CN114579082B - Quantum random number generator based on laser phase noise - Google Patents
Quantum random number generator based on laser phase noise Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The utility model provides a quantum random number generator based on laser phase noise, belongs to quantum security communication technical field, includes laser instrument, route selection module, interferometer, first photoelectric detector, second photoelectric detector, data acquisition and processing module, analog-to-digital converter, first temperature control module and steady phase module, the interferometer includes first beam splitter, optic fibre delay line and the steady phase reflection module of double-circuit. Compared with the prior art, the invention adopts the two-way phase-stabilizing reflection module to enable two paths of optical signals transmitted along the long arm and the short arm of the interferometer to pass through the same reflection device, so that the polarization of the two paths of optical signals is kept completely consistent, and the interference stability of the interferometer is further improved; the difference of the electric signals of the two photoelectric detectors is used as a feedback signal of interferometer phase compensation, and the sum of the electric signals of the two photoelectric detectors is used as a feedback signal of laser power stable control to carry out overall stable control on the optical system, so that the stability and the practicability of the system are further improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of quantum secure communication, in particular to a quantum random number generator based on laser phase noise.
Background
In modern society, random numbers are widely used in many fields such as simulation and cryptography. Random numbers can be classified into two broad categories, pseudo random numbers and true random numbers, depending on the principle of generation. Since pseudo-random numbers are generally generated by algorithms, with the increasing threat of quantum computing, the pseudo-random numbers will become predictable, and thus their security cannot be guaranteed. The Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) is a novel technology for generating physical true random numbers by utilizing intrinsic characteristics of quantum physics, such as a quantum random number generator realized by quantum optical principles of quantum phase noise and laser spontaneous radiation based on quantum vacuum state noise, and the generated random numbers are completely unpredictable, so that the quantum random number generator has true randomness and is also a quantum random number generation scheme which is researched more and more mature at present.
The random number generation rate and stability are the core indicators for which QRNG can be put into practical use. In the prior art, for example, the QRNG of the ID Quantique company adopts a single photon branch path detection scheme, the random number generation rate is in the magnitude of Mpbs, and the application scenario is limited. And some QRNGs based on laser phase noise adopt high-speed digital adoption schemes, so that the speed can be greatly improved and can reach Gbps magnitude. However, this solution requires an interferometer to convert phase noise into intensity fluctuation by interference, so the intensity stability of the light source and the interference stability of the interferometer are important. The patent CN106843804A adopts a mach-zehnder interferometer (MZI), which needs the whole optical system to use a full polarization maintaining fiber to ensure the polarization consistency of two paths of interference signals, increasing the cost of the system; in patent CN105022606A, a Faraday Michelson Interferometer (FMI) is adopted, and polarization changes of long and short arms can be automatically compensated by using a faraday mirror, so as to ensure polarization consistency of two paths of interference signals, but because polarization rotation angle errors of two faraday mirrors cannot be completely the same, polarization consistency is reduced, thereby affecting interference stability. In addition, the scheme uses one path of interference signal as a feedback signal for phase compensation, and the light intensity fluctuation of the laser can influence the phase compensation process, so that the generation of random numbers is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a quantum random number generator based on laser phase noise.
The technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
a quantum random number generator based on laser phase noise comprises a laser, a path selection module, an interferometer, a first photoelectric detector, a second photoelectric detector, a data acquisition and processing module, an analog-to-digital converter, a first temperature control module and a phase stabilization module, wherein the interferometer comprises a first beam splitter, an optical fiber delay line and a double-path phase stabilization reflection module; the output port of the laser is connected with the first port of the path selection module; a third port and a second port of the path selection module are respectively connected with a fourth port of the first photoelectric detector and a fourth port of the first beam splitter; the first port of the first beam splitter is connected with the second photoelectric detector; the second port of the first beam splitter is connected with the first port of the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module through an optical fiber and an optical fiber delay line to form a long arm of the interferometer, wherein the optical fiber and the optical fiber delay line are connected into a long arm optical fiber L1; the third port of the first beam splitter is connected with the second port of the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module through a short-arm optical fiber L2 to form a short arm of the interferometer; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflection module is used for reflecting an input optical signal and rotating the polarization direction by 90 degrees; the input end of the data acquisition and processing module is respectively connected with the first photoelectric detector, the second photoelectric detector and the output end of the analog-to-digital converter, the input end of the analog-to-digital converter is connected with the first photoelectric detector, the output end of the data acquisition and processing module is respectively connected with the first temperature control module and the input end of the phase stabilizing module, the output end of the phase stabilizing module is connected with the two-way phase stabilizing reflection module, the laser is connected with the first temperature control module, the data acquisition and processing module is used for acquiring the output electric signals of the first photoelectric detector and the second photoelectric detector and the digital signals converted by the analog-to-digital converter from the output analog signals of the first photoelectric detector for operation and post-processing, and providing feedback control signals for the first temperature control module and the phase stabilizing module; the first temperature control module is used for stabilizing the output power of the laser; and the phase stabilizing module is used for generating phase modulation voltage to control the two-way phase stabilizing reflection module to perform phase modulation.
