CN114583220A - Fuel cell water content control method, fuel cell system, and fuel cell vehicle - Google Patents
Fuel cell water content control method, fuel cell system, and fuel cell vehicle Download PDFInfo
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- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of new energy, and particularly relates to a water content control method of a fuel cell, a fuel cell system and a fuel cell vehicle. The invention takes the current of a hydrogen circulating pump as a basis, assists the lowest voltage of a single-chip cell and the voltage consistency of the single-chip cell to determine whether the water content of the fuel cell is in a normal range, firstly controls and changes the reaction temperature of the electric pile under the condition that the water content is found to be too high or too low so as to try to adjust the water content of the fuel cell under the condition of not wasting energy, and then changes the rotating speed and the hydrogen discharge frequency of an air compressor under the condition that the reaction temperature of the electric pile is not good so as to accelerate/reduce the water discharge of the water and improve the response speed of a control instruction for changing the water content of the fuel cell, so that the fuel cell electric pile works in a proper environment without adding a valve or a pipeline, the method is simple and effective, and the safe and reliable work of the fuel cell is ensured.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of new energy, and particularly relates to a water content control method of a fuel cell, a fuel cell system and a fuel cell vehicle.
Background
With the increasing severity of energy crisis and environmental pollution, the development of low-pollution energy technology is becoming a key research point. As an efficient and clean energy conversion device, a Fuel Cell, especially a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), is widely used due to its high power density, light weight, and abundant resources.
During the operation of the PEMFC, proton conductivity is closely related to membrane water content, good output performance corresponds to a fully wetted proton exchange membrane, and good water management ability plays an important role in improving fuel cell performance and durability. The water content in the cell is too high, so that a flooding fault can be generated, the mass transfer diffusion of gas is influenced, the water content is insufficient, so that the membrane dry fault can be caused, and the performance and the durability of the fuel cell can be influenced in severe cases. The flooding of the gas diffusion layer and the flow channel hinders the transmission of the gas reactant to the reaction site, the active area of the catalyst is reduced due to the coverage of water, and the activation loss and concentration loss of the PEMFC are significantly increased. The dry film failure causes an increase in resistivity, which increases heat generation of the PEMFC during operation, further causes a decrease in energy conversion efficiency and a more severe dry film failure, and even causes local hot spots, resulting in permanent damage, seriously affecting output performance and remaining life. Therefore, the diagnosis of the flooding and the dry membrane fault of the PEMFC is particularly important.
In the existing PEMFC fault diagnosis, the definition and diagnosis indexes of flooding and membrane dryness do not have unified standards. Common diagnostic indicators include model estimation, voltage, pressure drop, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the like. The method comprises the following specific steps: (1) model estimation: the water content in the system is estimated through a theoretical model, but the accuracy of the theoretical model needs a large amount of experiments to be perfected, and the goodness of fit of different galvanic pile models is also greatly different; (2) and (3) voltage judgment: when water logging and membrane dry faults occur, the voltage of the single chip is reduced, so that the voltage can only be used for judging water management faults and cannot be used for judging membrane dry and membrane wet faults; (3) and (3) pressure drop judgment: for a fuel cell engine, the method is different from laboratory inlet flow control (the same flow rate and the pressure drop change along with the change of water content), and the hydrogen side adopts inlet pressure control to ensure that the inlet pressure is stable, the water content changes and the pressure drop change is not obvious; (4) electrochemical impedance: the water content is different, and the membrane internal resistance is different, through exchanging the galvanic pile internal resistance of impedance appearance test, and then judge the water content change, nevertheless to the fuel cell engine, is different from the monolithic test condition, exchanges impedance equipment test result not only including membrane internal resistance, still including contact internal resistance etc. and there is interference between alternating signal and the high-voltage signal, and the integration degree of difficulty is big, and is with high costs.
The water content of the fuel cell cannot be guaranteed to be within a normal range under the condition that the water content of the fuel cell cannot be accurately determined, the fuel cell is in failure when the water content is serious, and the safety of the whole vehicle cannot be guaranteed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a fuel cell water content control method, a fuel cell system and a fuel cell vehicle, which are used for solving the problem that the water content of a fuel cell cannot be ensured to be in a normal range due to the fact that the water content of the fuel cell cannot be accurately determined in the prior art.
