改进过程中，常用的抑制电磁干扰的方法有接地、屏蔽、滤波等，这三种方法对提高设备的电磁兼容性有着重要的意义。在解决高频电磁干扰问题上，完全采用屏蔽的解决方式越来越不能满足要求了，因为诸多设备中，端口的设置及通风、视窗等的需求使得实际的屏蔽方法不可能形成像法拉第电笼那样的全屏蔽电笼，端口尺寸是设备高频化的一大威胁。另外，困扰人们的还有另外一个问题，在设备实施了有效的屏蔽后，对外干扰虽然解决了，但电磁波干扰在屏蔽系统内部仍然存在，甚至因为屏蔽导致干扰加剧，甚至引发设备不能正常工作。
上述都是屏蔽存在的问题，也正是因为这些问题的存在，吸波材料有了用武之地，吸波材料是指能够有效吸收入射电磁波并使其散射衰减的一类材料，它通过材料的各种不同的损耗机制将入射电磁波转化成热能或者是其它能量形式而达到吸收电磁波目的。不同于屏蔽解决方案，其功效性在于减少干扰电磁波的数量。既可以单独使用吸收电磁波，也可以和屏蔽体系配合，提高设备高频功效。
电磁屏蔽材料，就是能对两个空间区域之间进行金属的隔离、以控制电场、磁场和电磁波由一个区域对另一个区域的感应和辐射的一类材料。具体讲就是用来制造屏蔽体的材料，屏蔽体将元部件、电路、组合件、电缆或整个系统的干扰源包围起来，防止干扰电磁场向外扩散，以及防止它们受到外界电磁场的影响。
所谓的吸波和电磁屏蔽复合材料主要包括金属和高分子复合材料，但是传统的金属基电磁屏蔽材料存在密度大、结构设计困难等问题，并且应用也受到限制。石墨烯不仅具有独特的物理结构和优异的力学、电磁学性能，还具有良好的微波吸收性能，将其与磁性纳米粒子复合后可以得到一种新型吸波材料，它兼具磁损耗和电损耗，在电磁屏蔽及微波吸收领域拥有较好的应用前景，可以部分解决金属基电磁屏蔽材料存在的技术瓶颈，故此，我们提出一种吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料及其制备方法。
发明内容
本发明的主要目的在于提供具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料及其制备方法，以解决上述背景中提出的问题。
为实现上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案为：具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料，包括发泡导电层、复合屏蔽层、柔性吸波层和复合透波层，所述复合屏蔽层设置在发泡导电层上方，所述复合屏蔽层和发泡导电层之间共同设置有第一粘连剂层，所述柔性吸波层设置在复合屏蔽层上方，所述柔性吸波层和复合屏蔽层之间共同设置有第二粘连剂层，所述复合透波层设置在柔性吸波层上方，所述复合透波层和柔性吸波层之间共同设置有第三粘连剂层；
所述发泡导电层由碳石墨烯微发泡材料制成，并在聚合物微发泡过程中添加金属填料，所述金属填料为金属氧化物填料、金属粉末填料或金属氧化物和金属粉末的混合填料；
所述复合屏蔽层是通过化学气相沉积法制备出的三维网格贯通的石墨烯泡沫，再采用原位聚合法制备出的石墨烯泡沫－硅橡胶复合材料；
所述柔性吸波层由碳纤维或活性碳纤维编织成经纬交错网结构后形成的柔性制品；
所述复合透波层由树脂基透波复合材料，所述树脂基透波复合材料的树脂基体为环氧树脂或聚四氟乙烯树脂，所述树脂基透波复合材料的增强纤维为玻璃纤维或超高分子量聚乙烯纤维；
所述第一粘连剂层和第二粘连剂层均为导电压敏胶，所述第三粘连剂层为乙烯共聚物粘连剂。
优选地，所述金属氧化物填料选自氧化锡、氧化钛、氧化锌、四氧化三铁中的一种或多种。
优选地，所述金属粉末填料选自金、银、铜、铁、镍或不锈钢中的一种或多种。
具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
Step1：将碳石墨烯通过聚合物微发泡技术进行发泡，并在发泡过程中添加金属填料，再经过热压、裁切制得发泡导电层；
Step2：通过化学气相沉积法制备出的三维网格贯通的石墨烯泡沫，再采用原位聚合法制备出的石墨烯泡沫－硅橡胶复合材料，再经过裁切制得复合屏蔽层；
Step3：通过碳纤维或活性碳纤维编织成经纬交错网结构制得柔性吸波层；
