CN114521557A - 一种驱鸟缓释剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种驱鸟缓释剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种驱鸟缓释剂及其制备方法与应用。所述驱鸟缓释剂包括缓释载体和包裹在缓释载体内的驱鸟活性成分,所述缓释载体为单异氰酸酯改性β‑环糊精。本发明还提供了一种仿真草坪,所述仿真草坪包括上述驱鸟缓释剂和塑性聚合物粒子,所述塑性聚合物粒子包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚氯乙烯中的一种。本发明解决了驱鸟药剂存在时效时间短,大规模使用污染大,不美观的问题。本发明延缓了驱鸟活性成分的释放速度,延长了驱鸟活性成分的释放时间,释放时间达到4‑6个月,使得药物充分发挥效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及驱鸟技术领域,尤其涉及一种驱鸟缓释剂及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
鸟击是飞机与飞鸟相撞的航空事故,是自飞机问世不久就出现的一种高层次的灾害。 自1912年在美国加州发生有记录的第一次鸟撞事故以来,鸟击已成为威胁航空安全的重 要因素之一,属于A级航空灾害。2019年,我国民航鸟击次数达到1992起,鸟击事故症 候占事故症候总数的45.57%。其中发生在机场责任区内950起,占总体鸟击起数的47.69%。每年民航飞机因鸟撞而毁坏发动机的直接损失就价值20多亿美元,由此造成的航班延误、取消、调机等间接损失更是直接损失的4-5倍。在众多鸟击事件中发现,只有1%的鸟撞飞机事故发生在距地面800米以上的空域;90%鸟击事件发生在300米以下的范围,70%发 生在60米以下,也就是鸟击飞机多发生在起降或起降前后的低空飞行阶段。因为飞机在 这个过程中速度变化太快,对鸟类来说,完全没有避让的可能。所以,作为飞机起降场所 的机场,鸟害防治也就成为一项重要的飞行安全保障工作。
目前我国民航和军用机场采用的驱鸟方法主要可分为四类,一是听觉驱鸟,包括定向 声波、煤气炮、超声波发生器、以及传统爆竹类,是目前各民航机场应用最为广泛的驱鸟 设备,但声音驱鸟的方法费工费力不安全,成本高,且鸟很快就会适应。二是视觉驱鸟,使用最为广泛的是激光器,目前国内外也有利用特定波长的蓝光驱鸟技术,在夜间对鸟类活动有明显的影响作用,此外,彩色风轮、假人、恐怖眼、反射风动标也是机场常用的视 觉驱鸟方式,激光驱鸟器等价格较为昂贵,也具有一定的使用限制,难以大规模推广应用 三是物理驱鸟,包括拦鸟网、驱鸟刺、散弹枪等,但由于可能对鸟类造成直接伤害,并非 为机场所优先选择;四是生物化学驱鸟,包括生物驱鸟剂,驱鸟剂通过释放一种能够影响 鸟类中枢神经系统的清香气体,鸟雀闻后即会飞走,在其记忆期内不会再来,可有效驱赶, 且不会伤害鸟类。但目前使用的驱鸟剂存在时效时间短,随着使用时间增长,药效明显下 降,大规模使用污染大,不美观等问题;并且现有驱鸟剂无法面对恶劣的气候变化,比如 驱鸟剂在遭遇雨水冲刷后,其驱鸟效果会大大降低,甚至失效,雨后重施会加大驱鸟成本; 在夏季高温时,驱鸟剂的挥发速度加快,有效释放的气味浓度过高,会增大驱鸟成本、污 染环境。因此,急需一种长效、耐候性好且环境友好的驱鸟产品。
发明内容
针对现有技术中所存在的不足,本发明提供了一种驱鸟缓释剂及其制备方法与应用, 其解决了驱鸟药剂存在时效时间短的问题。
本发明的一方面,提供一种驱鸟缓释剂,包括缓释载体和包裹在缓释载体内的驱鸟活 性成分,所述缓释载体为单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精。
进一步地,所述单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精的制备方法包括以下步骤:
S1:将β-环糊精溶于溶剂,搅拌,得到β-环糊精溶液;
S2:将单异氰酸酯加入β-环糊精溶液中,进行交联反应;
S3:过滤、洗涤得到改性β-环糊精。
优选地,步骤S1中,所述溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,β-环糊精和溶剂的重量比为1:7.5-10;
和/或步骤S2中,β-环糊精和单异氰酸酯的质量比为4:2-5,交联反应时间为4-6小时,交联反应温度为40℃-70℃。
优选地,所述单异氰酸酯包括乙基异氰酸酯、十二烷基单异氰酸酯、异丙基单异氰酸 酯、间甲苯异氰酸酯中的一种;
和/或所述驱鸟活性成分包括邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯、肉桂醛、肉桂醇、樟脑中一种或几 种。
