CN114483086A - Energy-absorbing composite supporting system for protective tunnel - Google Patents
Energy-absorbing composite supporting system for protective tunnel Download PDFInfo
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- CN114483086A CN114483086A CN202210336186.2A CN202210336186A CN114483086A CN 114483086 A CN114483086 A CN 114483086A CN 202210336186 A CN202210336186 A CN 202210336186A CN 114483086 A CN114483086 A CN 114483086A
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- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000011381 foam concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011210 fiber-reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011378 shotcrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/006—Lining anchored in the rock
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
- E21D11/107—Reinforcing elements therefor; Holders for the reinforcing elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/14—Lining predominantly with metal
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of tunnel protection, and particularly relates to a protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system. The energy-absorbing composite supporting system comprises anchor rods or anchor cables, an energy-absorbing layer and a steel truss; the anchor rod or the anchor cable is arranged on the inner wall of the tunnel and used for supporting the tunnel; the energy absorbing layer is arranged close to the inner wall of the tunnel and is used for absorbing impact energy transferred to the energy absorbing layer by the tunnel; the steel truss is tightly attached to the energy absorption layer and used for supporting in the tunnel. The energy-absorbing composite supporting system can effectively absorb impact energy under the action of blasting impact and earthquake, ensures that the existing energy-absorbing composite supporting system does not have the phenomena of fracture, collapse, instability and the like, ensures that the tunnel can be effectively supported all the time, and further ensures the safety of the tunnel.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tunnel protection, and particularly relates to an energy-absorbing composite supporting system for a protective tunnel.
Background
In mining engineering, blasting and crushing of ore rocks begin from explosion of explosive in holes to generate explosive gas, the rock on the hole walls is expanded at high speed by the explosive gas to generate shock waves, stress waves and seismic waves, and along with wave transmission, the stress state of surrounding rocks changes rapidly instantly to force the rocks to move rapidly, so that the rock and tunnels connected with the rock are damaged. In national defense and civil defense engineering, explosives explode in air, near the ground and rock mass to generate shock waves which are diffused and propagated to a tunnel, and the smaller the distance, the larger the damage generated by the shock waves. The blast impact and the damage prevention of the blast-resistant tunnel, the property, material and personnel safety protection are the peculiar fundamental contradictions in the protection engineering, the energy generated by the blast is increased along with the increase of the explosive, and the damage to the rock mass and the tunnel connected with the rock mass is more serious. In addition, seismic waves generated by accidental actions such as rare earthquakes, explosions and the like in underground anti-seismic engineering can also damage underground tunnel engineering to different degrees.
In the prior art, application publication numbers: CN106523003A, a chinese patent discloses a rigid-flexible coupling energy-absorbing support technology suitable for deep mining tunnel, which is to install anchor nets and anchor rods (anchor cables) at the top and two sides of the tunnel during the excavation and excavation of the tunnel, wherein the anchor nets and the anchor rods (anchor cables) at the top of the tunnel are connected through prestressed plates; and then applying high pretightening force to the energy-absorbing threaded anchor rod and the grouting anchor cable, then spraying plain (or steel fiber) concrete, and fixing the energy-absorbing threaded anchor rod at the top angle and the two sides by using M-shaped steel belts respectively. The prior art can improve the tensile strength, the bending strength and the rigidity of the top and two sides of the roadway to a certain extent, but cannot bear larger impact load generated by blasting, earthquake and the like.
Chinese utility model patent publication No. CN204691789U discloses an adjustable tunnel supporting structure, the supporting structure comprises yielding anchor rods, compressible steel arch frames and a foam concrete layer, wherein the shape of the steel arch frames is the same as that of the cross section of a tunnel, the steel arch frames are composed of more than two steel arch frame units, reserved deformation grooves are formed between every two adjacent steel arch frame units, the steel arch frame units are composed of U-shaped steel plates, the foam concrete layer is poured between the steel arch frames and the inner wall of the tunnel, the number of the anchor rods is more than two, the anchor rods are uniformly distributed on the top of the foam concrete layer arch and two sides of the top of the foam concrete layer arch, one end of each anchor rod is fixed in the foam concrete layer, two parallel steel plates are arranged in the reserved deformation groove, two opposite sides of each steel plate are respectively fixed on two adjacent steel arch units, and more than one supporting stress adjuster is arranged between the two copper plates.