In order to solve the technical problem, the technical scheme of the invention comprises the following steps:
the invention provides a method for controlling the water content of a fuel cell, which comprises the following steps:
1) acquiring the current of a hydrogen circulating pump and the voltage of each single cell of a fuel cell stack in real time, and determining the lowest voltage of the single cell and the voltage consistency value of the single cell; the hydrogen circulating pump is used for providing power to send unreacted hydrogen discharged by the electric pile into the electric pile again;
2) determining a preference for a hydrogen circulation pump current corresponding to a current state of a fuel cellThe upper limit of the working interval, preferably the working interval, is the current threshold value ImaxThe lower limit of the optimal working interval is a small current threshold value Imin；
3) Comparing and judging the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump, the current single-chip minimum voltage V and the current single-chip battery voltage consistency value s:
if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is larger than the current threshold large value ImaxWhen the single-chip minimum voltage V is larger than the single-chip voltage required adjustment value V1, the single-chip cell voltage consistency value S is smaller than the consistency required adjustment value S1 and the first determination time t1 is continued, the water content of the fuel cell is high, and the reactor reaction temperature is controlled to be increased; if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is still larger than the current threshold large value I after the current I is increased to the corresponding reactor reaction temperature and continues for the second determination time t2maxIf V2 is larger than V and is smaller than or equal to V1 or S1 is smaller than or equal to S2 appears in the consistency value S of the lowest voltage V of the single chip and the voltage of the current single chip cell, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharging frequency are controlled to be increased so as to reduce the water content of the fuel cell; wherein S2 is a consistency protection value, V2 is a single-chip voltage protection value, and the air compressor is used for providing aerodynamic force for the fuel cell;
if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is smaller than the current threshold small value IminIf the single-chip minimum voltage V is larger than the single-chip voltage required adjustment value V1, the single-chip cell voltage consistency value S is smaller than the consistency required adjustment value S1 and the first determination time t1 is continued, the water content of the fuel cell is less, and the reaction temperature of the electric pile is controlled to be reduced; if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is still smaller than the current threshold small value I after the corresponding temperature of the reactor is reduced and the second determination time t2 is continuedminHowever, when the consistency value of the lowest voltage V of the single chip and the voltage of the current single chip is V2-V1 or S1-S2, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharging frequency are controlled to be reduced so as to improve the water content of the fuel cell.
The beneficial effects of the above technical scheme are: the invention takes the current of a hydrogen circulating pump as a basis, assists the lowest voltage of a single-chip cell and the voltage consistency of the single-chip cell to determine whether the water content of the fuel cell is in a normal range, firstly controls and changes the reaction temperature of the electric pile under the condition that the water content is found to be too high or too low so as to try to adjust the water content of the fuel cell under the condition of not wasting energy, and then changes the rotating speed and the hydrogen discharge frequency of an air compressor under the condition that the reaction temperature of the electric pile is not good so as to accelerate/reduce the water discharge of the water and improve the response speed of a control instruction for changing the water content of the fuel cell, so that the fuel cell electric pile works in a proper environment without adding a valve or a pipeline, the method is simple and effective, and the safe and reliable work and durable and stable operation of the fuel cell are ensured.
Further, in step 3), if the hydrogen circulation pump current I is in the preferred operating range, the minimum voltage V of the single chip is greater than the required adjustment value V1 of the single chip voltage, and the consistency value S of the single chip cell voltage is less than the required adjustment value S1 of the consistency, it indicates that the water content of the fuel cell is normal.
Further, in order to prevent the fuel cell from being continuously damaged due to over-high/over-low water content, in the step 3), if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is still larger than the current threshold value Imax after the rotation speed and the hydrogen discharge frequency of the air compressor are controlled to be increased, but V is not more than V2 or S is more than S2 when the consistency value S of the lowest voltage V of the single cell and the current voltage of the single cell appears, the fuel cell system is controlled to be shut down;
in the step 3), if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is still smaller than the current threshold value Imin after the control of reducing the rotating speed and the hydrogen discharging frequency of the air compressor, and the consistency value S of the lowest voltage V of the single chip and the current voltage of the single chip is smaller than or equal to V2 or S is larger than S2, the shutdown of the fuel cell system is controlled.
