CN114403309A - 环保型罗非鱼饲料的制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
环保型罗非鱼饲料的制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于饲料技术领域,公开了环保型罗非鱼饲料的制备方法和应用,该制备方法包括以下步骤:将益生菌接种到斜面培养基进行培养,得到斜面菌液,再接种到液体培养基中,进行厌氧培养,得到源菌液;将源菌液接种到发酵培养基中,培育共生后,得到菌种浸润液;向菌种浸润液中加入玉米、麸皮、小麦粉、菜籽粕、酒糟、豆粕和虾皮混合搅拌,进行发酵,得到发酵料;将发酵料进行制粒,再喷覆包覆液,得到罗非鱼饲料。本发明通过在原料中加入酒糟、菜籽粕和豆粕能够配合发酵菌液酵化取出自身纤维性,在占位补充原料中粗蛋白营养的同时,降低麸皮和玉米等原料的添加,并且通过充分利用微生物的代谢活动,达到分解转化发酵原料中抗营养物质的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于饲料技术领域,具体涉及环保型罗非鱼饲料的制备方法和应用。
背景技术
发酵饲料技术是通过人工控制手段,利用微生物的代谢活动来达到分解转化饲料中抗营养物质的目的,最终产物是一种更加容易被采食和消化的无毒无害、高营养价值饲料,微生物发酵能够有效去除饲料中的抗营养因子,如胰蛋白酶抑制因子、大豆球蛋白等,同时益生菌、蛋白酶和小分子肽等生物活性物质含量明显提升,大大提升饲料的营养价值,同时能够去除粗蛋白和大分子淀粉。
相关技术公开了一种罗非鱼颗粒饲料的生产工艺,生产工艺包括:罗非鱼饲料的原料经过第一调质器进行一次调质处理后,继续经过保质器进行保质处理,再经过第二调质器进行二次调质处理,最后进入制粒机,得到罗非鱼颗粒饲料;所述的原料在保质期中的保质处理时间为130-150秒。该工艺可以改善物料调质环境,还可以降低后续制粒工序中制粒机环模的压缩比,但在实际加工时,饲料在加工后原料容易沉积在水体内,导致水体营养度升高,进而容易导致罗非鱼抵抗力下降,并且原料耗费较高,适口性不足,影响到罗非鱼饲料进食效果。
发明内容
本发明旨在至少解决上述现有技术中存在的技术问题之一。为此,本发明提出一种环保型罗非鱼饲料的制备方法和应用,该饲料可以提高罗非鱼的采食率,同时通过微生物发酵技术降低原料中活性物质氮磷原料的添加,减少鱼类排泄物中氮磷的含量。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种罗非鱼饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1.将益生菌接种到斜面培养基进行活化,得到斜面菌液,再接种到液体培养基中,进行厌氧培养,得到源菌液;
S2.将所述源菌液接种到发酵培养基中,培育共生后,得到菌种浸润液;
S3.向所述菌种浸润液中加入玉米、麸皮、小麦粉、菜籽粕、酒糟、豆粕和虾皮混合搅拌,进行发酵,得到发酵料;
S4.将所述发酵料进行制粒,再喷覆包覆液,得到所述罗非鱼饲料。
优选地,步骤S1中,所述益生菌包括乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和光合菌。
优选地,步骤S1中,所述源菌液的pH为3.3-4.5。
优选地,步骤S1中,所述斜面培养基中的物质包括牛肉膏、蛋白胨、琼脂、酵母粉和蒸馏水。
进一步优选地,所述牛肉膏、蛋白胨、琼脂、酵母粉和蒸馏水的加入量为牛肉膏5-10份、蛋白胨5-10份、琼脂1-3份、酵母粉3-5份和蒸馏水为10-15份。
优选地,步骤S1中,所述斜面培养基的pH为6.1-6.4。
优选地,步骤S1中,所述培养活化的温度为25-27℃,培养活化的时间为2-4h。
优选地,步骤S1中,所述液体培养基中的物质包括葡萄糖、蛋白胨和蒸馏水。
优选地,步骤S1中,所述厌氧培养的温度为25-30℃,厌氧培养的时间为15-20h。
优选地,步骤S2中,所述发酵培养基中的营养物质包括糖蜜、葡萄糖、蛋白胨和蒸馏水。
糖蜜可以有效改善动物日粮的适口性,从而提高动物对饲料的采食量,还可以作为粘结剂,提高了饲料制粒效率和质量,改善了制粒效果,糖蜜能够提高饲料成品的保水率,降低饲料成本,而且糖蜜还是一种富含快速发酵的可代谢能(FME)的能量饲料,对优化瘤胃微生物群的生长和代谢、刺激瘤胃消化能力的作用尤为明显。