And the Chinese patent of the invention with the publication number of CN109854252B discloses a complete control method by stages for underground engineering, which solves the problem that the surrounding rock control method in the prior art is easy to cause safety accidents, and has the beneficial effect of effectively supporting the surrounding rock of the underground engineering under complex conditions according to a stage supporting method, and the scheme is as follows: a complete control method for underground engineering by stages comprises the steps of comprehensively grading surrounding rocks after underground engineering excavation; according to the comprehensive classification result of the surrounding rock, establishing a surrounding rock external load model, and establishing a surrounding rock stability numerical simulation and supporting mechanical model in different supporting stages; according to the numerical simulation of the stability of the surrounding rock and the mechanical model of the support, obtaining a deformation index and a stress index of the support of the surrounding rock, and selecting a staged support optimal design scheme; after the optimal design scheme is applied on site, the surrounding rock control effect is evaluated in real time; and according to the real-time evaluation result of the surrounding rock control effect, dynamically optimizing and completely controlling the support design by stages.
However, the supporting structure in the prior art can only deal with some small stress deformation conditions, and when large deformation occurs due to large impact such as earthquake, the supporting structure is often collapsed or unstable.
Therefore, there is a need to provide an improved solution to the above-mentioned deficiencies of the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an energy-absorbing composite support system for a protective tunnel, which at least solves the problems that the traditional primary support layer and anchor-shotcrete layer support is greatly damaged by the shock waves, stress waves and earthquake waves generated by explosion at present.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system comprises anchor rods or anchor cables, an energy-absorbing layer and a steel truss;
the anchor rod or the anchor cable is arranged on the inner wall of the tunnel in a striking mode and used for supporting the tunnel;
the energy absorbing layer is arranged close to the inner wall of the tunnel and used for absorbing impact energy transferred to the energy absorbing layer by the tunnel;
the steel truss is tightly attached to the energy absorption layer and used for supporting in the tunnel.
According to the protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system, preferably, the anchor rods or the anchor cables are NPR anchor rods or NPR anchor cables.
According to the protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system, preferably, the steel truss is made of NPR steel.
According to the protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system, preferably, the energy-absorbing layer is made of foam concrete.
The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system preferably further comprises a concrete layer, and the concrete layer covers the outer layer of the steel truss.
According to the protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system, preferably, the concrete layer is made of steel fiber concrete.
The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system is characterized in that the concrete layer is provided with at least two layers, and at least two layers of steel fiber concrete are sprayed on the outer side of the steel truss and are used for covering the steel truss in the concrete layer.
The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system preferably has the design strength grade of the steel fiber concrete which is not less than C20.
The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system preferably has the design strength grade of the foam concrete not higher than C3.
The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system preferably has the dry density grade of the foam concrete not higher than A08.
Has the advantages that: the energy-absorbing composite supporting system formed by the NPR anchor rod or anchor cable support, the energy-absorbing layer, the NPR steel truss and the steel fiber concrete spraying layer can effectively absorb the impact energy under the action of blasting impact and earthquake, and ensures that the existing energy-absorbing composite supporting system does not have the phenomena of fracture, collapse, instability and the like.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. Wherein:
fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system in the embodiment of the invention.
In the figure: 1. anchor rods or cables; 2. an energy absorbing layer; 3. an NPR steel truss; 4. steel fibre concrete.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments that can be derived by one of ordinary skill in the art from the embodiments given herein are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, the terms "longitudinal", "lateral", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, which are for convenience of description of the present invention only and do not require that the present invention must be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. The terms "connected" and "connected" used herein should be interpreted broadly, and may include, for example, a fixed connection or a detachable connection; they may be directly connected or indirectly connected through intermediate members, and specific meanings of the above terms will be understood by those skilled in the art as appropriate.
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
According to the specific embodiment of the invention, as shown in fig. 1, the invention provides an energy-absorbing composite supporting system for protecting a tunnel, which comprises anchor rods or anchor cables 1, an energy-absorbing layer 2 and a steel truss; the anchor rod or the anchor cable 1 is arranged on the inner wall of the tunnel, and the anchor rod or the anchor cable 1 is used for supporting the tunnel; the energy absorption layer 2 is arranged close to the inner wall of the tunnel, and the energy absorption layer 2 is used for absorbing impact energy transmitted to the energy absorption layer 2 by the tunnel; the steel truss is tightly attached to the energy absorption layer 2 and used for supporting in the tunnel.