Step4：以环氧树脂或聚四氟乙烯树脂为树脂基体，以玻璃纤维或超高分子量聚乙烯纤维为增强纤维，通过模压成型技术制得复合透波层；
Step5：通过导电压敏胶依次将发泡导电层、复合屏蔽层和柔性吸波层粘连，再通过乙烯共聚物粘连剂将复合透波层粘连在柔性吸波层另一端，最后通过热压工艺一体成型。
优选地，所述Step1中金属填料为金属氧化物填料、金属粉末填料或金属氧化物和金属粉末的混合填料。
优选地，所述Step2中石墨烯泡沫是以石墨烯或功能石墨烯为原料制得。
本发明具有如下有益效果：
本发明提供具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料，通过泡孔结构的发泡导电层不仅赋予吸波和电磁屏蔽复合材料轻质的优势，且发泡过程产生的双向牵伸作用还有利于二次分散聚合物基体中的金属填料，提高导电性，同时，泡孔结构的引入可以使进入材料的电磁波陷入迷宫结构中，从而显着地提升材料的电磁屏蔽效能，有效防止材料的电磁泄漏。
本发明提供具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料，通过选用不同的金属填料配比使得发泡导电层具有不同的屏蔽性能倾向，适用于不同的产品和环境。
本发明提供具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料，通过具有三维网格结构的复合屏蔽层进一步提高电导率，且高比面积和高纵横比的墨烯泡沫－硅橡胶复合材料可形成导电网络，为复合材料载流子的取向运动提供导电通道，对微波产生导电损耗，兼具了磁损耗和电损耗。
附图说明
图1为本发明具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料的整体结构示意图；
图2为本发明具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料的发泡导电层的整体结构示意图；
图3为本发明具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料的柔性吸波层的整体结构示意图；
图4为本发明具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料的制备方法的方法流程图。
图中：1、发泡导电层；2、复合屏蔽层；3、柔性吸波层；4、复合透波层；5、第一粘连剂层；6、第二粘连剂层；7、第三粘连剂层。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解，下面结合具体实施方式，进一步阐述本发明。
在本发明的描述中，需要说明的是，术语“上”、“下”、“内”、“外”“前端”、“后端”、“两端”、“一端”、“另一端”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。此外，术语“第一”、“第二”仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性。
在本发明的描述中，需要说明的是，除非另有明确的规定和限定，术语“安装”、“设置有”、“连接”等，应做广义理解，例如“连接”，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或一体地连接；可以是机械连接，也可以是电连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以具体情况理解上述术语在本发明中的具体含义。
实施例一：
请参照图1－3所示：具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料，包括发泡导电层1、复合屏蔽层2、柔性吸波层3和复合透波层4，复合屏蔽层2设置在发泡导电层1上方，复合屏蔽层2和发泡导电层1之间共同设置有第一粘连剂层5，柔性吸波层3设置在复合屏蔽层2上方，柔性吸波层3和复合屏蔽层2之间共同设置有第二粘连剂层6，复合透波层4设置在柔性吸波层3上方，复合透波层4和柔性吸波层3之间共同设置有第三粘连剂层7；
发泡导电层1由碳石墨烯微发泡材料制成，并在聚合物微发泡过程中添加金属填料，金属填料为金属氧化物和金属粉末的混合填料；