Preferably, the long-arm optical fiber L1 and the short-arm optical fiber L2 of the interferometer are both single-mode optical fibers; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflection module comprises an optical fiber phase shifter, a first polarization beam splitter and a first Faraday rotator; the phase stabilizing module is a first phase stabilizing circuit and is used for generating phase modulating voltage to phase modulate the optical fiber phase shifter; the first port of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with one port of the optical fiber phase shifter; the other port of the optical fiber phase shifter and the fourth port of the first polarization beam splitter are respectively used as a first port and a second port of the two-way phase-stabilizing reflection module; the second port and the third port of the first polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with the two ports of the first Faraday rotator through polarization-maintaining optical fibers to form a first Sagnac ring; the deflection angle of the first Faraday rotator is 90 degrees, and the polarization directions of the two ports are aligned with the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber.
Preferably, the long-arm optical fiber L1 and the short-arm optical fiber L2 of the interferometer are both polarization-maintaining optical fibers; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module comprises a second polarization beam splitter and a half-wave plate; the phase stabilizing module comprises a second phase stabilizing circuit and a second temperature control module and is used for phase modulation by controlling the temperature of the optical fiber delay line; a first port and a fourth port of the second polarization beam splitter are respectively used as a first port and a second port of the two-way phase-stable reflection module; the second port and the third port of the second polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with the two ports of the half-wave plate through polarization-maintaining optical fibers to form a second Sagnac ring; the included angle between the main axis of the half-wave plate and the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining optical fiber is 45 degrees, and the polarization directions of the two ports are aligned with the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining optical fiber. .
Preferably, the long-arm optical fiber L1 and the short-arm optical fiber L2 of the interferometer are both polarization-maintaining optical fibers; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module comprises a third polarization beam splitter and a polarization-maintaining optical fiber ring; the phase stabilizing module comprises a third phase stabilizing circuit and a third temperature control module and is used for phase modulation of the polarization maintaining optical fiber ring by temperature control; a first port and a fourth port of the third polarization beam splitter are respectively used as a first port and a second port of the two-way phase-stable reflection module; and the second port and the third port of the third polarization beam splitter are connected with the polarization-maintaining optical fiber ring through the polarization-maintaining optical fiber to form a third Sagnac ring.
Preferably, the path selection module is a circulator, and a first port to a third port of the circulator are respectively used as a first port to a third port of the path selection module.
Preferably, the path selection module comprises an isolator and a second beam splitter, and a second port and a third port of the second beam splitter are respectively used as a second port and a third port of the path selection module; the first port of the second beam splitter is connected with one port of the isolator; the other port of the isolator serves as a first port of the path selection module.
Preferably, the path selection module is a fourth polarization beam splitter, and the first port, the second port and the third port of the fourth polarization beam splitter are respectively used as the first port, the second port and the third port of the path selection module.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides a laser phase noise-based quantum random number generator, which adopts a double-path phase-stabilizing reflection module to enable two paths of optical signals transmitted along the long arm and the short arm of an interferometer to pass through the same reflection device, so that the polarization of the two paths of optical signals is kept completely consistent, and the interference stability of the interferometer is further improved. In addition, the difference between the electric signals of the two photoelectric detectors is used as a feedback signal for interferometer phase compensation, and the sum of the electric signals of the two photoelectric detectors is used as a feedback signal for laser power stable control to perform overall stable control on the optical system, so that the stability and the practicability of the whole system can be further improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a laser phase noise based quantum random number generator architecture according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a first embodiment of a laser phase noise based quantum random number generator of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of a second embodiment of a laser phase noise based quantum random number generator of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a third embodiment of a laser phase noise based quantum random number generator of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown.
As shown in fig. 1, a quantum random number generator based on laser phase noise includes a laser 1, a path selection module 2, an interferometer 3, a first photodetector 4, a second photodetector 5, a data acquisition and processing module 6, an analog-to-digital converter 7, a first temperature control module 8, and a phase stabilization module 9, where the interferometer 3 includes a first beam splitter 3-1, an optical fiber delay line 3-2, and a two-way phase stabilization reflection module 3-3; the output port of the laser 1 is connected with the first port of the path selection module 2; a third port and a second port of the path selection module 2 are respectively connected with a first photodetector 4 and a fourth port of the first beam splitter 3-1; a first port of the first beam splitter 3-1 is connected with a second photoelectric detector 5; the second port of the first beam splitter 3-1 is connected with the first port of the two-way stable-phase reflection module 3-3 through an optical fiber delay line 3-2 to form a long arm of the interferometer 3, wherein the optical fiber and the optical fiber delay line 3-2 are connected into a long arm optical fiber L1; a third port of the first beam splitter 3-1 is connected with a second port of the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module 3-3 through an optical fiber L2 to form a short arm of the interferometer 3; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module 3-3 is used for reflecting an input optical signal and rotating the polarization direction by 90 degrees; the input end of the data acquisition and processing module 6 is respectively connected with the output ends of the first photoelectric detector 4, the second photoelectric detector 5 and the analog-to-digital converter 7, the input end of the analog-to-digital converter 7 is connected with the first photoelectric detector 4, the output end of the data acquisition and processing module 6 is respectively connected with the input ends of the first temperature control module 8 and the phase stabilizing module 9, the output end of the phase stabilizing module 9 is connected with the two-way phase stabilizing reflecting module 3-3, the laser 1 is connected with the first temperature control module 8, the data acquisition and processing module 6 is used for acquiring the output electric signals of the first photoelectric detector 4 and the second photoelectric detector 5, performing operation and post-processing on the digital signals converted from the analog signals output by the first photoelectric detector 4 by the analog-to-digital converter 7, and providing feedback control signals for the first temperature control module 8 and the phase stabilization module 9; the feedback control signal of the first temperature control module 8 is the sum of the electric signals generated by the first photodetector 4 and the second photodetector 5, and is used for stably controlling the output power of the laser 1; the feedback control signal of the phase stabilizing module 9 is the difference between the electric signals generated by the first photodetector 4 and the second photodetector 5, and is used for generating a phase modulation voltage to control the two-way phase stabilizing reflection module to perform phase modulation. The laser 1 is used for outputting a laser signal of a communication waveband, wherein the laser signal contains spontaneous emission random phase noise; the splitting ratio of the first beam splitter 3-1 is 50: 50.