Further, in order to accurately determine a preferred operating interval of the hydrogen circulation pump current to accurately determine the water content of the fuel cell, in step 2), the influence of the air flow, the reactor reaction temperature and the hydrogen discharge frequency on the stack performance and the consistency of the voltage of the single cell is determined by an orthogonal experiment method, so as to determine the optimal current I0 of the hydrogen circulation pump, the optimal consistency S0 of the voltage of the single cell and the optimal voltage V0 of the single cell corresponding to the current state of the fuel cell, further determine that the voltage of the single cell is reduced by a set attenuation voltage value Δ V from the optimal voltage V0 of the single cell or the current change amount Δ I of the hydrogen circulation pump when the voltage consistency of the single cell is increased by a set consistency increase value Δ S from the optimal consistency S0 of the voltage of the single cell, and then the preferred operating interval of the hydrogen circulation pump current is [ I0-I, I0+ [ Δ I ].
Further, in order to accurately determine whether a means for changing the reactor reaction temperature, the air compressor rotation speed and the hydrogen discharge frequency is effective, in the step 3), the first determination time t1 is determined according to the influence of the change of the water content on the current change of the hydrogen circulating pump, and t1 belongs to [5,10] s; the second determination time t2 is determined according to the influence of the reactor reaction temperature on the water content, and t2 belongs to [20,30] s.
Further, in step 3), when the reactor reaction temperature is controlled to be increased, the increased temperature is a set fixed increased temperature or is obtained by adopting the following method: determining the influence of the reactor reaction temperature on the current of the hydrogen circulating pump according to the orthogonal experiment, subtracting the reactor reaction temperature when the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is the current threshold large value I0+ delta I from the reactor reaction temperature when the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is the optimal current I0 of the hydrogen circulating pump, and obtaining the difference value as the increased temperature;
in the step 3), when the reactor reaction temperature is controlled to be reduced, the reduced temperature is a set fixed reduced temperature or obtained by adopting the following method: and determining the influence of the reactor reaction temperature on the current of the hydrogen circulating pump according to the orthogonal experiment, subtracting the reactor reaction temperature when the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is the current threshold small value I0-delta I from the reactor reaction temperature when the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is the optimal current I0, and obtaining the difference value as the reduced temperature.
Further, in order to rapidly change the stack reaction temperature, in step 3), the stack reaction temperature is changed by controlling a thermostat and a radiator fan provided on a cooling line of the fuel cell.
Further, in order to improve the water content characterization stability, the step 1) further comprises a step of filtering the obtained hydrogen circulation pump current.
The invention also provides a fuel cell system, which comprises a galvanic pile, a hydrogen circulating pump, a voltage detection module and a control device;
the hydrogen circulating pump is arranged on the hydrogen circulating pipeline and used for providing power to send unreacted hydrogen discharged by the galvanic pile into the galvanic pile again;
the voltage detection module is used for detecting the voltage of each single battery in the electric pile;
the control device includes a memory and a processor for executing instructions stored in the memory to implement the fuel cell water content control method described above, and to achieve the same effects as the method.
The invention also provides a fuel cell vehicle, which comprises a vehicle body and the fuel cell system introduced above.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural connection diagram of a fuel cell system of the present invention; wherein:
1-a hydrogen pile-in electromagnetic valve, 2-a pressure regulating valve, 3-a first pressure sensor, 4-a water separator, 5-a drain valve, 6-a hydrogen circulating pump, 7-an air compressor, 8-an intercooler, 9-a humidifier, 10-a second pressure sensor, 11-a back pressure valve, 12-a first temperature sensor, 13-a water pump, 14-a radiator fan, 15-a thermostat, 16-a second temperature sensor, 17-an electric pile and 18-a control device;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a control apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the online moisture content assessment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a flow chart of a fuel cell water content control method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The hydrogen circulating pump is arranged in the hydrogen circulating pipeline and used for providing power for hydrogen circulation. The hydrogen circulating pump generally has current and voltage feedback for determining power consumption, and under a certain fixed rotating speed, the gas medium has certain influence on the power consumption of the hydrogen circulating pump. When a large amount of liquid water enters the hydrogen circulating pump due to factors such as acceleration and turning, the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is increased instantly. Furthermore, when flooding and dry membrane failure occur, the voltage of the single cell will drop.