On the basis of the support of the anchor rod or the anchor cable 1 and the support of the steel truss, the energy absorption layer 2 is arranged between the inner wall of the tunnel and the steel truss, the energy absorption layer 2 can absorb the impact energy transferred to the steel truss by the tunnel, and the instability or bending damage of the steel truss caused by the overlarge deformation of the steel truss is avoided.
In the present embodiment, the anchor rod or anchor cable 1 is an NPR (Negative Poisson's ratio) anchor rod or NPR anchor cable. The steel truss is made of NPR steel.
The NPR anchor rods or NPR anchor cables and the steel truss are made of negative poisson ratio materials (NPR materials), belong to large deformation materials, can absorb a large amount of energy instantly under dynamic actions such as blasting and earthquake and have a better supporting effect. The NPR anchor rod or the NPR anchor cable can instantly absorb a large amount of impact energy to avoid fracture when impact loads such as blasting, earthquake and the like act, and the support is guaranteed not to lose efficacy.
The traditional two-lining is generally made of reinforced concrete, and because the two-lining structure made of reinforced concrete has very high rigidity, the larger the rigidity is, the more the impact absorption capacity is, and the serious damage of the two-lining structure is easily caused. The steel truss is made of the NPR material, the NPR material has high strength and high toughness, the NPR material has the super-normal dynamic characteristics of kinetic energy absorption and repeated impact continuity, and the NPR material can uniformly extend (200-350 mm/m) when large deformation occurs (the data are disclosed in Chinese patent No. CN 211038693U); the toughness of the steel truss made of the NPR material is far greater than that of the common section steel, so that the NPR steel truss 3 can adapt to large deformation caused by dynamic impact of engineering, the NPR steel truss 3 can keep the integrity of the whole supporting structure under the impact of blasting and earthquake, the effectiveness of the supporting structure is ensured, and the whole collapse or instability of the tunnel structure is avoided.
The energy absorption layer 2 is made of foam concrete, and the foam concrete is light, porous and loose. The design strength grade of the foam concrete is not higher than C3, and the dry density grade of the foam concrete is not higher than A08. In this embodiment, the foam concrete with the strength level of C3 is selected, and the foam concrete with the dry density of a08 is selected, that is, the strength of the foam concrete selected in the support system is low, so that the low-strength energy absorption characteristic of the foam concrete is mainly exerted, and the energy absorption layer 2 is ensured to have a good energy absorption effect.
The foam concrete is prepared by fully foaming a foaming agent through a foaming system of a foaming machine and then uniformly mixing foam and cement slurry; the foam concrete has the characteristics of small density and porous looseness, and not only has good heat preservation, heat insulation, sound insulation and fire insulation performance, but also has low elastic modulus due to the porosity, so that the foam concrete has good absorption and dispersion effects on impact load. In addition, the foam concrete has good durability, so that the foam concrete has the same service life as that of main engineering, is convenient to produce and process, has good environmental protection performance, is neutral in foaming agent, does not contain harmful substances such as benzene and formaldehyde, and avoids environmental pollution and fire-fighting hidden danger.
Compared with the existing common tunnel which is not provided with the energy absorption layer, part of impact energy generated by blasting, earthquake and the like is absorbed by the engineering rock body restrained by the anchor rod or anchor cable support, and the other part of the impact energy is continuously transmitted to the free face; and hug closely in this application and set up energy-absorbing layer 2 on the inner wall of tunnel, after the rock mass of stock or anchor rope 1 strut absorbed partly impact energy, energy-absorbing layer 2 can absorb remaining most impact energy to avoid the direct supporting construction who transmits to the inside of tunnel of impact energy, guarantee that the inside supporting construction of tunnel can effectively strut all the time.
The energy-absorbing composite supporting system further comprises a concrete layer, and the concrete layer covers the outer layer of the steel truss.
In the embodiment, the concrete layer is made of steel fiber concrete 4; the steel fiber concrete 4 has a design strength grade of not less than C20. The steel fiber concrete 4 is a novel multiphase composite material formed by doping short steel fibers which are distributed disorderly into common concrete. The disorderly distributed steel fibers can effectively block the expansion of micro cracks and the formation of macro cracks in the concrete, remarkably improve the tensile, bending, impact and fatigue resistance of the concrete and have better ductility. This also enables the steel fibre concrete 4 to accommodate large deformations of the NPR steel truss 3 when the NPR steel truss 3 is deformed significantly, so that no cracks in the concrete layer occur.