以下实施例中仅以其中一种单异氰酸酯为例进行详述,但可以理解地是,列举地任意 一种单异氰酸酯均可实现本发明的技术方案,并取得本发明的技术效果。
本发明另一方面,提供一种驱鸟缓释剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:将驱鸟活性成分 和缓释载体和驱鸟活性成分混合,加热,超声分散,静置得到驱鸟缓释剂。
优选地,所述缓释载体和驱鸟活性成分的重量比为1:2-5。
和/或加热温度为50-80℃,超声分散时间为30-60min,静置时间为90-150min。
本发明再一方面,提供一种仿真草坪,包括上述驱鸟缓释剂。
进一步地,所述仿真草坪还包括塑性聚合物粒子,所述塑性聚合物粒子包括聚乙烯、 聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚氯乙烯中的一种。
本发明又一方面,提供一种仿真草坪的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:在驱鸟缓释剂中加入分散剂,研磨得到驱鸟缓释粒子;
S2:将驱鸟缓释粒子与塑性聚合物粒子混合,压延成型,得到仿真草坪。
其中,所述分散剂为气相二氧化硅;驱鸟缓释剂和分散剂的质量比为70:1-2;驱鸟缓 释粒子与塑性聚合物粒子的重量比为1.8-3:10;压延温度为110℃-140℃。
本发明又一方面,提供所述的驱鸟缓释剂在制备仿真草坪中的应用。
本发明的技术原理为:
发明人经过多次实验筛选发现,在分别选用β-环糊精、二乙基-β-环糊精、单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精作为缓释载体,对驱鸟活性成分进行包合时,单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊 精作为缓释载体,制备的驱鸟缓释剂的药物释放时间最长,释放时间达到4-6个月,而其 他缓释药物的释放时间一般为2-3个月左右。这是由于β-环糊精改性后,其分子腔外表 面增加了新的功能团结构,使得β-环糊精的结构发生改变,而单异氰酸酯改性的β-环糊 精与驱鸟活性成分在结构空间和极性上更加匹配,形成的包合物更稳定,使得药物释放时 间延长,药物释放速度缓慢,从而达到缓释的挥发效果。另外,发明人还发现,单异氰酸 酯改性β-环糊精制备的包合物具有很好的分散性能,可均匀分散到塑形聚合物粒子里, 从而增加了草坪的稳定性。
相比于现有技术,本发明具有如下有益效果:
1)本发明通过对β-环糊精进行单异氰酸酯改性,使得改性β-环糊精与驱鸟活性成分 形成的包合物稳定性增加,延缓了驱鸟活性成分的释放速度,延长了驱鸟活性成分的释放 时间,释放时间达到4-6个月,使得药物充分发挥效果。
2)本发明制备的驱鸟缓释剂具有良好的分散性能,使包合物均匀分散到塑形聚合物 粒子里,使得原料混合更加均匀,从而增加了草坪的稳定性;同时,作为分散剂的气相二氧化硅不仅增加了包合物的分散性能,还使得包合物粉碎研磨时更加蓬松。
3)本发明制备的草坪耐候性好、耐温、耐湿。
4)本发明通过对β-环糊精进行塑化改性,采用压延工艺,将其与聚合物粒子热压成 型,减少了在压制器件驱鸟剂的损失。
5)本发明制备的草坪可成片大面积的覆盖在机场鸟群常聚集区域,驱鸟效果显著; 并且驱鸟成分挥发结束后可统一收集处理,解决大规模使用驱鸟剂对机场土壤造成的污染 问题。
6)本发明制备的草坪具有美观,不破坏机场环境的整体性的优势,尤其适用于机场 跑道两侧的重点防范区域。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明中的技术方案进一步说明。
实施例1缓释型驱鸟仿真草坪的制备
1、单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精的制备
在250ml的带搅拌装置的三口烧瓶内,分别加入20gβ-环糊精,150g的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,水浴加热至50℃,转速为500r/min,搅拌至完全溶解;称取15g十二烷基单 异氰酸酯,溶解在15g的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,分30min滴加到搅拌的β-环糊精溶液体 系内,保持反应温度为50℃,均匀搅拌反应4小时,反应结束后过滤,再用200g 80℃热 水清洗除去未反应的β-环糊精,经过滤后,再用50g的丙酮溶液清洗未反应的十二烷基 单异氰酸酯,在过滤后,烘干,即为所需的十二烷基单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精。
2、含驱鸟活性成分的缓释剂的制备