Based on the situation that the current of the hydrogen circulating pump, the voltage of the single-chip minimum cell and the voltage of the single-chip cell are consistent, the consistency of the current of the hydrogen circulating pump, the voltage of the single-chip minimum cell and the voltage of the single-chip cell is enabled to be in a normal range by controlling the rotating speed of the air compressor, the temperature of the fuel cell stack and the hydrogen discharging frequency, and further the water content of the fuel cell is enabled to be in a normal range. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Fuel cell vehicle embodiment:
one fuel cell vehicle embodiment of the invention includes a vehicle body and a fuel cell system, the fuel cell system being shown in fig. 1. The system comprises a control device 18, and comprises the following devices and connection relations among the devices:
the system further includes a stack 17, the stack 17 including an anode and a cathode. A hydrogen pile-entering electromagnetic valve 1, a pressure regulating valve 2 and a first pressure sensor 3 are sequentially arranged on an anode gas inlet pipeline between a hydrogen source inlet and an anode inlet, a water separator 4 and a drain valve 5 are sequentially arranged on an anode gas outlet pipeline between an anode outlet and a mixed discharge outlet, the other outlet of the water separator 4 is connected to an anode gas inlet pipeline at the downstream of the pressure regulating valve 2 and the upstream of the first pressure sensor 3 through an anode circulating gas pipeline, and a hydrogen circulating pump 6 is arranged on the anode circulating gas pipeline; an air compressor 7, an intercooler 8, a humidifier 9 and a second pressure sensor 10 are sequentially arranged on a cathode inlet air pipeline between an air filter inlet and a cathode inlet, a cathode circulating air pipeline is arranged between a cathode outlet and the humidifier, and the other outlet of the humidifier 9 is directly connected to a mixed discharge outlet through a back pressure valve 11. The system comprises a thermostat 15, wherein the thermostat 15 comprises two inlets and an outlet, a second temperature sensor 16, a first temperature sensor 12, a water pump 13 and a cooling fan 14 are sequentially arranged on a cooling circulation pipeline between the outlet and the first inlet, and the outlet of the water pump 13 is also directly connected to the second inlet.
The functions of the above devices are as follows:
hydrogen stacking electromagnetic valve 1: for turning on/off the hydrogen supply to the fuel cell system (considering only the internal components of the fuel cell system);
the pressure regulating valve 2: controlling the inlet pressure of the hydrogen of the galvanic pile according to the operation condition, and adopting parts such as a proportional valve, a hydrogen injector and the like;
first pressure sensor 3: the device is used for monitoring the pressure of the hydrogen inlet of the galvanic pile and realizing the closed-loop control of the pressure of the hydrogen inlet;
and (4) a water separator: the method is used for the gas-water separation of the hydrogen side;
the drain valve 5: discharging liquid water in the water separator and nitrogen in the hydrogen by opening and closing; the operation of on-off-on is carried out at a certain frequency, and the amount of discharged water can be adjusted by adjusting the opening time length, the closing time length or the opening frequency of the operation to adjust the hydrogen discharge frequency;
the hydrogen circulation pump 6: the hydrogen circulating power is used for supplying hydrogen circulating power, feeding unreacted hydrogen discharged by the galvanic pile into the galvanic pile again, and simultaneously taking the working current of the hydrogen circulating power as the judgment basis of the water content;
an air compressor 7: the air power is provided, and air required by the fuel cell is provided;
an intercooler 8: cooling air at the outlet of the air compressor to ensure proper air electric pile inlet temperature;
the humidifier 9: the moisture transfer between the dry air and the air moisture after the reaction of the fuel cell is realized through the humidifier, and the air inlet humidity of the air is improved;
second pressure sensor 10: the closed-loop control system is used for monitoring the air inlet pressure of the galvanic pile and realizing the closed-loop control of the hydrogen inlet pressure;
back pressure valve 11: for regulating air inlet pressure;
first temperature sensor 12: the temperature monitoring device is used for monitoring the temperature of a cooling outlet of the electric pile; the temperature detected by the temperature sensor can be used as the reactor reaction temperature;
the water pump 13: for providing coolant flow power;
the heat radiation fan 14: the heat dissipation device is used for dissipating heat generated by the electric pile into the environment;
the thermostat 15: the change of the large and small cycles is realized, and the temperature of the electric pile is controlled together with the radiator;
second temperature sensor 16: for monitoring the stack cooling inlet temperature; the temperature detected by the temperature sensor can be used as the reactor reaction temperature;
the galvanic pile 17: a device for generating electric energy by electrochemical reaction under the action of hydrogen and air;
the control device 18: as shown in fig. 2, the method includes a processing unit of the storage unit, the processing unit and the storage unit complete mutual communication and data interaction through an internal bus, and the processing unit executes various functional applications and data processing by running software programs and modules stored in the storage unit, and is used for collecting system component information, controlling arithmetic and logical operation, and sending control instructions, fault protection and the like, so as to implement the method for controlling the water content of the fuel cell of the present invention. The control device of the embodiment is a vehicle control unit, and the storage unit and the processing unit are both the storage unit and the processing unit in the vehicle control unit.