the specific implementation process is as follows:
the laser 1 works near a threshold current, generates a continuous optical signal with spontaneous emission phase noise, firstly enters a first port of a path selection module 2, exits from a second port, then enters a fourth port of a first beam splitter 3-1, is divided into two optical signals S1 and S2 with equal amplitude and same polarization, and respectively exits from the second port and a third port of the first beam splitter 3-1. The S1 passes through the optical fiber delay line 3-2 along the long-arm optical fiber L1 and then reaches the first port of the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module 3-3, and is still emitted from the first port after being reflected, at this time, the horizontal polarization component of the S1 is changed into the vertical polarization component after being rotationally reflected by the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module 3-3, and the vertical polarization component is correspondingly changed into the horizontal polarization component. The S1 is reflected and then reaches the second port of the first beam splitter 3-1 through the long-arm optical fiber L1 again, and because the polarization rotates by 90 degrees and passes through the long-arm optical fiber L1 twice in a round-trip manner, the polarization disturbance of the long-arm optical fiber L1 can be automatically compensated; the S2 reaches the second port of the two-way phase-stable reflection module 3-3 along the short-arm optical fiber L2, and is still emitted from the second port after being reflected, at this time, the horizontal polarization component of S2 is changed into a vertical polarization component after being rotationally reflected by the two-way phase-stable reflection module 3-3, and the vertical polarization component is correspondingly changed into a horizontal polarization component. S2 is reflected and then passes through the short-arm fiber L2 again to reach the third port of the first beam splitter 3-1, and the polarization disturbance of the short-arm fiber L2 can be automatically compensated. Thus, when S1 and S2 return to the second port and the third port of the first beam splitter 3-1, respectively, the polarization of both is rotated by 90 ° and thus remains the same.
S1 and S2 reach the first beam splitter 3-1 again through the long and short arm fibers L1 and L2, respectively, at different times, where the time difference is 2 times of the light propagation time corresponding to the length difference between the long and short arm fibers, that is, the arm length difference T of the interferometer, so that S1 actually interferes with the optical signal S2' at a time T after S2. Since the time T is short and smaller than the coherence time of the laser 1, the polarization of the optical signal emitted from the laser 1 at the interval T is the same, and the polarization is also the same when the optical signal reaches the first beam splitter 3-1 through the optical fiber, so that the interference result between the two is determined only by the phase difference. The phase difference of two arms of the interferometer is controlled to be (2m +1/2) pi, the light intensity of the interference result is measured by the detector, the direct current component in the electric signal of the interference result is filtered, the obtained result is only related to the difference of spontaneous radiation random phases carried by the two signals, and the phase fluctuation which can be obtained by measuring the light intensity fluctuation of the interference by the detector is the phase noise of the laser. The interference results emerge from the first port and the fourth port of the first beam splitter 3-1, the former directly reaching the second photodetector 5, and the latter reaching the first photodetector 4 via the routing module 2. The analog-to-digital converter 7 performs analog-to-digital conversion on the electric signal generated by the first photodetector 4, performs high-speed sampling through the data acquisition and processing module 6, obtains random original data, and performs data post-processing on the basis of a fast Fourier transform Toeplitz matrix algorithm, thereby obtaining a final quantum random number.
Because the long arm and the short arm have phase drift, the interferometer needs to be subjected to phase stabilization control, namely, the phase difference of the two arms of the interferometer is stabilized at (2m +1/2) pi. In addition, since the output light intensity of the laser also has a certain fluctuation, the output light power needs to be stabilized by the temperature control module. The invention adopts the difference of electric signals obtained by detecting the light intensity of two paths of interference by the first photoelectric detector 4 and the second photoelectric detector 5 as a feedback signal for phase stabilization control, and adopts the sum of the two signals as a feedback signal for stable control of the output power of the laser 1. The two output interference results from the first beam splitter 3-1 can be written as
Wherein theta is the phase difference of the long arm and the short arm of the interferometer, QRNG is set to be theta = (2m +1/2) pi when working,
is phase noise (small). Because the interferometer has phase drift delta, the actual phase difference of the long arm and the short arm of the interferometer is theta + delta when the QRNG works, and the actual interference result becomes
The sum and difference of the two are respectively
From the first row of the above formula, the sum of the detection results of the two photodetectors is the total power (normalized) output by the laser, so that the value thereof can be used as a feedback control signal for stabilizing the light intensity output by the laser, and the temperature of the temperature control module is controlled by a PID control algorithm based on the target power of the laser, so as to control the temperature of the output power of the laser. From the second line of the above equation, the difference between the detection results of the two photodetectors is the phase shift δ and the laser phase noise
Due to phase noise
In a smaller range [ -a, a [ -a]The internal random variation and the phase drift delta is a slow variable which can be calculated
Has an average value of
When the phase drift is 0, the average value of the difference between the detection results of the two photodetectors is 0, which can be used as a feedback control signal of the interferometer phase. Therefore, the PID control algorithm is combined with the phase stabilizing module to perform phase stabilizing adjustment on the two-way phase stabilizing reflection module, and the average value of the difference between the detection results of the two photoelectric detectors is kept near 0, namely, the modulated phase can be ensured to be (2m +1/2) pi.