优选地,步骤S2中,所述培育共生的温度为25-30℃,培育共生的时间为15-20h。
培育共生:各菌种之间交联形成菌液。
优选地,步骤S3中,所述发酵的具体条件:发酵过程中的水分含量控制为30-40%,发酵的温度为25-30℃,发酵的时间为2-10d,且接种量为2.5-7%。
接种量是指移入种子液的体积和接种后培养液体积的比例。接种量的大小决定于生产菌种在发酵罐中生长繁殖的速度,采用较大的接种量可以缩短发酵罐中菌丝繁殖达到高峰的时间,使产物的形成提前到来,并可减少杂菌的生长机会。
优选地,步骤S4中,制备所述包覆液的原料包括骨粉、水性淀粉和葫芦巴。
进一步优选地,所述骨粉、水性淀粉和葫芦巴的固液比为1g:(0.95-1.05)ml:(1.45-1.55)g。
优选地,所述菌种浸润液、玉米、麸皮、小麦粉、菜籽粕、酒糟、豆粕和虾皮的液固比为1ml:(1-2)g:(0.5-0.8)g:(0.5-0.8)g:(0.13-0.5)g:(1-2)g:(0.3-1)g:(0.3-1.5)g。
本发明还提供上述的制备方法在鱼养殖领域中的应用。
一种罗非鱼饲料,是由所述的制备方法制备得到。
优选地,所述罗非鱼饲料,包括以下重量份数原料:黄玉米15-20份、麸皮5-8份、小麦粉5-8份、菜籽粕2-5份、酒糟15-20份、豆粕5-10份、虾皮5-15份、菌种浸润液10-15份。
相对于现有技术,本发明的有益效果如下:
1、本发明通过在原料中加入酒糟、菜籽粕和豆粕能够配合发酵菌液酵化取出自身纤维性,在占位补充原料中粗蛋白营养的同时,降低麸皮和黄玉米等原料的添加,并且通过充分利用微生物的代谢活动,达到分解转化发酵原料中抗营养物质的目的,达到更容易采食和消化的目的,同时通过胶化的淀粉包裹骨粉和香料提高与内部饲料的充分结合能力,使得饲料在投喂时通过淀粉胶膜保证在水面的漂浮调整,并且在水液向淀粉胶膜渗透时,香料能够混入周侧水域内,继而能够通过缓慢释放的香料提高采食率,同时通过微生物发酵技术降低原料中活性物质氮磷原料的添加,减少鱼类排泄物中氮磷的含量,同时发酵后饲料在沉积后通过菌种抑制水体的氧化,同时通过光合菌光合作用下降解水产养殖水体中的氨氮和亚硝酸盐,保证养殖水体的质量,满足环保养殖需要的同时,可以提高罗非鱼的成活率。
具体实施方式
以下将结合实施例对本发明的构思及产生的技术效果进行清楚、完整地描述,以充分地理解本发明的目的、特征和效果。显然,所描述的实施例只是本发明的一部分实施例,而不是全部实施例,基于本发明的实施例,本领域的技术人员在不付出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的其他实施例,均属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
本实施例的生产环保型罗非鱼饲料的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1.将乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和光合菌接种(接种量为3%)到pH为6.1的斜面培养基(0.5g牛肉膏、0.5g蛋白胨、0.2g琼脂、0.3g酵母粉和1.2ml蒸馏水)进行培养,得到活化的斜面菌液,再接种到液体培养基(0.5g葡萄糖、0.5g蛋白胨和1.2ml蒸馏水)中,在25-30℃下进行厌氧培养15-20h,得到源菌液;
S2.将源菌液种植到发酵培养基(0.5g糖蜜、0.5g葡萄糖、0.5g蛋白胨和1.2ml蒸馏水)中,在27℃下进行培育共生18h,得到菌种浸润液;
S3.向菌种浸润液中加入1.5g黄玉米、0.5g麸皮、0.5g小麦粉、0.3g菜籽粕、1.5g酒糟、0.5g豆粕和0.7g虾皮混合搅拌30-40min,透明箱体内进行日照升温5h,升温后的物料送入发酵釜内抽真空压缩,控制发酵过程(控制发酵过程中水分含量为30%,发酵温度为25℃,且接种量在2.5%)并每隔2d搅拌分散,发酵3d,得到发酵料;
S4.将发酵料送入饲料制粒机内进行制粒,再喷覆1g骨粉、1.05ml水性淀粉和1.5g葫芦巴青苗香料通过混料机进行充分混合形成的包覆液,风冷干燥,得到环保型罗非鱼饲料。
实施例2