Besides, a voltage detection module is further included, and the voltage detection module is used for detecting the voltage of each single cell in the electric pile, and is not shown in fig. 1.
A method for controlling the water content of a fuel cell according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to fig. 3 and 4.
Step one, acquiring the current of a hydrogen circulating pump and the voltage of each single cell of a fuel cell stack in real time, and determining the consistency of the lowest voltage of the single cell and the voltage of the single cell. The voltage consistency of the single cells is the standard deviation of the voltage of the single cells, and the voltage consistency value of each single cell is different, so that the voltage consistency value of the single cell with the worst consistency or the average value of the voltage consistency values of the single cells can be selected as the voltage consistency value of the single cell of the fuel cell system.
And step two, as shown in fig. 3, performing online evaluation on the water content. In the process, the current of the hydrogen circulating pump needs to be filtered, for example, Kalman filtering is performed, so that the current fluctuation and oscillation caused by external environment change and interference are eliminated, and then:
1) by quadratureExperiments (control variable method, other parameters are kept unchanged, only one parameter is changed, such as temperature, air compressor rotating speed and hydrogen discharge frequency, current change of a hydrogen circulating pump is observed), the influence of the air flow Q, the reactor reaction temperature T and the hydrogen discharge frequency n on the performance of the electric pile and the voltage consistency of the single-chip cell is researched to determine the optimal current I0, the optimal consistency S0 and the optimal voltage V0 of the hydrogen circulating pump corresponding to the current state of the fuel cell, and the influence I f of the air flow Q, the reactor reaction temperature T and the pulse discharge frequency n on the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump respectively1(Q)、I＝f2(T)、I＝f3And (n) determining the change quantity DeltaI of the current of the hydrogen circulation pump when the single-cell consistency reaches Sk (the difference is different from the optimal consistency S0 of the single-cell voltage by a set consistency increase value DeltaS) or the single-cell voltage is attenuated from the optimal voltage V0 of the single-cell by a set attenuation voltage value DeltaV (an appropriate boundary condition is determined according to different cell characteristics). Further, a preferred operation interval [ I0- Δ I, I0+ [ Δ I ] of the hydrogen circulation pump current corresponding to the current state of the fuel cell is determined]In this interval, the fuel cell can be ensured to work in a good state without flooding or water shortage. Wherein, I0-delta I is a small value of the current threshold, and I0 +. delta.I is a large value of the current threshold.
2) According to the change trend that the hydrogen circulating pump current is influenced by the water content change in the above-mentioned in-process, formulate suitable first judgement time t1, according to the pile reaction temperature to the water content influence trend, formulate second judgement time t 2. The current change of the hydrogen circulating pump is obviously influenced by the change of the water content, a first judgment time t1 belongs to [5,10] s generally, while the influence of the reactor reaction temperature on the water content needs a certain response time, and a second judgment time t2 belongs to [20,30] s generally.
3) And while considering the current change of the hydrogen circulating pump, judging the water content by taking the voltage consistency of the single-chip cell and the minimum voltage of the single chip as auxiliary factors, and determining a proper single-chip voltage required adjustment value V1 and a single-chip voltage protection value V2 according to the working characteristics of the fuel cell, wherein V1 is more than V2. Generally, the regulated value V1 is set to be 20% lower than the average voltage, and the protection value V2 is set to be 0.4V. The consistency required adjustment value S1 and the consistency protection value S2 are set according to the single-chip consistency of different galvanic piles, S1 is less than S2, and the consistency required adjustment value S1 and the consistency protection value S2 are generally set to be 80mV and 150 mV.