Therefore, compared with the conventional scheme of performing feedback control on the output power of the laser and the phase difference of the interferometer by only adopting the detection result of one photoelectric detector, the method has higher reliability and greatly improves the stability of the quantum random number generator by using the sum and difference of the electric signals of the two photoelectric detectors as the feedback control signal for stabilizing the output power of the laser and the phase difference of the interferometer.
As shown in FIG. 2, the first embodiment of the quantum random number generator of the present invention:
the structure of the quantum random number generator is as follows: the long and short arm optical fibers L1 and L2 of the interferometer 3 are single-mode optical fibers; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflection module 3-3 comprises an optical fiber phase shifter 3-3-1, a first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2 and a first Faraday rotator 3-3-3; the phase stabilizing module 9 is a first phase stabilizing circuit 9-1 and is used for generating phase modulation voltage to phase modulate the optical fiber phase shifter 3-3-1; a first port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2 is connected with one port of the optical fiber phase shifter 3-3-1; the other port of the optical fiber phase shifter 3-3-1 and the fourth port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2 are respectively used as a first port and a second port of the two-way phase-stabilizing reflection module 3-3; the second port and the third port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2 are respectively connected with the two ports of the first Faraday rotator 3-3-3 through polarization-maintaining optical fibers to form a first Sagnac ring; the deflection angle of the first Faraday rotator 3-3-3 is 90 degrees, and the polarization directions of the two ports are aligned with the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber. The path selection module 2 is a circulator 2-1, and a first port to a third port of the circulator 2-1 are respectively used as a first port to a third port of the path selection module 2.
The specific process of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
the laser 1 works near a threshold current, generates a continuous optical signal with spontaneous emission phase noise, firstly enters a first port of a circulator 2-1, exits from a second port, then enters a fourth port of a first beam splitter 3-1, and is divided into two optical signals S1 and S2 with equal amplitude and same polarization. After time T, another optical signal also enters the fourth port of the first splitter 3-1 and is split into two optical signals S1 'and S2' with equal amplitude and same polarization. Since the optical signals participating in the interference are S1 and S2', only the propagation processes of the two will be described later. S1 and S2' exit the second port and the third port, respectively, of the first beam splitter 3-1, where S1 reaches the fiber phase shifter 3-3-1 after passing through the fiber delay line 3-2 along the long arm fiber L1, and then enters the first port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, being split into a horizontal polarization component S1H and a vertical polarization component S1V.
S1H is emitted from a third port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, propagates along the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber anticlockwise in a first Sagnac ring, rotates 90 degrees in polarization after passing through the first Faraday rotator 3-3-3, still propagates along the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber to reach the second port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, then is emitted from the first port, and is changed into vertical polarization, namely the polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees; S1V exits from the second port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, propagates clockwise in the first Sagnac ring along the polarization-maintaining fiber slow axis, after passing through the first Faraday rotator 3-3-3, the polarization is rotated by 90 degrees, still propagates along the polarization-maintaining fiber slow axis to reach the third port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, then exits from the first port, becomes horizontally polarized, and the polarization direction is also rotated by 90 degrees. The two beams pass through the same optical path and are combined into one beam at the first port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, which is still marked as S1, and the polarization is rotated by 90 degrees. The S1 is reflected and then passes through the fiber phase shifter and the long-arm fiber L1 again to reach the second port of the first beam splitter 3-1, and since the polarization rotates by 90 ° and passes through the long-arm fiber L1 twice in a round-trip manner, the effect of the fiber is the same as that of a faraday mirror, so that the polarization disturbance of the long-arm fiber L1 can be automatically compensated.
S2 ' arrives at the fourth port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2 along the short arm fiber L2, and is split into a horizontal polarization component S2H ' and a vertical polarization component S2V '. The S2H' is emitted from the third port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, propagates along the fast axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber anticlockwise in the first Sagnac ring, is subjected to polarization rotation of 90 degrees after passing through the first Faraday rotator 3-3-3, still propagates along the fast axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber to reach the second port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, then is emitted from the fourth port, and is changed into vertical polarization, namely the polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees; S2V' exits from the second port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, propagates clockwise in the first Sagnac ring along the fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber, is rotated by 90 degrees in polarization after passing through the first Faraday rotator 3-3-3, still propagates along the fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber to reach the third port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, then exits from the fourth port, becomes horizontally polarized, and is also rotated by 90 degrees in polarization direction. The two beams pass through the same optical path and are combined into one beam at the first port of the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2, which is still marked as S2', and the polarization is rotated by 90 °. The S2' is reflected and then passes through the short arm fiber L2 again to reach the third port of the first beam splitter 3-1, and because the polarization rotates by 90 degrees and passes through the short arm fiber L2 twice in a round trip, the effect of the short arm fiber L2 is the same as that of a Faraday mirror, so that the polarization disturbance of the short arm fiber L2 can be automatically compensated. Thus, when S1 and S2 return to the second port and the third port of the first beam splitter 3-1, respectively, the polarization of both is rotated by 90 ° and thus remains the same.