本实施例的生产环保型罗非鱼饲料的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1.将乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和光合菌接种(接种量为4%)到pH为6.2的斜面培养基(0.5g牛肉膏、0.5g蛋白胨、0.2g琼脂、0.3g酵母粉和1.2ml蒸馏水)进行培养,得到活化的斜面菌液,再接种到液体培养基(0.5g葡萄糖、0.5g蛋白胨和1.2ml蒸馏水)中,在27℃下进行厌氧培养18h,得到pH为3.7源菌液;
S2.将源菌液种植到发酵培养基(0.5g糖蜜、0.5g葡萄糖、0.5g蛋白胨和1.2ml蒸馏水)中,在27℃下进行培育共生18h,得到菌种浸润液;
S3.向菌种浸润液中加入1.5g黄玉米、0.5g麸皮、0.5g小麦粉、0.3g菜籽粕、1.5g酒糟、0.5g豆粕和0.7g虾皮混合搅拌30-40min,透明箱体内进行日照升温5h,升温后的物料送入发酵釜内抽真空压缩,控制发酵过程(控制发酵过程中水分含量为35%,发酵温度为28℃,且接种量在3.5%)并每隔2d搅拌分散,发酵3d,得到发酵料;
S4.将发酵料送入饲料制粒机内进行制粒,再喷覆1g骨粉、1.05ml水性淀粉和1.5g葫芦巴青苗香料通过混料机进行充分混合形成的包覆液,风冷干燥,得到环保型罗非鱼饲料。
实施例3
本实施例的生产环保型罗非鱼饲料的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1.将乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和光合菌接种(接种量为5%)到pH为6.1的斜面培养基(0.5g牛肉膏、0.5g蛋白胨、0.2g琼脂、0.3g酵母粉和1.2ml蒸馏水)进行培养,得到活化的斜面菌液,再接种到液体培养基(0.5g葡萄糖、0.5g蛋白胨和1.2ml蒸馏水)中,在25-30℃下进行厌氧培养15-20h,得到pH为3.9的源菌液;
S2.将源菌液种植到发酵培养基(0.5g糖蜜、0.5g葡萄糖、0.5g蛋白胨和1.2ml蒸馏水)中,在27℃下进行培育共生18h,得到菌种浸润液;
S3.向菌种浸润液中加入1.5g黄玉米、0.5g麸皮、0.5g小麦粉、0.3g菜籽粕、1.5g酒糟、0.5g豆粕和0.7g虾皮混合搅拌30-40min,透明箱体内进行日照升温5h,升温后的物料送入发酵釜内抽真空压缩,控制发酵过程(控制发酵过程中水分含量为40%,发酵温度为31℃,且接种量在4.5%)并每隔2d搅拌分散,发酵8d,得到发酵料;
S4.将发酵料送入饲料制粒机内进行制粒,再喷覆1g骨粉、1.05ml水性淀粉和1.5g葫芦巴青苗香料通过混料机进行充分混合形成的包覆液,风冷干燥,得到环保型罗非鱼饲料。
实施例4
本实施例的环保型罗非鱼饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1.将乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和光合菌接种(接种量为7%)到pH为6.1的斜面培养基(0.5g牛肉膏、0.5g蛋白胨、0.2g琼脂、0.3g酵母粉和1.2ml蒸馏水)进行培养,得到活化的斜面菌液,再接种到液体培养基(0.5g葡萄糖、0.5g蛋白胨和1.2ml蒸馏水)中,在25-30℃下进行厌氧培养15-20h,得到pH为4.2的源菌液;
S2.将源菌液种植到发酵培养基(0.5g糖蜜、0.5g葡萄糖、0.5g蛋白胨和1.2ml蒸馏水)中,在27℃下进行培育共生18h,得到菌种浸润液;
S3.向菌种浸润液中加入1.5g黄玉米、0.5g麸皮、0.5g小麦粉、0.3g菜籽粕、1.5g酒糟、0.5g豆粕和0.7g虾皮混合搅拌30-40min,透明箱体内进行日照升温6h,升温后的物料送入发酵釜内抽真空压缩,控制发酵过程(控制发酵过程中水分含量为45%,发酵温度为35℃,且接种量在7%)并每隔2d搅拌分散,发酵3d,得到发酵料;
S4.将发酵料送入饲料制粒机内进行制粒,再喷覆1g骨粉、1.05ml水性淀粉和1.5g葫芦巴青苗香料通过混料机进行充分混合形成的包覆液,风冷干燥,得到环保型罗非鱼饲料。
对比例1