Step three, as shown in fig. 4, judging the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump, the lowest voltage V of the single cell and the voltage consistency value S of the single cell, and correspondingly determining how to change the rotating speed of the air compressor, the reaction temperature of the electric pile and the hydrogen discharge frequency according to the judgment result so as to enable the fuel cell to work in a comfortable working environment:
if I belongs to [ I0-delta I, I0 +. delta.I ], V is more than V1, and S is less than S1, the water content of the fuel cell is normal;
if I > (I0 +. DELTA.I), V > V1, S < S1 and the first determination time T1 is continued, the temperature T of the reactor is controlled and increased by adjusting a thermostat and a cooling fan at the moment, so that the moisture carried by the gas is increased, the water content of the fuel cell is reduced, and the hydrogen circulating pump is recovered to a better working interval, if the reaction temperature T of the fuel cell is increased to the latest set temperature and the second determination time T2 is continued, the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is not obviously reduced, and the consistency value S between the lowest voltage V of the single-chip cell and the voltage of the single-chip cell has the condition that V2 is more than V and less than V1 or S1 is more than S2, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharge frequency are increased at the moment, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharge frequency are adjusted to return to the initial control point for operation when the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is reduced to the latest set rotating speed and the hydrogen discharge frequency is increased to the latest set frequency, the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is still not obviously reduced, and the consistency value S of the lowest voltage V of the single-chip battery and the voltage of the single-chip battery is not less than V2 or not less than S2, so that the fuel battery needs to be shut down by load reduction at the moment;
if I < (I0-Delta I), V > V1 and S < S1 are maintained for the first determination time T1, the temperature of the stack is controlled to be reduced by adjusting a thermostat and a cooling fan at the moment, so that the moisture carried by the gas is reduced, the water content of the fuel cell is increased, and then the hydrogen circulating pump is recovered to a better working interval, if the reaction temperature T of the fuel cell is reduced to the latest set temperature and is maintained for the second determination time T2, the current of the hydrogen circulating pump does not obviously increase, and the consistency value S between the lowest voltage V of the single-chip cell and the voltage of the single-chip cell has the condition that V2 is more than V1 or S1 is more than S2, at the moment, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharge frequency are reduced, when the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is increased to the control interval range, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharge frequency are adjusted to return to the initial control point operation, when the rotating speed of the air compressor is reduced to the latest set rotating speed and the hydrogen discharge frequency is reduced to the latest set frequency, the current of the hydrogen circulating pump still does not obviously rise, and the consistency value S of the lowest voltage V of the monolithic battery and the voltage of the monolithic battery is equal to or less than V2 or equal to or more than S2, so that the fuel battery needs to be shut down by load shedding at the moment.
When the control is used for increasing the reactor reaction temperature, the reaction temperature can be increased according to the formula I-f2(T) determining the reaction temperature T1, thereby regulating the reaction temperature of the stack to T1, and implementing water management of the fuel cell if I ═ f2(T) the reaction temperature T1 obtained is less than the current reaction temperature T, then I ═ f according to the temperature sensitivity of the cell stack2(T), namely the influence of temperature rise on the water content, determining a fixed rising temperature delta T, if the influence is large, such as 1 ℃ and 2 ℃, the temperature rise is set to be small, if the influence is small, the temperature rise is set to be large, and directly adjusting the reactor reaction temperature to T plus delta T. Similarly, when the reactor reaction temperature is reduced, the temperature can be reduced according to the formula I ═ f2(T) determining the reaction temperature T2, thereby regulating the reaction temperature of the stack to T2, and implementing water management of the fuel cell if I ═ f2(T) obtaining a reaction temperature T2 greater than the current reaction temperature T, determining a fixed reduced temperature Δ T, and directly adjusting the reactor reaction temperature to T- Δ T.
In the third step of this embodiment, when the hydrogen circulation pump current I, the single cell minimum voltage V, and the single cell voltage consistency value S are initially determined to be compared, the determination is performed only for three cases, which are: i belongs to [ I0-delta I, I0+ delta I ], V is more than V1, and S is less than S1; i > (I0 +. DELTA.I), V > V1, S < S1 for a first decision time t 1; i < (I0- Δ I), V > V1, S < S1, and for a first determination time t 1. And the other situations are not judged and processed, because the actual processing process finds that only the situations basically occur.
In this embodiment, the fuel cell system uses a drain valve to drain liquid water in the water separator and nitrogen in the hydrogen. As another embodiment, it can be realized by using two solenoid valves, one for discharging water and one for discharging nitrogen.