在250ml带塞的锥形瓶内加入50g邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯,10g肉桂醛,10g樟脑,搅拌完全溶解后,加入十二烷基单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精20g,水浴加热至60℃,持续晃动, 并超声分散30min,静置2小时,抽滤收集固体物,得到缓释剂。
3、缓释型驱鸟仿真草坪的制备
称取上述缓释剂18g,加入0.5g的气相二氧化硅,研磨均匀后得到驱鸟缓释粒子;之 后加入100g的绿色聚乙烯粒子,搅拌均匀后撒布在升温至110℃的铁板上,10秒压制成膜,厚度低于1mm。将上述含驱鸟活性成分的薄膜切割成4mm宽度,80mm长度的细条,经 热贴合在底板上,即为所需的含驱鸟活性成分的仿真草坪。
将上述制备的薄膜放在光学显微镜下观察可看到缓释剂分散均匀,无聚集性大颗粒。 经检测,该仿真草坪中驱鸟活性成分可持续缓释4个月。
实施例2缓释型驱鸟仿真草坪的制备
1、改性β-环糊精的制备
在250ml的带搅拌装置的三口烧瓶内,分别加入20gβ-环糊精,160g的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,水浴加热至70℃,转速为500r/min,搅拌至完全溶解;称取10g间甲苯单异 氰酸酯,溶解在10g的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,分30min滴加到搅拌的β-环糊精溶液体系 内,保持反应温度为70℃,均匀搅拌反应4小时,反应结束后过滤,再用200g 80℃热水 清洗除去未反应的β-环糊精,经过滤后,再用50g的丙酮溶液清洗未反应的间甲苯单异 氰酸酯,在过滤后,烘干,即为所需的间甲苯单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精。
2、含驱鸟活性成分的缓释剂的制备
在250ml带塞的锥形瓶内加入35g的邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯,搅拌完全溶解后,加入改性 β-环糊精17.5g,水浴加热至50℃,持续晃动,并超声分散60min,静置90min,抽滤收 集固体物,得到缓释剂。
3、缓释型驱鸟仿真草坪的制备
称取上述缓释剂20g中加入0.4g的气相二氧化硅,研磨均匀后得到驱鸟缓释粒子;之后加入80g的绿色的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯粒子,搅拌均匀后撒布在升温至135℃的铁板上,10秒压制成膜,厚度低于1mm。将上述含驱鸟活性成分的薄膜切割成4mm宽度,80mm 长度的细条,经热贴合在底板上,即为所需的含驱鸟活性成分的仿真草坪。
将上述制备的薄膜放在光学显微镜下观察可看到缓释剂分散均匀,无聚集性大颗粒。 经检测,该仿真草坪中驱鸟活性成分可持续缓释5个月。
实施例3缓释型驱鸟仿真草坪的制备
1、改性β-环糊精的制备
在250ml的带搅拌装置的三口烧瓶内,分别加入20gβ-环糊精,200g的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,水浴加热至40℃,转速为500r/min,搅拌至完全溶解;称取25g乙基单异氰 酸酯,溶解在25g的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,分30min滴加到搅拌的β-环糊精溶液体系内, 保持反应温度为40℃,均匀搅拌反应6小时,反应结束后过滤,再用200g 80℃热水清洗 除去未反应的β-环糊精,经过滤后,再用50g的丙酮溶液清洗未反应的乙基单异氰酸酯, 在过滤后,烘干,即为所需的乙基单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精。
2、含驱鸟活性成分的缓释剂的制备
在250ml带塞的锥形瓶内加入70g的邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯,30g的肉桂醇,搅拌完全溶解后,加入改性β-环糊精20g,水浴加热至80℃,持续晃动,并超声分散50min,静置 150min,抽滤收集固体物,得到缓释剂。
3、缓释型驱鸟仿真草坪的制备
称取上述缓释剂30g,加入0.43g的气相二氧化硅,研磨均匀后得到驱鸟缓释粒子;之后加入100g的绿色的聚乙烯粒子,搅拌均匀后撒布在升温至140℃的铁板上,10秒压 制成膜,厚度低于1mm。将上述含驱鸟活性成分的薄膜切割成4mm宽度,80mm长度的细条, 经热贴合在底板上,即为所需的含驱鸟活性成分的仿真草坪。
将上述制备的薄膜放在光学显微镜下观察可看到缓释剂分散均匀,无聚集性大颗粒。 经检测,该仿真草坪中驱鸟活性成分可持续缓释6个月。
对比例1
与实施例1类似,不同之处在于,使用β-环糊精代替单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精,与驱鸟活性成分形成包合物。