复合屏蔽层2是通过化学气相沉积法制备出的三维网格贯通的石墨烯泡沫，再采用原位聚合法制备出的石墨烯泡沫－硅橡胶复合材料；
柔性吸波层3由活性碳纤维编织成经纬交错网结构后形成的柔性制品；
复合透波层4由树脂基透波复合材料，树脂基透波复合材料的树脂基体为环氧树脂，树脂基透波复合材料的增强纤维为超高分子量聚乙烯纤维；
第一粘连剂层5和第二粘连剂层6均为导电压敏胶，第三粘连剂层7为乙烯共聚物粘连剂。
其中，金属氧化物填料选自氧化锡。
其中，金属粉末填料选自金。
请参照图4所示：具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
Step1：将碳石墨烯通过聚合物微发泡技术进行发泡，并在发泡过程中添加氧化锡和金，再经过热压、裁切制得发泡导电层1；
Step2：以石墨烯为原料通过化学气相沉积法制备出的三维网格贯通的石墨烯泡沫，再采用原位聚合法制备出的石墨烯泡沫－硅橡胶复合材料，再经过裁切制得复合屏蔽层2；
Step3：通过活性碳纤维编织成经纬交错网结构制得柔性吸波层3；
Step4：以环氧树脂为树脂基体，以超高分子量聚乙烯纤维为增强纤维，通过模压成型技术制得复合透波层4；
Step5：通过导电压敏胶依次将发泡导电层1、复合屏蔽层2和柔性吸波层3粘连，再通过乙烯共聚物粘连剂将复合透波层4粘连在柔性吸波层3另一端，最后通过热压工艺一体成型。
实施例二：
具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料，包括发泡导电层1、复合屏蔽层2、柔性吸波层3和复合透波层4，复合屏蔽层2设置在发泡导电层1上方，复合屏蔽层2和发泡导电层1之间共同设置有第一粘连剂层5，柔性吸波层3设置在复合屏蔽层2上方，柔性吸波层3和复合屏蔽层2之间共同设置有第二粘连剂层6，复合透波层4设置在柔性吸波层3上方，复合透波层4和柔性吸波层3之间共同设置有第三粘连剂层7；
发泡导电层1由碳石墨烯微发泡材料制成，并在聚合物微发泡过程中添加金属填料，金属填料为金属氧化物填料；
复合屏蔽层2是通过化学气相沉积法制备出的三维网格贯通的石墨烯泡沫，再采用原位聚合法制备出的石墨烯泡沫－硅橡胶复合材料；
柔性吸波层3由活性碳纤维编织成经纬交错网结构后形成的柔性制品；
复合透波层4由树脂基透波复合材料，树脂基透波复合材料的树脂基体为环氧树脂，树脂基透波复合材料的增强纤维为超高分子量聚乙烯纤维；
第一粘连剂层5和第二粘连剂层6均为导电压敏胶，第三粘连剂层7为乙烯共聚物粘连剂。
优选地，四氧化三铁。
通过将四氧化三铁用聚吡咯包覆，使具有核壳结构的纳米微球有可能合成出具有优异性能的纳米复合材料，同时具有导电性、磁性和纳米效应。
制备方法同实施例1。
实施例三：
具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料，包括发泡导电层1、复合屏蔽层2、柔性吸波层3和复合透波层4，复合屏蔽层2设置在发泡导电层1上方，复合屏蔽层2和发泡导电层1之间共同设置有第一粘连剂层5，柔性吸波层3设置在复合屏蔽层2上方，柔性吸波层3和复合屏蔽层2之间共同设置有第二粘连剂层6，复合透波层4设置在柔性吸波层3上方，复合透波层4和柔性吸波层3之间共同设置有第三粘连剂层7；
发泡导电层1由碳石墨烯微发泡材料制成，并在聚合物微发泡过程中添加金属填料，金属填料为铜－银混合粉末；
复合屏蔽层2是通过化学气相沉积法制备出的三维网格贯通的石墨烯泡沫，再采用原位聚合法制备出的石墨烯泡沫－硅橡胶复合材料；
柔性吸波层3由活性碳纤维编织成经纬交错网结构后形成的柔性制品；
复合透波层4由树脂基透波复合材料，树脂基透波复合材料的树脂基体为环氧树脂，树脂基透波复合材料的增强纤维为超高分子量聚乙烯纤维；
第一粘连剂层5和第二粘连剂层6均为导电压敏胶，第三粘连剂层7为乙烯共聚物粘连剂。
通过铜－银混合粉末的使用，获得了具有优良导电性的Cu/Ag复合电磁屏蔽剂，将其制成材料后，Cu/Ag复合涂层的电磁波屏蔽效能在101kHz－1.5GHz范围内达到80dB，大大提高了铜系屏蔽剂的屏蔽性能。