本对比例的罗非鱼饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
将豆粕4%、棉粕3%、菜粕3%、玉米5%、麸皮5%混合,加入酵母菌生物饲料发酵剂,进行发酵,再加入玉米50%、豆粕18%、石粉8%、预混料4%混合,得到罗非鱼饲料。
实施例1-4分析:
实施例1-4中菌种自市售菌种购入,且酒糟原料自酒厂购入,取实施例1-4中制备的饲料进行样品气味、质量分析,并对菌聊进行分析,并做5min水面停留量试验,同时购置传统发酵饲料做空白对比例,每个实施例在一个养殖箱投喂20尾罗非鱼幼苗,幼苗初始体重误差在0.5g,按正常人工饲养步骤,取养殖箱内生长结果幼苗进行称重,得到结果如下表所示。
表1的实施例和对比例的罗非鱼饲料理化指标数据和养殖效果
综合上表数据可知,在实施例2和3中,发酵水分、发酵温度以及菌液接种量能够使得饲料具有较好的气味、颜色以及良好的益生菌总数和质地,满足蛋白含量的同时保证一定的水面停留时效,同时幼苗喂养进食适口性较好,保证罗非鱼饲料投喂效果,从而提高采食率,进一步提高罗非鱼的重量,还提高了罗非鱼的成活率。
上面对本发明实施例作了详细说明,但是本发明不限于上述实施例,在所属技术领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内,还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下作出各种变化。此外,在不冲突的情况下,本发明的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。
Claims (10)
1.一种罗非鱼饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1.将益生菌接种到斜面培养基进行活化,得到斜面菌液,再接种到液体培养基中,进行厌氧培养,得到源菌液;
S2.将所述源菌液接种到发酵培养基中,培育共生后,得到菌种浸润液;
S3.向所述菌种浸润液中加入玉米、麸皮、小麦粉、菜籽粕、酒糟、豆粕和虾皮混合搅拌,进行发酵,得到发酵料;
S4.将所述发酵料进行制粒,再喷覆包覆液,得到所述罗非鱼饲料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述益生菌包括乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和光合菌。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述斜面培养基中的营养物质包括牛肉膏、蛋白胨、琼脂、酵母粉和蒸馏水。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述液体培养基中的物质包括葡萄糖、蛋白胨和蒸馏水。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,所述厌氧培养的温度为25-30℃,厌氧培养的时间为15-20h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,所述发酵培养基中的营养物质包括糖蜜、葡萄糖、蛋白胨和蒸馏水。
7.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述发酵的具体条件:发酵过程中的水分含量控制为30-40%,发酵的温度为25-30℃,发酵的时间为2-10d,且接种量为2.5-7%。
8.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S4中,制备所述包覆液的原料包括骨粉、水性淀粉和葫芦巴。
9.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述菌种浸润液、玉米、麸皮、小麦粉、菜籽粕、酒糟、豆粕和虾皮的液固比为1ml:(1-2)g:(0.5-0.8)g:(0.5-0.8)g:(0.13-0.5)g:(1-2)g:(0.3-1)g:(0.3-1.5)g。
10.权利要求1-9任一项所述的制备方法在鱼养殖领域中的应用。
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