对比例2
与实施例1类似,不同之处在于,使用二乙基-β-环糊精(DE-β-CD)代替单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精,与驱鸟活性成分形成包合物。
试验例1药效持续时间检测
将对比例1-2制备的驱鸟缓释剂,分散加入到聚合物分散粒子中,制备含驱鸟活性成 分的0.8mm厚度仿真草坪薄膜,具体方法参照实施例1。称取100g的实施例1、对比例1-2制备的薄膜型聚合物,放置在户外,测试聚合物的重量,结果如表1所示。经计算,以重 量≥74g作为挥发未完全标准。
表1重量检测
由上述结果可知,实施例1中驱鸟活性成分的挥发速率显著低于对比例1-2,其中,实施例1挥发时间基本可达到4个月,而对比例1只有2个月,对比例2接近3个月。
试验例2草坪驱鸟效果检测
将实施例1、对比例1-2制备的草坪在常温、经24h 90℃高温或24h水浸泡后,检测驱鸟效果,结果见表2所示。
表2驱鸟效果
组别 | 常温 | 24h 90℃高温后 | 24h水浸泡后 |
实施例1 | 有 | 有 | 有 |
对比例1 | 有 | 差 | 差 |
对比例2 | 有 | 差 | 差 |
由上述结果可知,实施例1中制备的草坪具有良好的耐候性能,效果优于对比例1-2。
最后说明的是,以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制,尽管参照较佳实 施例对本发明进行了详细说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方 案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方案的宗旨和范围,其均应涵盖在本发明 的权利要求范围当中。
Claims (10)
1.一种驱鸟缓释剂,包括缓释载体和包裹在缓释载体内的驱鸟活性成分,所述缓释载体为单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精。
2.根据权利要求1所述的驱鸟缓释剂,其特征在于:所述单异氰酸酯改性β-环糊精的制备方法包括以下步骤:
S1:将β-环糊精溶于溶剂,搅拌,得到β-环糊精溶液;S2:将单异氰酸酯加入β-环糊精溶液中,进行交联反应;S3:过滤、洗涤得到改性β-环糊精。
3.根据权利要求2所述的驱鸟缓释剂,其特征在于:步骤S1中,所述溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,β-环糊精和溶剂的重量比为1:7.5-10;
和/或步骤S2中,β-环糊精和单异氰酸酯的质量比为4:2-5,交联反应时间为4-6小时,交联反应温度为40℃-70℃。
4.根据权利要求2所述的驱鸟缓释剂,其特征在于:所述单异氰酸酯包括乙基单异氰酸酯、十二烷基单异氰酸酯、异丙基单异氰酸酯、间甲苯单异氰酸酯中的一种;
和/或所述驱鸟活性成分包括邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯、肉桂醛、肉桂醇、樟脑中一种或几种。
5.一种权利要求1-4任一项所述驱鸟缓释剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
将驱鸟活性成分和缓释载体混合,加热,超声分散,静置得到驱鸟缓释剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种驱鸟缓释剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述缓释载体和驱鸟活性成分的重量比为1:2-5;
和/或加热温度为50-80℃,超声分散时间为30-60min,静置时间为90-150min。
7.一种仿真草坪,其特征在于:包含权利要求1-4任一项所述的驱鸟缓释剂。
8.根据权利要求7所述的仿真草坪,其特征在于:还包括塑性聚合物粒子,所述塑性聚合物粒子包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚氯乙烯中的一种。
9.一种权利要求7或8所述的仿真草坪的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:在驱鸟缓释剂中加入分散剂,研磨得到驱鸟缓释粒子;
S2:将驱鸟缓释粒子与塑性聚合物粒子混合,压延成型,得到仿真草坪;
其中,所述分散剂为气相二氧化硅;驱鸟缓释剂和分散剂的质量比为70:1-2;驱鸟缓释剂与塑性聚合物粒子的质量比为1.8-3:10;压延温度为110℃-140℃。
10.权利要求1-4任一项所述的驱鸟缓释剂在制备仿真草坪中的应用。
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