Since the arrival of the S1 at the first polarization beam splitter 3-3-2 is earlier than the arrival at the S2 'by the time T, and the S1 is delayed from the S2' by the time T after the two pass through the long short arm twice, the two arrive at the first polarization beam splitter 3-1 at the same time, and thus the interference result of the two is determined only by the phase difference. The phase difference of two arms of the interferometer is controlled to be (2m +1/2) pi, the light intensity of the interference result is measured by the detector, the direct current component in the electric signal of the interference result is filtered, the obtained result is only related to the difference of spontaneous radiation random phases carried by the two signals, and the phase fluctuation obtained by measuring the light intensity fluctuation of the interference through the detector is the phase noise of the laser. The interference results emerge from the first and fourth ports of the first beam splitter 3-1, the former directly reaching the second photodetector 5, the latter reaching the first photodetector 4 via the routing module 2. The analog-to-digital converter 7 performs analog-to-digital conversion on the electric signal generated by the first photodetector 4, performs high-speed sampling through the data acquisition and processing module 6, obtains random original data, and performs data post-processing on the basis of a fast Fourier transform Toeplitz matrix algorithm, thereby obtaining a final quantum random number.
The sum and difference of the electric signals of the two photoelectric detectors are respectively used as feedback control signals for stabilizing the output power of the laser and the phase difference of the interferometer to carry out PID control, so that the stability of the quantum random number generator can be greatly improved.
As shown in fig. 3, the second embodiment of the quantum random number generator of the present invention:
the structure of the quantum random number generator is as follows: the long and short arm optical fibers L1 and L2 of the interferometer 3 are both polarization maintaining optical fibers; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module 3-3 comprises a second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4 and a half-wave plate 3-3-5; the phase stabilizing module 9 comprises a second phase stabilizing circuit 9-2 and a second temperature control module 9-3, and is used for performing phase modulation on the temperature control of the optical fiber delay line 3-2; a first port and a fourth port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4 are respectively used as a first port and a second port of the two-way phase-stable reflection module 3-3; the second port and the third port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4 are respectively connected with the two ports of the half-wave plate 3-3-5 through polarization-maintaining optical fibers to form a second Sagnac ring; the included angle between the main shaft of the half-wave plate 3-3-5 and the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining optical fiber is 45 degrees, and the polarization directions of the two ports are aligned with the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining optical fiber. The path selection module 2 comprises an isolator 2-2 and a second beam splitter 2-3, and a second port and a third port of the second beam splitter 2-3 are respectively used as a second port and a third port of the path selection module 2; the first port of the second beam splitter 2-3 is connected with one port of the isolator 2-2; the other port of the isolator 2-2 serves as a first port of the path selection module 2.
The second embodiment comprises the following specific processes:
the laser 1 works near a threshold current, generates a continuous optical signal with spontaneous emission phase noise, firstly enters a first port of a second beam splitter 2-3 through an isolator 2-2, is emitted from a second port, then enters a fourth port of the first beam splitter 3-1, and is divided into two paths of optical signals S1 and S2 which are equal in amplitude and same in polarization. After time T, another optical signal also enters the fourth port of the first splitter 3-1 and is split into two optical signals S1 'and S2' with equal amplitude and same polarization. Since the optical signals participating in the interference are S1 and S2', only the propagation processes of both will be described later.
S1 and S2' exit the second port and the third port of the first beam splitter 3-1, respectively, where S1 the horizontal polarization component S1H and the vertical polarization component S1V reach the first port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4 after propagating along the long arm fiber L1, the slow axis and the fast axis of the fiber delay line 3-2, respectively. S1H is emitted from a third port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4, and propagates along the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber in the second Sagnac ring counterclockwise to reach the half-wave plate 3-3-5, and since the included angle between the main axis of the half-wave plate 3-3-5 and the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber is 45 degrees, the Jones matrix can be written as a Jones matrix
Then the horizontal polarization becomes vertical polarization after passing through the half-wave plate 3-3-5, so that the polarization of the S1H is rotated by 90 degrees after passing through the half-wave plate 3-3-5, and still propagates along the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber to reach the second port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4, and then exits from the first port to become vertical polarization, that is, the polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees, enters the long-arm fiber L1 of the interferometer 3, and propagates along the fast axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber; S1V exits from the second port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4, propagates along the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber clockwise in the second Sagnac ring, is rotated by 90 degrees in polarization after passing through the half-wave plate 3-3-5, still propagates along the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber to reach the third port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4, exits from the first port, is changed into horizontal polarization, is also rotated by 90 degrees in polarization direction, enters the long-arm fiber L1 of the interferometer 3, and propagates along the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber. Since both S1H and S1V propagate along the slow axis of the polarization maintaining fiber within the second sagnac loop, experience the same phase, and both experience the fast axis and the slow axis of the polarization maintaining fiber when the long-arm fiber L1 makes a round trip, and thus have the same phase, the polarization of the optical signal synthesized by the optical signal arriving at the first beam splitter 3-1 is exchanged with the polarization of the two polarization components compared with the incident time, and the long-arm fiber L1 adds only the overall phase to S1, so that the polarization disturbance caused by the long-arm fiber L1 can be automatically compensated.