The concrete layer is provided with at least two layers, and at least two layers of steel fiber concrete 4 are sprayed on the outer side of the steel truss and used for covering the steel truss in the concrete layer.
In the embodiment, the two layers of steel fiber reinforced concrete 4 completely cover the outer layer of the NPR steel truss 3, so that the NPR steel truss 3 can be prevented from being corroded in a wet environment of the underground tunnel, and when the NPR steel truss 3 deforms greatly, the concrete layer can adapt to the large deformation of the NPR steel truss 3 and cooperatively deforms with the NPR steel truss 3, so that the new energy-absorbing composite supporting system can always ensure the effectiveness of supporting, and has a better supporting effect.
In summary, in the technical scheme of the energy-absorbing composite supporting system for protecting a tunnel provided by the invention, the energy-absorbing composite supporting system of the NPR anchor rod or anchor cable support, the energy-absorbing layer, the NPR steel truss and the steel fiber concrete sprayed layer can effectively absorb impact energy under the action of blasting impact and earthquake, ensure that the existing energy-absorbing composite supporting system does not fracture, collapse, instability and the like, ensure that the tunnel can be effectively supported all the time, and further ensure the safety of the tunnel.
It should be understood that the above description is only exemplary, and the embodiments of the present application do not limit the present invention.
The above description is only exemplary of the invention and should not be taken as limiting the invention, as any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the invention is intended to be covered by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system is characterized in that the energy-absorbing composite supporting system comprises anchor rods or anchor cables, an energy-absorbing layer and a steel truss;
the anchor rod or the anchor cable is arranged on the inner wall of the tunnel in a striking mode and used for supporting the tunnel;
the energy absorbing layer is arranged close to the inner wall of the tunnel and used for absorbing impact energy transferred to the energy absorbing layer by the tunnel;
the steel truss is arranged close to the energy absorption layer and used for supporting the interior of the tunnel;
the anchor rod or the anchor cable is an NPR anchor rod or an NPR anchor cable.
2. The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite support system of claim 1, wherein the steel truss is made of NPR steel.
3. The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite supporting system of claim 1, wherein the energy-absorbing layer is made of foam concrete.
4. The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite support system of claim 1, further comprising a concrete layer covering the outer layer of the steel truss.
5. The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite support system of claim 4, wherein the concrete layer is made of steel fiber concrete.
6. The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite support system according to claim 5, wherein the concrete layer is provided with at least two layers, and at least two layers of steel fiber concrete are sprayed on the outer sides of the steel trusses for covering the steel trusses in the concrete layer.
7. The energy-absorbing composite supporting system of the protective tunnel according to claim 5, wherein the steel fiber concrete has a design strength grade of not less than C20.
8. The protective tunnel energy-absorbing composite support system of claim 3, wherein the foam concrete has a design strength rating of no greater than C3.
9. The protective tunnel energy absorbing composite support system of claim 8, wherein the foam concrete has a dry density rating of no greater than a 08.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202210336186.2A CN114483086A (en) | 2022-04-01 | 2022-04-01 | Energy-absorbing composite supporting system for protective tunnel |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202210336186.2A CN114483086A (en) | 2022-04-01 | 2022-04-01 | Energy-absorbing composite supporting system for protective tunnel |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116201573A (en) * | 2023-05-06 | 2023-06-02 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Construction method for rock burst tunnel prevention and control system |
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| CN113107556A (en) * | 2021-04-13 | 2021-07-13 | 中铁隧道集团二处有限公司 | Construction method of tunnel support based on NPR anchor cable |
| CN113494299A (en) * | 2021-07-22 | 2021-10-12 | 河海大学 | Tunnel rockburst grading prevention and control method using NPR material |
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2022
- 2022-04-01 CN CN202210336186.2A patent/CN114483086A/en active Pending
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US20100307386A1 (en) * | 2008-01-28 | 2010-12-09 | Schuco International Kg | Supporting profile arrangement of explosion-inhibiting design for a facade construction |
| CN104847381A (en) * | 2015-03-23 | 2015-08-19 | 安徽理工大学 | Buffer-energy absorption high resistance coupling support method of deep roadway |
| CN106523003A (en) * | 2016-09-27 | 2017-03-22 | 北京科技大学 | Rigid-flexible coupling energy absorbing support technology suitable for deep mining roadway |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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