In this embodiment, a kalman filtering method is used to perform filtering processing on the current of the hydrogen circulation pump. As another embodiment, other filtering processing methods in the prior art, such as a moving average filtering algorithm, may also be adopted.
In this embodiment, the control device uses the vehicle control unit to realize its functions. As other embodiments, a processor and a memory may be added to the vehicle for executing code execution and storage operations to implement a fuel cell water content control method of the present invention. The processor can be a processing device such as a microprocessor MCU (microprogrammed control Unit), a programmable logic device FPGA (field programmable gate array) and the like; the memory can be various memories for storing information by using an electric energy mode, such as a RAM, a ROM and the like, various memories for storing information by using a magnetic energy mode, such as a hard disk, a floppy disk, a magnetic tape, a magnetic core memory, a bubble memory and a U disk, and various memories for storing information by using an optical mode, such as a CD, a DVD and the like.
In this embodiment, two-stage regulation is adopted to make the regulation more rapid, namely one stage is to change the reactor reaction temperature, and the second stage is to change the air compressor machine rotational speed and the exhaust frequency. The reason for this is that, if the water content of the fuel cell still can not meet the requirement after the reaction temperature of the electric pile is changed, the time requirement is more urgent, so that the water content of the fuel cell can be adjusted by simultaneously controlling and changing the rotating speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharge frequency, and the purpose of quick adjustment is achieved.
In the invention, the filtered hydrogen circulating pump current is used as the basis for judging the water content, and the method is simple and low in cost, so that the water content characterization stability is better. The relationship I of the reaction hydrogen circulation pump current obtained by the orthogonal experiment with the air flow rate, the reactor reaction temperature, and the hydrogen discharge frequency is defined as f1(Q)、I＝f2(T)、I＝f3(n) asThe control is based on, the reliability is good, and the control precision is higher. Furthermore, the reaction temperature of the electric pile, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharge frequency are controlled to be used as the basis for controlling the water content of the fuel cell, a bypass valve and a pipeline are not required to be added, and the fuel cell system is simple in structure, high in integration level, rapid in response, direct, effective, safe and high in reliability.
Fuel cell system embodiment:
an embodiment of a fuel cell system of the present invention is a fuel cell system as described in the embodiment of the fuel cell vehicle. Since the fuel cell system is described in detail in the vehicle implementation, it will not be described herein.
The method comprises the following steps:
an embodiment of a fuel cell water content control method of the present invention is a fuel cell water content control method as described in the fuel cell vehicle embodiment. Since the method is described in detail in the vehicle implementation, it is not described here in detail.
Claims (10)
1. A method for controlling water content in a fuel cell, comprising the steps of:
1) acquiring the current of a hydrogen circulating pump and the voltage of each single cell of a fuel cell stack in real time, and determining the lowest voltage of the single cell and the voltage consistency value of the single cell of the fuel cell system; the hydrogen circulating pump is used for providing power to send unreacted hydrogen discharged by the electric pile into the electric pile again;
2) determining a preferred working interval of the current of the hydrogen circulating pump corresponding to the current state of the fuel cell, wherein the upper limit of the preferred working interval is the current threshold large value ImaxThe lower limit of the optimal working interval is a small current threshold value Imin；
3) Comparing and judging the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump, the lowest voltage V of the single chip and the voltage consistency value S of the single chip battery:
if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is larger than the current threshold large value ImaxThe lowest voltage V of the single chip is greater than the required adjustment value V1 of the voltage of the single chip, the consistency value S of the voltage of the single chip is less than the required adjustment value S1 of the consistency and the first determination time t1 lastsWhen the water content of the fuel cell is higher, controlling to increase the reaction temperature of the electric pile; if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is still larger than the current threshold large value I after the current I is increased to the corresponding reactor reaction temperature and continues for the second determination time t2maxIf the consistency value S of the lowest voltage V of the single chip and the voltage of the current single chip battery is V2-V1 or S1-S2, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharging frequency are controlled to be increased so as to reduce the water content of the fuel battery; wherein S2 is a consistency protection value, V2 is a single-chip voltage protection value, and the air compressor is used for providing aerodynamic force for the fuel cell;
if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is smaller than the current threshold small value IminIf the single-chip minimum voltage V is larger than the single-chip voltage required adjustment value V1, the single-chip cell voltage consistency value S is smaller than the consistency required adjustment value S1 and the first determination time t1 is continued, the water content of the fuel cell is less, and the reaction temperature of the electric pile is controlled to be reduced; if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is still smaller than the current threshold small value I after the corresponding temperature of the reactor is reduced and the second determination time t2 is continuedminHowever, when the consistency value of the lowest voltage V of the single chip and the voltage of the current single chip is V2-V1 or S1-S2, the rotating speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharging frequency are controlled to be reduced so as to improve the water content of the fuel cell.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 3), if the hydrogen circulation pump current I is in the preferred operating region, the monolithic minimum voltage V is greater than the monolithic voltage required adjustment value V1, and the monolithic voltage consistency value S is less than the consistency required adjustment value S1, it indicates that the water content of the fuel cell is normal.