The horizontal polarization component S2H ' and the vertical polarization component S2V ' of S2 ' reach the fourth port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4 after propagating along the slow axis and the fast axis of the short-arm fiber L2, respectively. The S2H' is emitted from the third port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4, propagates along the fast axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber anticlockwise in the second Sagnac ring, is subjected to polarization rotation of 90 degrees after passing through the half-wave plate 3-3-5, still propagates along the fast axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber to reach the second port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4, then is emitted from the fourth port, and is changed into vertical polarization, namely the polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees; S2V' exits from the second port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4, propagates clockwise in the second Sagnac ring along the fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber, is rotated by 90 degrees after passing through the half-wave plate 3-3-5, still propagates along the fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber to reach the third port of the second polarization beam splitter 3-3-4, then exits from the fourth port, becomes horizontally polarized, and is also rotated by 90 degrees in polarization direction. Since both S2H ' and S2V ' propagate along the fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber within the second sagnac loop, experience the same phase, and both experience the fast axis and slow axis of the polarization maintaining fiber when the short arm fiber L2 makes a round trip, and thus have the same phase, the polarization of the resultant optical signal arriving at the first splitter 3-1 is interchanged with the two polarization components compared to the incident time, and the short arm fiber L2 adds only the overall phase to S2 ', so that the polarization disturbance caused by the short arm fiber L2 can be automatically compensated. When S1 and S2' return to the second port and the third port of the first beam splitter 3-1 at the same time, the polarization of the two remains the same.
The phase difference of two arms of the interferometer is adjusted to (2m +1/2) pi by controlling the temperature of the optical fiber delay line 3-2 through the second phase stabilizing circuit 9-2 and the second temperature control module 9-3, the light intensity of the interference result is measured by the detector, the direct current component in the electric signal of the interference result is filtered, the obtained result is only related to the difference of spontaneous radiation random phases carried by the two signals, and the phase fluctuation obtained by measuring the light intensity fluctuation of the interference through the detector is the phase noise of the laser. The interference result is emitted from a first port and a fourth port of the first beam splitter 3-1, the interference result directly reaches the second photoelectric detector 5, the interference result is divided into two paths of components with the same amplitude through the second beam splitter 2-3, and one of the components is emitted from a third port of the second beam splitter 2-3 and reaches the first photoelectric detector 4; the other component exits the first port of the second beam splitter 2-3 and is lost and does not enter the laser due to the presence of the isolator 2-2. The analog-to-digital converter 7 performs analog-to-digital conversion on the electric signal generated by the first photodetector 4, performs high-speed sampling through the data acquisition and processing module 6 to obtain random original data, and performs data post-processing on the random original data by sampling a Toeplitz matrix algorithm based on fast Fourier transform to obtain a final quantum random number.
The sum and difference of the electric signals of the two photoelectric detectors are respectively used as feedback control signals for stabilizing the output power of the laser and the phase difference of the interferometer to carry out PID control, so that the stability of the quantum random number generator can be greatly improved.
As shown in fig. 4, the quantum random number generator according to the third embodiment of the present invention:
the structure of the quantum random number generator is as follows: the long and short arm optical fibers L1 and L2 of the interferometer 3 are both polarization maintaining optical fibers; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module 3-3 comprises a third polarization beam splitter 3-3-6 and a polarization-maintaining optical fiber ring 3-3-7; the phase stabilizing module 9 comprises a third phase stabilizing circuit 9-4 and a third temperature control module 9-5, and is used for phase modulation of the polarization maintaining optical fiber ring 3-3-7 through temperature control; the first port and the fourth port of the third polarization beam splitter 3-3-6 are respectively used as the first port and the second port of the two-way phase-stable reflection module 3-3; and the second port and the third port of the third polarization beam splitter 3-3-6 are connected with the polarization-maintaining optical fiber ring 3-3-7 through polarization-maintaining optical fibers to form a third Sagnac ring. The path selection module 2 is a fourth polarization beam splitter 2-4, and a first port, a second port, and a third port of the fourth polarization beam splitter 2-4 are respectively used as a first port, a second port, and a third port of the path selection module 2.
The third specific process of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
the laser 1 works near a threshold current, generates a continuous optical signal with spontaneous emission phase noise, is horizontally polarized, firstly enters a fourth polarization beam splitter 2-4 for transmission, and as a second port of the fourth polarization beam splitter 2-4 is connected with a fourth port of a first beam splitter 3-1 through a polarization-maintaining optical fiber, the optical signal is emitted from the second port of the fourth polarization beam splitter 2-4 and propagates along a slow axis of the polarization-maintaining optical fiber, then enters the fourth port of the first beam splitter 3-1, and is divided into two optical signals S1 and S2 with equal amplitude and same polarization. After time T, another optical signal also enters the fourth port of the first splitter 3-1 and is split into two optical signals S1 'and S2' with equal amplitude and same polarization. Since the optical signals participating in the interference are S1 and S2', only the propagation processes of both will be described later.
S1 exits from the second port of the first beam splitter 3-1, where S1, after propagating along the long arm fiber L1, the slow axis of the fiber delay line 3-2, reaches the first port of the third polarization beam splitter 3-3-6, exits from the third port thereof, propagates along the slow axis of the polarization maintaining fiber loop 3-3-7 counterclockwise within the third Sagnac ring to reach the second port of the third polarization beam splitter 3-3-6, then exits from the first port, with the polarization direction rotated by 90 °, enters the long arm fiber L1 and the fiber delay line 3-2 of the interferometer 3, propagates along the fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber, and finally reaches the second port of the first beam splitter 3-1.
