CN114580220B - Method for acquiring key parameters of river multistage dam system - Google Patents

Method for acquiring key parameters of river multistage dam system Download PDF

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CN114580220B
CN114580220B CN202210490125.1A CN202210490125A CN114580220B CN 114580220 B CN114580220 B CN 114580220B CN 202210490125 A CN202210490125 A CN 202210490125A CN 114580220 B CN114580220 B CN 114580220B
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晏维金
张培培
王芳
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Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources of CAS
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Abstract

A method for acquiring key parameters of a river multistage dam system comprises the following steps: 1) constructing a biogeochemical balance model and a pollutant output coefficient model of the drainage basin pollutant; 2) acquiring a river entering coefficient of pollutants in the small watershed, and simulating the river entering amount of the pollutants in the small watershed; 3) determining the relationship among river flow, residence time, multi-level dams and river pollutant retention rate; 4) determining dam building stages according to the initial concentration of the non-point source pollution entering the river, the estimated purified concentration after interception and the interception rate of the single-stage dam on the pollutants; 5) and constructing a multistage hydraulic lifting dam according to the dam construction stage number. The key parameter acquisition method of the river multistage dam system improves the precision of simulating the large-scale watershed non-point source pollution and the simulation precision of simulating the watershed non-point source pollution time scale; the self-purification capacity of the river is enhanced to improve the water quality of the water body and meet the discharge requirement of the pollutant in the received water body.

Description

Method for acquiring key parameters of river multistage dam system
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of small watershed non-point source pollution control and treatment, in particular to a key parameter acquisition method for a river multistage dam system.
Background
With the development of socio-economy, in order to increase crop yield and increase economic income, small watershed (source watershed) is undergoing continuous expansion and intensification of agricultural scale and huge change of agricultural production mode. Therefore, the input proportion of production elements such as agriculture and chemical fertilizers is increased, and a large amount of unused chemical fertilizers and pesticides flow into rivers through rainfall runoff loss. In addition, rural domestic sewage, livestock and poultry manure and breeding wastewater also become important sources of non-point source pollution of water bodies in rural areas of China. The non-point source pollutants of the sources are the main factors of eutrophication of downstream receiving water bodies, particularly drinking water sources; the mechanism is as follows: first, small watersheds (source watersheds) tend to be close to the terrestrial ecosystem and are severely affected by human activities. The aggravation of agricultural expansion, intensification and urbanization causes a great amount of pollutants to flow into rivers; secondly, the river water driven by rainfall-runoff in a small river basin has small mechanical load, short detention time and low retention rate of water bodies to pollutants, so that the pollutants cannot be absorbed and degraded in a short time after entering the river and then are conveyed to a river mouth, and the pollutants become a key factor for triggering outbreak of 'water bloom' in downstream lakes and reservoirs. Therefore, the method quantifies the source non-point source pollution output of the small watershed and identifies the contribution of the pollution source, and is the premise for preventing the water quality deterioration of the downstream water body. Reducing non-point source pollution output, enhancing the retention effect of water on nutrient salts, solving the problem of source river water pollution and preventing the eutrophication of downstream lakes and reservoirs.