制备方法同实施例2。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解，本发明不受上述实施例的限制，上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理，在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下，本发明还会有各种变化和改进，这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。

Claims (6)

1.具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料，其特征在于：包括发泡导电层(1)、复合屏蔽层(2)、柔性吸波层(3)和复合透波层(4)，所述复合屏蔽层(2)设置在发泡导电层(1)上方，所述复合屏蔽层(2)和发泡导电层(1)之间共同设置有第一粘连剂层(5)，所述柔性吸波层(3)设置在复合屏蔽层(2)上方，所述柔性吸波层(3)和复合屏蔽层(2)之间共同设置有第二粘连剂层(6)，所述复合透波层(4)设置在柔性吸波层(3)上方，所述复合透波层(4)和柔性吸波层(3)之间共同设置有第三粘连剂层(7)；
所述发泡导电层(1)由碳石墨烯微发泡材料制成，并在聚合物微发泡过程中添加金属填料，所述金属填料为金属氧化物填料、金属粉末填料或金属氧化物和金属粉末的混合填料；
所述复合屏蔽层(2)是通过化学气相沉积法制备出的三维网格贯通的石墨烯泡沫，再采用原位聚合法制备出的石墨烯泡沫－硅橡胶复合材料；
所述柔性吸波层(3)由碳纤维或活性碳纤维编织成经纬交错网结构后形成的柔性制品；
所述复合透波层(4)由树脂基透波复合材料，所述树脂基透波复合材料的树脂基体为环氧树脂或聚四氟乙烯树脂，所述树脂基透波复合材料的增强纤维为玻璃纤维或超高分子量聚乙烯纤维；
所述第一粘连剂层(5)和第二粘连剂层(6)均为导电压敏胶，所述第三粘连剂层(7)为乙烯共聚物粘连剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料，其特征在于：所述金属氧化物填料选自氧化锡、氧化钛、氧化锌、四氧化三铁中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料，其特征在于：所述金属粉末填料选自金、银、铜、铁、镍或不锈钢中的一种或多种。
4.一种如权利要求1－3任意一所述的具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
Step1：将碳石墨烯通过聚合物微发泡技术进行发泡，并在发泡过程中添加金属填料，再经过热压、裁切制得发泡导电层(1)；
Step2：通过化学气相沉积法制备出的三维网格贯通的石墨烯泡沫，再采用原位聚合法制备出的石墨烯泡沫－硅橡胶复合材料，再经过裁切制得复合屏蔽层(2)；
Step3：通过碳纤维或活性碳纤维编织成经纬交错网结构制得柔性吸波层(3)；
Step4：以环氧树脂或聚四氟乙烯树脂为树脂基体，以玻璃纤维或超高分子量聚乙烯纤维为增强纤维，通过模压成型技术制得复合透波层(4)；
Step5：通过导电压敏胶依次将发泡导电层(1)、复合屏蔽层(2)和柔性吸波层(3)粘连，再通过乙烯共聚物粘连剂将复合透波层(4)粘连在柔性吸波层(3)另一端，最后通过热压工艺一体成型。
5.根据权利要求4所述的具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述Step1中金属填料为金属氧化物填料、金属粉末填料或金属氧化物和金属粉末的混合填料。
6.根据权利要求4所述的具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述Step2中石墨烯泡沫是以石墨烯或功能石墨烯为原料制得。
CN202210286090.XA 2022-03-22 2022-03-22 具有吸波和电磁屏蔽性能的复合材料及其制备方法 Pending CN114633528A (zh)

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