S2' exits from the third port of the first splitter 3-1, travels along the slow axis of the short arm fiber L2, then reaches the fourth port of the third polarization splitter 3-3-6, exits from the third port, travels along the fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber loop 3-3-7 counterclockwise within the third Sagnac ring, reaches the second port of the third polarization splitter 3-3-6, then exits from the fourth port, rotates the polarization direction by 90 degrees, travels along the fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber of the short arm fiber L2, and finally reaches the second port of the first splitter 3-1.
When S1 and S2' return to the second port and the third port of the first splitter 3-1 at the same time, both propagate along the fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber, so the polarization remains the same.
The third phase stabilizing circuit 9-4 and the third temperature control module 9-5 are used for carrying out temperature control on the polarization maintaining optical fiber ring 3-3-7 to adjust the phase difference of two arms of the interferometer to be (2m +1/2) pi, the length of the polarization maintaining optical fiber ring 3-3-7 is L, and then the phases of the optical signals when the optical signals are transmitted on the slow axis and the fast axis are respectively
Wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
refractive indexes of a slow axis and a fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber are respectively, and lambda is the wavelength of an optical signal. Since the optical signals of the long-arm fiber L1 and the short-arm fiber L2 propagate along the slow axis and the fast axis, respectively, in the polarization-maintaining fiber ring 3-3-7, S1 and S2' return to the second port and the third port of the first splitter 3-1 at the same time, and are within the interferometerExperienced a phase difference of
And the theta is the phase difference of the long and short arm optical fibers of the interferometer, and the B is the refractive index difference of the fast and slow axes of the polarization maintaining optical fiber. The above equation can be written as a function of temperature
Wherein, the delta T is the temperature variation,
in order to be the temperature coefficient of the birefringence,
is the temperature coefficient of the length of the fiber. When the length L =3m of the polarization maintaining fiber loop 3-3-7, the phase difference change introduced by the loop exceeds 2.28 pi under the condition of temperature change of 1 ℃, and one phase change period can be covered, so that the phase difference introduced by the unequal arm of the interferometer can be compensated, and meanwhile, the phase compensation can be carried out through accurate temperature control.
The detector is used for measuring the light intensity of the interference result, the direct current component in the electric signal of the interference result is filtered, the obtained result is only related to the difference of spontaneous emission random phases carried by the two signals, and the phase fluctuation which can be obtained by measuring the light intensity fluctuation of the interference through the detector is the phase noise of the laser. The interference result is emitted from the first port and the fourth port of the first beam splitter 3-1, the former directly reaches the second photodetector 5, and the latter reaches the second port of the fourth polarization beam splitter 2-4, and is reflected to the third port by the fast axis propagation of the polarization maintaining fiber to reach the first photodetector 4 for detection. The analog-to-digital converter 7 performs analog-to-digital conversion on the electric signal generated by the first photodetector 4, performs high-speed sampling through the data acquisition and processing module 6, obtains random original data, and performs data post-processing on the basis of a fast Fourier transform Toeplitz matrix algorithm, thereby obtaining a final quantum random number.
The sum and difference of the electric signals of the two photoelectric detectors are respectively used as feedback control signals for stabilizing the output power of the laser and the phase difference of the interferometer to carry out PID control, so that the stability of the quantum random number generator can be greatly improved.
According to the embodiments of the invention, the invention provides a laser phase noise-based quantum random number generator, and two paths of optical signals transmitted along the long arm and the short arm of an interferometer pass through the same reflecting device by adopting a two-path phase-stabilizing reflecting module, so that the polarization of the two optical signals is kept completely consistent, and the interference stability of the interferometer is further improved. In addition, the difference between the electric signals of the two photoelectric detectors is used as a feedback signal for interferometer phase compensation, and the sum of the electric signals of the two photoelectric detectors is used as a feedback signal for laser power stable control to perform overall stable control on the optical system, so that the stability and the practicability of the whole system can be further improved.