3. The method for controlling the water content of the fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein in step 3), if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is still greater than the current threshold value Imax after controlling to increase the rotation speed of the air compressor and the hydrogen discharge frequency, but the consistency value S between the lowest voltage V of the single chip and the current voltage of the single chip is V less than or equal to V2 or S is greater than S2, the fuel cell system is controlled to be shut down;
in the step 3), if the current I of the hydrogen circulating pump is still smaller than the current threshold small value Imin after the control of reducing the rotating speed and the hydrogen discharging frequency of the air compressor, and the consistency value S of the lowest voltage V of the single chip and the current voltage of the single chip is smaller than or equal to V2 or S is larger than S2, the fuel cell system is controlled to be shut down.
4. The method for controlling water content in a fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein in step 2), the influence of air flow rate, stack reaction temperature, and hydrogen discharge frequency on stack performance and cell voltage uniformity is determined by orthogonal experiment, so as to determine the hydrogen circulation pump optimum current I0, cell voltage optimum uniformity S0, and cell voltage optimum voltage V0 corresponding to the current state of the fuel cell, and further determine that the cell voltage is decreased by a predetermined attenuation voltage value Δ V from the cell optimum voltage V0 or the cell voltage uniformity is increased by a predetermined uniformity increase value Δ I from the cell voltage optimum uniformity S0, and then the preferred operating interval of the hydrogen circulation pump current is [ I0- Δ I, I0+ ] I ].
5. The fuel cell water content control method according to claim 1, wherein in step 3), the first determination time t1 is determined depending on the change in current of the hydrogen circulation pump, which is influenced by the change in water content, t1 ∈ [5,10] s; the second determination time t2 is determined according to the influence of the reactor reaction temperature on the water content, t2 epsilon [20,30] s.
6. The method for controlling the water content of the fuel cell according to claim 4, wherein in the step 3), when the reactor reaction temperature is controlled to be increased, the increased temperature is a set fixed increased temperature or obtained by the following method: determining the influence of the reactor reaction temperature on the current of the hydrogen circulating pump according to the orthogonal experiment, subtracting the reactor reaction temperature when the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is the current threshold large value I0+ delta I from the reactor reaction temperature when the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is the optimal current I0 of the hydrogen circulating pump, and obtaining the difference value as the increased temperature;
in the step 3), when the reactor reaction temperature is controlled to be reduced, the reduced temperature is a set fixed reduced temperature or obtained by adopting the following method: and determining the influence of the reactor reaction temperature on the current of the hydrogen circulating pump according to the orthogonal experiment, subtracting the reactor reaction temperature when the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is the current threshold small value I0-delta I from the reactor reaction temperature when the current of the hydrogen circulating pump is the optimal current I0, and obtaining the difference value as the reduced temperature.
7. The fuel cell water content control method according to claim 1, wherein in step 3), the stack reaction temperature is changed by controlling a thermostat and a radiator fan provided on a cooling line of the fuel cell.
8. The method for controlling the water content of the fuel cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the step 1) further comprises a step of filtering the obtained current of the hydrogen circulation pump.
9. A fuel cell system is characterized by comprising a galvanic pile, a hydrogen circulating pump, a voltage detection module and a control device;
the hydrogen circulating pump is arranged on the hydrogen circulating pipeline and used for providing power to send unreacted hydrogen discharged by the galvanic pile into the galvanic pile again;
the voltage detection module is used for detecting the voltage of each single battery in the electric pile;
the control device comprises a memory and a processor, wherein the processor is used for executing instructions stored in the memory to realize the water content control method of the fuel cell according to any one of claims 1-8.
10. A fuel cell vehicle including a vehicle body, characterized by further comprising the fuel cell system according to claim 9.
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