For the control and treatment of non-point source pollution, many technical means have been integrated at home and abroad. Most of the pollution output based on the annual scale in the waterside source output simulation technology, so that a lot of uncertainties still exist in quantifying the waterside pollution output. In the aspect of non-point source pollution interception control technologies, the technologies comprise a preposed warehouse, an artificial wetland, an artificial floating bed and the like, and the technologies mainly improve the self-purification capacity of the water body by constructing a microorganism and aquatic plant system for absorbing and degrading nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon and the like in the water body. However, such solutions often focus on the end of the pollutant generation, and have poor purification treatment effect, and secondly, these techniques do not accurately quantify the source of the pollutant and the key parameters associated with the pollutant interception from the source of the pollutant generation or the process end of the migration transformation, such as: the amount of pollutants entering the river, the hydraulic parameters of the river, the specific removal rate of the pollutants and the pollutant holding capacity of the receiving water body. Generally speaking, the source river has a short river length, a shallow water depth, a fast water flow rate, a short detention time, and microorganisms and aquatic plants cannot sufficiently degrade and absorb pollutants, and sediment nutrients in the water are not easy to precipitate. Therefore, the nutritive salts (pollutants) in the watershed are still transported to the downstream water body in a large amount and rapidly, and serious water quality pollution is caused. The key technical method of the invention is how to accurately simulate the output of the pollutants in the small watershed, improve the rejection rate of the source river to the pollutants, and provide a technical scheme for preventing and controlling water quality problems such as water quality eutrophication and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of high flow rate, short detention time and serious pollution of a river water body at the source of a small river basin, the river multilevel dam wetland system is constructed by simulating the non-point source pollution river inflow amount of different land utilization types through a nutritive salt balance simulation technology of different land utilization types of the river basin, a pollutant output coefficient simulation technology, a river interception technology and a river tail end output simulation technology.
In order to achieve the aim, the method for acquiring the key parameters of the river multistage dam system comprises the following steps:
1) constructing a biogeochemical balance model and a pollutant output coefficient model of the drainage basin pollutant;
2) acquiring a river entering coefficient of pollutants in the small watershed, and simulating the river entering amount of the pollutants in the small watershed;
3) determining the relationship among river flow, detention time, multi-stage dams and river pollutant retention rate;
4) determining dam construction stages according to the initial concentration of non-point source pollution entering a river, the estimated purified concentration after interception and the interception rate of the single-stage dam on the pollutants;
5) and constructing a multi-stage hydraulic lifting dam according to the dam construction stage number.
Further, the step 1) further comprises,
according to the source small watershed of the selected drinking water source area;
and constructing a biogeochemical balance model and a pollutant output coefficient model of the watershed pollutants by taking nitrogen and phosphorus of the watershed as an input source and an output source.
Further, the step 2) further comprises,
simulating small watershed daily runoff flow by utilizing an SCS-CN curve model of rainfall-runoff based on daily rainfall data;
and (4) acquiring the river entering coefficient of the pollutants in the small watershed by combining the measured river mouth pollutant output value, and simulating the river entering amount of the pollutants in the small watershed.
Further, the step 3) further comprises,
determining the maximum inflow of the river according to the daily runoff of the small watershed;
and determining the relationship among the river flow, the detention time, the multi-stage dam and the river pollutant retention rate according to the water quality requirement of the downstream water body and the maximum inflow of the river.
Further, the step 4) further comprises,
determining the dam building level according to the following formula:
Figure 475136DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
，
wherein n is dam-building level, C0Initial concentration of non-point source pollution into river, CtTo predict post-decontamination concentration after rejection, RiThe retention rate of the single-stage dam on the nutrient salt is that i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n.
Further, the rejection rate of the single-stage dam on the nutrient salt is calculated by the following formula:
Figure 922167DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
，
Figure 938665DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
，
Figure 889172DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
，
wherein R is the retention rate of the single-stage dam to the pollutants,
Figure 67344DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
representing the absorption rate of a particular contaminant in a river, t is the residence time of a single-stage dam, D is the depth, L is the control river length, W is the river width, Q is the flow rate,
Figure 549141DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
the maximum water inflow of the river.
Compared with the prior art, the method for acquiring the key parameters of the river multistage dam system has the following technical advantages that:
(1) the invention simulates the river inflow amount of the pollutants in the small watershed based on the watershed land utilization and the non-point source pollutant output coefficient of the biogeochemical balance. Compared with the existing river-entering simulation technology of non-point source pollutants at home and abroad, the method refines the output influence of different land utilization types on the non-point source pollution of the small watershed and improves the precision of the simulation of the non-point source pollution of the large watershed.
(2) The invention discloses the river entering coefficient and river entering amount of pollutants of different land utilization types based on daily rainfall assessment, discloses the influence of rainfall on different degrees of river basin non-point source pollution, and improves the simulation precision of the time scale of the river basin non-point source pollution.