Claims (7)
1. A quantum random number generator based on laser phase noise is characterized by comprising a laser (1), a path selection module (2), an interferometer (3), a first photoelectric detector (4), a second photoelectric detector (5), a data acquisition and processing module (6), an analog-to-digital converter (7), a first temperature control module (8) and a phase stabilization module (9), wherein the interferometer (3) comprises a first beam splitter (3-1), an optical fiber delay line (3-2) and a two-way phase stabilization reflection module (3-3); the output port of the laser (1) is connected with the first port of the path selection module (2); a third port and a second port of the path selection module (2) are respectively connected with a fourth port of the first photoelectric detector (4) and a fourth port of the first beam splitter (3-1); the first port of the first beam splitter (3-1) is connected with a second photoelectric detector (5); the second port of the first beam splitter (3-1) is connected with the first port of the two-way phase-stable reflection module (3-3) through an optical fiber and an optical fiber delay line (3-2) to form a long arm of the interferometer (3), wherein the optical fiber and the optical fiber delay line (3-2) are connected into a long arm optical fiber L1; the third port of the first beam splitter (3-1) is connected with the second port of the two-way phase-stable reflecting module (3-3) through a short-arm optical fiber L2 to form a short arm of the interferometer (3); the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module (3-3) is used for reflecting an input optical signal and rotating the polarization direction by 90 degrees; the input end of the data acquisition and processing module (6) is respectively connected with the output ends of the first photoelectric detector (4), the second photoelectric detector (5) and the analog-to-digital converter (7), the input end of the analog-to-digital converter (7) is connected with the first photoelectric detector (4), the output end of the data acquisition and processing module (6) is respectively connected with the input ends of the first temperature control module (8) and the phase stabilization module (9), the output end of the phase stabilization module (9) is connected with the two-way phase stabilization reflection module (3-3), the laser (1) is connected with the first temperature control module (8), the data acquisition and processing module (6) is used for acquiring the output electric signals of the first photoelectric detector (4) and the second photoelectric detector (5) and the digital signals converted by the analog-to-output analog signals of the first photoelectric detector (4) through the analog-to-digital converter (7) for operation and post-processing, and provides feedback control signals for the first temperature control module (8) and the phase stabilization module (9); the feedback control signal of the first temperature control module (8) is the sum of electric signals generated by the first photoelectric detector (4) and the second photoelectric detector (5) and is used for stably controlling the output power of the laser (1); and a feedback control signal of the phase stabilizing module (9) is the difference of electric signals generated by the first photoelectric detector (4) and the second photoelectric detector (5) and is used for generating phase modulation voltage to control the two-way phase stabilizing reflecting module to perform phase modulation.
2. The laser phase noise based quantum random number generator of claim 1, wherein the long arm fiber L1 and the short arm fiber L2 of the interferometer (3) are both single mode fibers; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflection module (3-3) comprises an optical fiber phase shifter (3-3-1), a first polarization beam splitter (3-3-2) and a first Faraday rotator (3-3-3); the phase stabilizing module (9) is a first phase stabilizing circuit (9-1) and is used for generating phase modulating voltage to phase modulate the optical fiber phase shifter (3-3-1); a first port of the first polarization beam splitter (3-3-2) is connected with one port of the optical fiber phase shifter (3-3-1); the other port of the optical fiber phase shifter (3-3-1) and the fourth port of the first polarization beam splitter (3-3-2) are respectively used as a first port and a second port of the two-way phase-stabilizing reflection module (3-3); the second port and the third port of the first polarization beam splitter (3-3-2) are respectively connected with the two ports of the first Faraday rotator (3-3-3) through polarization-maintaining optical fibers to form a first Sagnac ring; the deflection angle of the first Faraday rotator (3-3-3) is 90 degrees, and the polarization directions of the two ports are aligned with the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining optical fiber.
3. The laser phase noise based quantum random number generator of claim 1, wherein the long arm fiber L1 and the short arm fiber L2 of said interferometer (3) are both polarization maintaining fibers; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module (3-3) comprises a second polarization beam splitter (3-3-4) and a half-wave plate (3-3-5); the phase stabilizing module (9) comprises a second phase stabilizing circuit (9-2) and a second temperature control module (9-3) and is used for phase modulation of the temperature control of the optical fiber delay line (3-2); a first port and a fourth port of the second polarization beam splitter (3-3-4) are respectively used as a first port and a second port of the two-way phase-stable reflection module (3-3); the second port and the third port of the second polarization beam splitter (3-3-4) are respectively connected with the two ports of the half-wave plate (3-3-5) through polarization-maintaining optical fibers to form a second Sagnac ring; the included angle between the main axis of the half-wave plate (3-3-5) and the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining optical fiber is 45 degrees, and the polarization directions of the two ports are aligned with the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining optical fiber.
4. The laser phase noise based quantum random number generator of claim 1, wherein the long arm fiber L1 and the short arm fiber L2 of the interferometer (3) are both polarization maintaining fibers; the two-way phase-stabilizing reflecting module (3-3) comprises a third polarization beam splitter (3-3-6) and a polarization-maintaining optical fiber ring (3-3-7); the phase stabilizing module (9) comprises a third phase stabilizing circuit (9-4) and a third temperature control module (9-5) and is used for phase modulation of the temperature control of the polarization maintaining optical fiber ring (3-3-7); the first port and the fourth port of the third polarization beam splitter (3-3-6) are respectively used as the first port and the second port of the two-way phase-stable reflection module (3-3); and the second port and the third port of the third polarization beam splitter (3-3-6) are connected with a polarization-maintaining optical fiber ring (3-3-7) through a polarization-maintaining optical fiber to form a third Sagnac ring.
5. The laser phase noise based quantum random number generator of claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4, wherein said routing module (2) is a circulator (2-1), a first port to a third port of said circulator (2-1) being respectively a first port to a third port of said routing module (2).
6. The laser phase noise based quantum random number generator of claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4, wherein said path selection module (2) comprises an isolator (2-2) and a second beam splitter (2-3), a second port and a third port of said second beam splitter (2-3) being respectively a second port and a third port of the path selection module (2); the first port of the second beam splitter (2-3) is connected with one port of the isolator (2-2); the other port of the isolator (2-2) is used as a first port of the path selection module (2).
7. The laser phase noise based quantum random number generator of claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4, wherein said path selection module (2) is a fourth polarization beam splitter (2-4), a first port, a second port and a third port of said fourth polarization beam splitter (2-4) being respectively a first port, a second port and a third port of the path selection module (2).
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