(3) The invention constructs a multi-level dam wetland system suitable for the source river of the small watershed aiming at the source small watershed with high river water flow speed, shallow water depth and large non-point source pollution threat. Through ecological engineering measures of the multistage dam, river hydraulic parameters including river water depth, flow speed and detention time are changed, the time for degrading and absorbing pollutants into the river by microorganisms and aquatic plants is prolonged, the sedimentation of particle pollutants is promoted, and the self-cleaning capacity of the river is strengthened to improve the water quality of the water body.
(4) The invention aims at that the pollutant discharge amount and the retention rate of the river still meet the pollutant discharge requirement of the receiving water body under the minimum retention time.
(5) The hydraulic lifting dam is adopted for the small watershed multi-stage dam wetland system, the structure is simple, the cost is low, the dam height can be adjusted at will, and the continuity of water flow of a river channel system is guaranteed.
(6) The river surface source pollution caused by different land utilization types of the small watershed is quantified from the source, the scene analysis is carried out on the change of the load capacity of the small watershed surface source pollutants, and the river pollutant interception regulation and control technology is combined to form the systematic small watershed surface source pollution source control technology.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for acquiring key parameters of a river multistage dam system according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of TN (total nitrogen content) and TP (total phosphorus content) rejection versus hydraulic parameters in accordance with the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of total nitrogen and total phosphorus removal rate of the multi-stage dam system according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and it will be understood that they are described herein for the purpose of illustration and explanation and not limitation.
The method for acquiring the key parameters of the river multilevel dam system is characterized in that a small river basin non-point source pollutant river entering simulation technology is constructed based on river basin land utilization and pollutant biogeochemical balance, the river entering flux of pollutants such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and the like is simulated, and the contribution of pollution sources is identified and quantified; simulating the interception efficiency of pollutants in the river based on the river hydraulic load and the pollutant removal rate, and identifying the key parameters of the river for pollutant interception; constructing a river multistage dam wetland system control technology to enhance the interception effect of the river on the surface source pollutants; and a small-watershed comprehensive simulation technology for conveying the nutritive salt is formed, the output flux of the watershed non-point source pollution under different scenes is simulated and predicted, and the small-watershed non-point source pollution control technology is integrated.
Example 1
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for acquiring key parameters of a multistage river dam system according to the present invention, and the method for acquiring key parameters of a multistage river dam system according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to fig. 1.
First, in step 101, a biogeochemical break-in model and a pollutant output coefficient model of a watershed pollutant are constructed.
In the embodiment of the invention, the source small watershed of the source area of the drinking water is selected as a research area, and an autonomous non-point source pollution model is constructed, wherein the autonomous non-point source pollution model comprises a biogeochemical balance model and a pollutant output coefficient model of watershed pollutants. The small watershed nitrogen and phosphorus balance comprises a watershed nitrogen and phosphorus input source (comprising fertilizer input, atmospheric sedimentation, crop nitrogen fixation and livestock and poultry breeding) and an output source (comprising crop harvest, denitrification of fertilizer and livestock and poultry excrement nitrogen).
In step 102, a river entering coefficient of the pollutants in the small watershed is obtained, and river entering quantity of the pollutants in the small watershed is simulated.
In the embodiment of the invention, the small watershed daily runoff quantity is simulated by utilizing an SCS-CN curve model of rainfall-runoff based on daily rainfall data. And combining the measured river mouth pollutant output value to obtain the river entering coefficient of the pollutants in the small watershed and simulate the river entering amount of the pollutants in the small watershed.
At step 103, the relationship between river flow, residence time, multi-level dams, and river contaminant rejection is determined.
In the embodiment of the invention, the maximum inflow (Q) of the river is determined according to the small-river-basin daily runoff simulationmax). According to the water quality requirement of the downstream water body and the maximum inflow amount (Q) of the rivermax) Relationships between river flow (Q), residence time (t), multiple dams, and river contaminant rejection are determined.
And step 104, determining dam construction grade according to the acquired initial river-entering concentration of the non-point source pollution, the estimated purified concentration after interception and the interception rate of the single-stage dam on the pollutants.
In the embodiment of the invention, the dam building level selection is determined by the following formula:
Figure 87438DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
wherein n is the dam construction level; c0The initial concentration of non-point source pollution (including pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus and the like) entering the river; ctPredicting the purified concentration after interception; riAnd (i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n) is the rejection rate of the single-stage dam on the nutrient salt.
The rejection of a single-stage dam for contaminants can be expressed as:
Figure 971080DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
，
Figure 320153DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
，
Figure 23667DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
，
wherein R is the rejection rate of the single-stage dam to the pollutants;
Figure 100076DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
represents the absorption rate (m/d) of a specific pollutant in a river; t is the residence time (d) of the single-stage dam; d is depth (m); l is the control river length (m); w is the river width (m); q is the flow (m)3/s）；
Figure 103805DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
The maximum water inflow (m) of the river3/s）。
In step 105, according to the dam building stages, a multi-stage hydraulic lifting dam is built on the river channel.
In the embodiment of the invention, the single-stage dam adopts the hydraulic lifting dam, so that the aim of automatically adjusting the dam height is fulfilled. Under the conditions of deeper rivers and larger flow, the dam height is raised; when the river is shallow and the flow is small, the dam height is reduced, and the connectivity of the river is guaranteed. Between two levels of dams, different types of aquatic plants (including submerged plants, emergent plants, floating plants, etc.) are designed and planted according to the depth of the river, and the pollutant removal rate is improved.
Example 2
The invention develops observation and simulation research of day-by-day rainfall-runoff and river pollutant delivery for 2 years in a reservoir catchment small watershed of a certain drinking water source place in Zhejiang province. The research system considers the watershed land utilization type, the agricultural cultivation system composition, the fertilizer application, the livestock manure, the atmospheric sedimentation, the biological nitrogen fixation and the non-agricultural non-point source input source, and estimates the small watershed nutrient salt balance of different land utilization types respectively. The daily scale runoff of the river basin is simulated on the basis of the daily rainfall, and the maximum inflow of the river in the small river basin is determined. And acquiring a small river basin pollutant river entering coefficient according to the measured daily output quantity and runoff quantity of the nutrient salt of the river output section. According to the river coefficient model, the pollutant output quantity of the small watershed long-time sequence is simulated.
Obtaining the maximum daily inflow of the river according to the rainfall of the local river, and obtaining key parameters of the multi-level dam system, namely the absorption rate of pollutants, the flow rate of the river and the detention time.
In combination with the formula of interception,
Figure 623779DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
and
Figure 80168DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
and obtaining the retention rate of the river to the nutrient salt. By varying the river flow hydraulic parameters, such as the retention time, we can set the dam's controlled river length and dam height according to the expected retention effect.
According to the formula
Figure 966127DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
And setting dam stages based on hydrologic conditions of different rivers.
1. Selecting test points:
the area of the small flow field of the test point is 50-100 km2The main land utilization types are forest land, farmland and village, wherein the agricultural land is about 2000 mu, and the main crops are orchards. The slope range of the small watershed forest land is 30-55 degrees, and the slope range of the farmland is 15-25 degrees.
2. And (3) test results:
according to the actual measurement of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutant output quantity of the river mouth, the non-point source pollution of more than 90% of the small watershed is caused by rainfall events of more than 20 mm. Therefore, the invention constructs a small watershed non-point source pollution river-entering coefficient model by utilizing rainfall runoff larger than 20mm, and simulates the relationship between TN and TP retention rate and river water power parameters (HL, namely river depth/river hydraulic retention time) as shown in figure 2.
According to the relation between the retention rate and the hydraulic parameters, one source head in the drainage basinThe river is provided with 5 levels of dams. As shown in Table 1, the effective dam height of 5 stages of the test point is set to be 0.25-1.0 m. The longer the river length controlled by the single-stage dam follows the longer the river length controlled by the high-stage dam, the better the interception effect is achieved. Simulating the maximum daily inflow of the drainage basin according to the daily rainfall to 25920 m3D is calculated as the ratio of the total weight of the composition. The retention time is increased rapidly along with the construction of the multi-stage dam, and the retention rates of TN and TP are increased exponentially as shown in figure 3. The detention time of the TN and TP three-level dam is 3.86 days, and the retention rate is 16.7 percent and 22.3 percent respectively; the five-level dam retention time is increased to 23.15 days, and the retention rate is 66.7 percent and 78.1 percent. The construction of the multi-stage dam slows down the flow velocity of the water body, and effectively increases the detention time, so that the interception rate of the multi-stage dam is higher and higher.
According to model simulation, the maximum daily average nitrogen and phosphorus input concentrations of the river caused by small watershed non-point source pollution are respectively 2.47mg/L and 1.0mg/L, and the river belongs to poor V-class water quality. According to the formula of multistage dam interception
Figure 824362DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
After the five-stage dam, the concentration of TN and TP output by the estuary is 0.43mg/L and 0.09mg/L respectively, the retention rate of TN and TP of the river reaches 82% and 91%, and the quality of water output by the estuary reaches the II-class water standard.
TABLE 1 Source river multistage dam key parameter and interception effect
Figure 515237DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
Note: the inflow amount is the runoff amount when the daily rainfall of the watershed reaches the maximum in the study.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the embodiments described above, or equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A method for acquiring key parameters of a river multistage dam system comprises the following steps:
1) constructing a biogeochemical balance model and a pollutant output coefficient model of the drainage basin pollutant;
2) acquiring a river entering coefficient of pollutants in a small watershed, and simulating the river entering amount of the pollutants in the small watershed;
3) determining the relationship among river flow, detention time, multi-stage dams and river pollutant retention rate;
4) determining dam construction stages according to the initial concentration of non-point source pollution entering a river, the estimated purified concentration after interception and the interception rate of the single-stage dam on the pollutants;
5) constructing a multi-stage hydraulic lifting dam according to the dam construction stage number;
said step 4) further comprises the step of,
determining the dam building grade according to the following formula:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
，
wherein n is dam building level, C0Initial concentration of non-point source pollution into river, CtTo predict post-decontamination concentration after rejection, RiThe retention rate of the single-stage dam on the nutrient salt is that i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n.
2. The method for acquiring key parameters of a multistage river dam system according to claim 1, wherein the step 1) further comprises,
according to the source small watershed of the selected drinking water source area;
and constructing a biogeochemical balance model and a pollutant output coefficient model of the watershed pollutants by taking nitrogen and phosphorus of the watershed as an input source and an output source.
3. The method for acquiring key parameters of a multistage river dam system according to claim 1, wherein the step 2) further comprises,
simulating the small watershed daily runoff by utilizing an SCS-CN curve model of rainfall-runoff based on daily rainfall data;
and combining the measured river mouth pollutant output value to obtain the river entering coefficient of the pollutants in the small watershed and simulate the river entering amount of the pollutants in the small watershed.
4. The river multistage dam system key parameter acquisition method according to claim 1, wherein the step 3), further comprises,
determining the maximum inflow of the river according to the daily runoff of the small watershed;
and determining the relationship among the river flow, the detention time, the multi-stage dam and the river pollutant retention rate according to the water quality requirement of the downstream water body and the maximum inflow of the river.
5. The method for acquiring key parameters of the multistage river dam system according to claim 1, wherein the rejection rate of the single-stage dam on the nutrient salts is calculated by the following formula:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
，
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
，
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
，
wherein R is the retention rate of the single-stage dam to the pollutants,
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
representing the absorption rate of a particular contaminant in a river, t is the residence time of a single-stage dam, D is the depth, L is the control river length, W is the river width, Q is the flow,
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
the maximum water inflow of the river.
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